Alarming visual display monitors affecting shower end use water and energy conservation in Australian residential households

Sustainable urban water consumption has become a critical issue in Australian built environments due to the country's dry climate and increasingly variable rainfall. Residential households have the potential to conserve water, especially across discretionary end uses such as showering. The adve...

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Published in:	Resources, conservation and recycling Vol. 54; no. 12; pp. 1117 - 1127
Main Authors:	Willis, Rachelle M., Stewart, Rodney A., Panuwatwanich, Kriengsak, Jones, Sarah, Kyriakides, Andreas
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Kidlington Elsevier B.V 01.10.2010 Elsevier
Subjects:	Applied sciences Conservation Devices Energy conservation Exact sciences and technology Households Monitors Pollution Resource consumption display monitors Samples Showers Smart meters Statistical analysis Statistical methods Water conservation Water demand management Water end use ISEW, Australia, Queensland, Gold Coast Australia Water conservation Water demand management Smart meters Resource consumption display monitors Energy conservation Water end use Energy consumption High resolution Pollution control Washing Urban area Water flow Built environment Modeling Coastal zone Rain Surveillance Water consumption Pollution abatement
ISSN:	0921-3449, 1879-0658
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Abstract	Sustainable urban water consumption has become a critical issue in Australian built environments due to the country's dry climate and increasingly variable rainfall. Residential households have the potential to conserve water, especially across discretionary end uses such as showering. The advent of high resolution smart meters and data loggers allows for the disaggregation of water flow recordings into a registry of water end use events (e.g. showers, washing machine and taps). This study firstly reports on a water consumption end use study sample of 151 households conducted in the Gold Coast, Australia, with a focus on daily per capita shower end use distributions. A sub-sample of 44 households within the greater sample was recruited for the installation of an alarming visual display monitor locked at 40 L consumption for bathroom showers. All sub-sample shower end use event durations, volumes and flow rates were then analysed and compared utilising independent sample t-tests pre- and post-intervention. The installation of the shower monitor instigated a statistically significant mean reduction of 15.40 L (27%) in shower event volumes. Monetary savings resulting from modelled water and energy conservation resulted in a 1.65-year payback period for the device. Furthermore, conservative modelling indicated that the citywide implementation of the device could yield 3% and 2.4% savings in total water and energy consumption, respectively. Moreover, a range of non-monetary benefits were identified, including the deferment of water and energy supply infrastructure, reduced resource inflationary pressures, and climate change mitigation, to name a few. Resource consumption awareness devices like the one evaluated in this study assist resource consumers to take ownership of their usage and individually tackle individualistic and/or society driven conservation goals, ultimately helping to reduce the ecological footprint of built environments.
AbstractList	Sustainable urban water consumption has become a critical issue in Australian built environments due to the country's dry climate and increasingly variable rainfall. Residential households have the potential to conserve water, especially across discretionary end uses such as showering. The advent of high resolution smart meters and data loggers allows for the disaggregation of water flow recordings into a registry of water end use events (e.g. showers, washing machine and taps). This study firstly reports on a water consumption end use study sample of 151 households conducted in the Gold Coast, Australia, with a focus on daily per capita shower end use distributions. A sub-sample of 44 households within the greater sample was recruited for the installation of an alarming visual display monitor locked at 40L consumption for bathroom showers. All sub-sample shower end use event durations, volumes and flow rates were then analysed and compared utilising independent sample t-tests pre- and post-intervention. The installation of the shower monitor instigated a statistically significant mean reduction of 15.40L (27%) in shower event volumes. Monetary savings resulting from modelled water and energy conservation resulted in a 1.65-year payback period for the device. Furthermore, conservative modelling indicated that the citywide implementation of the device could yield 3% and 2.4% savings in total water and energy consumption, respectively. Moreover, a range of non-monetary benefits were identified, including the deferment of water and energy supply infrastructure, reduced resource inflationary pressures, and climate change mitigation, to name a few. Resource consumption awareness devices like the one evaluated in this study assist resource consumers to take ownership of their usage and individually tackle individualistic and/or society driven conservation goals, ultimately helping to reduce the ecological footprint of built environments. Sustainable urban water consumption has become a critical issue in Australian built environments due to the country's dry climate and increasingly variable rainfall. Residential households have the potential to conserve water, especially across discretionary end uses such as showering. The advent of high resolution smart meters and data loggers allows for the disaggregation of water flow recordings into a registry of water end use events (e.g. showers, washing machine and taps). This study firstly reports on a water consumption end use study sample of 151 households conducted in the Gold Coast, Australia, with a focus on daily per capita shower end use distributions. A sub-sample of 44 households within the greater sample was recruited for the installation of an alarming visual display monitor locked at 40 L consumption for bathroom showers. All sub-sample shower end use event durations, volumes and flow rates were then analysed and compared utilising independent sample t-tests pre- and post-intervention. The installation of the shower monitor instigated a statistically significant mean reduction of 15.40 L (27%) in shower event volumes. Monetary savings resulting from modelled water and energy conservation resulted in a 1.65-year payback period for the device. Furthermore, conservative modelling indicated that the citywide implementation of the device could yield 3% and 2.4% savings in total water and energy consumption, respectively. Moreover, a range of non-monetary benefits were identified, including the deferment of water and energy supply infrastructure, reduced resource inflationary pressures, and climate change mitigation, to name a few. Resource consumption awareness devices like the one evaluated in this study assist resource consumers to take ownership of their usage and individually tackle individualistic and/or society driven conservation goals, ultimately helping to reduce the ecological footprint of built environments.
Author	Panuwatwanich, Kriengsak Stewart, Rodney A. Kyriakides, Andreas Willis, Rachelle M. Jones, Sarah
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Rachelle M. surname: Willis fullname: Willis, Rachelle M. email: r.willis@griffith.edu.au organization: Griffith School of Engineering, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia – sequence: 2 givenname: Rodney A. surname: Stewart fullname: Stewart, Rodney A. email: r.stewart@griffith.edu.au organization: Griffith School of Engineering, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia – sequence: 3 givenname: Kriengsak surname: Panuwatwanich fullname: Panuwatwanich, Kriengsak email: k.panuwatwanich@griffith.edu.au organization: Griffith School of Engineering, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia – sequence: 4 givenname: Sarah surname: Jones fullname: Jones, Sarah email: SJONES@goldcoastwater.com.au organization: Gold Coast Water, PO Box 5042, Gold Coast Mail Centre, Queensland 9729, Australia – sequence: 5 givenname: Andreas surname: Kyriakides fullname: Kyriakides, Andreas email: a.kyriakides@griffith.edu.au organization: Griffith School of Engineering, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, Queensland 4222, Australia
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Cites_doi	10.1016/S0378-7788(02)00241-4 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2007.00147.x 10.1007/s12053-008-9009-7 10.1016/j.jenvp.2007.08.002 10.1016/j.apenergy.2005.02.002 10.1080/15730620600961288 10.2190/L8BU-ECLK-PEC5-KKTW 10.1016/S0272-4944(02)00086-5
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Snippet	Sustainable urban water consumption has become a critical issue in Australian built environments due to the country's dry climate and increasingly variable...
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SubjectTerms	Applied sciences Conservation Devices Energy conservation Exact sciences and technology Households Monitors Pollution Resource consumption display monitors Samples Showers Smart meters Statistical analysis Statistical methods Water conservation Water demand management Water end use
Title	Alarming visual display monitors affecting shower end use water and energy conservation in Australian residential households
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