How does the COVID-19 cause seizure and epilepsy in patients? The potential mechanisms
•Seizure is one symptom of COVID-19.•Cytokine-storm in the brain is the most important reason of seizure in COVID-19•Pro-inflammatory cytokines cause neuronal hyper-excitation. The new coronavirus has spread throughout the world in a very short time and now has become a pandemic. Most infected peopl...
Saved in:
| Published in: | Multiple sclerosis and related disorders Vol. 46; p. 102535 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors: | , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Netherlands
Elsevier B.V
01.11.2020
|
| Subjects: | |
| ISSN: | 2211-0348, 2211-0356, 2211-0356 |
| Online Access: | Get full text |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| Abstract | •Seizure is one symptom of COVID-19.•Cytokine-storm in the brain is the most important reason of seizure in COVID-19•Pro-inflammatory cytokines cause neuronal hyper-excitation.
The new coronavirus has spread throughout the world in a very short time and now has become a pandemic. Most infected people have symptoms such as dry cough, dyspnea, tiredness, and fever. However, the Covid-19 infection disrupts various organs, including the liver, kidney, and nervous system. Common neurological symptoms of the Covid-19 infection include delirium, confusion, headache, and loss of sense of smell and taste. In rare cases it can cause stroke and epilepsy. The virus enters the nervous system either directly through nerve pathways or indirectly through the ACE2 receptor. The neurological symptoms of a Covid-19 infection in the brain are mainly due to either the entry of pro-inflammatory cytokines into the nervous system or the production of these cytokines by microglia and astrocytes. Pro-inflammatory cytokines can cause blood-brain barrier disruption, increase in glutamate and aspartate and reduce GABA levels, impairs the function of ion channels, and finally, high levels of cytokines can cause epilepsy. Understanding the potential mechanisms is necessary to gain better insight into COVID-19 induced seizure pathogenesis and to design the correct treatment strategies to achieve appropriate treatment for seizure and epilepsy. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | •Seizure is one symptom of COVID-19.•Cytokine-storm in the brain is the most important reason of seizure in COVID-19•Pro-inflammatory cytokines cause neuronal hyper-excitation.
The new coronavirus has spread throughout the world in a very short time and now has become a pandemic. Most infected people have symptoms such as dry cough, dyspnea, tiredness, and fever. However, the Covid-19 infection disrupts various organs, including the liver, kidney, and nervous system. Common neurological symptoms of the Covid-19 infection include delirium, confusion, headache, and loss of sense of smell and taste. In rare cases it can cause stroke and epilepsy. The virus enters the nervous system either directly through nerve pathways or indirectly through the ACE2 receptor. The neurological symptoms of a Covid-19 infection in the brain are mainly due to either the entry of pro-inflammatory cytokines into the nervous system or the production of these cytokines by microglia and astrocytes. Pro-inflammatory cytokines can cause blood-brain barrier disruption, increase in glutamate and aspartate and reduce GABA levels, impairs the function of ion channels, and finally, high levels of cytokines can cause epilepsy. Understanding the potential mechanisms is necessary to gain better insight into COVID-19 induced seizure pathogenesis and to design the correct treatment strategies to achieve appropriate treatment for seizure and epilepsy. • Seizure is one symptom of COVID-19. • Cytokine-storm in the brain is the most important reason of seizure in COVID-19 • Pro-inflammatory cytokines cause neuronal hyper-excitation. The new coronavirus has spread throughout the world in a very short time and now has become a pandemic. Most infected people have symptoms such as dry cough, dyspnea, tiredness, and fever. However, the Covid-19 infection disrupts various organs, including the liver, kidney, and nervous system. Common neurological symptoms of the Covid-19 infection include delirium, confusion, headache, and loss of sense of smell and taste. In rare cases it can cause stroke and epilepsy. The virus enters the nervous system either directly through nerve pathways or indirectly through the ACE2 receptor. The neurological symptoms of a Covid-19 infection in the brain are mainly due to either the entry of pro-inflammatory cytokines into the nervous system or the production of these cytokines by microglia and astrocytes. Pro-inflammatory cytokines can cause blood-brain barrier disruption, increase in glutamate and aspartate and reduce GABA levels, impairs the function of ion channels, and finally, high levels of cytokines can cause epilepsy. Understanding the potential mechanisms is necessary to gain better insight into COVID-19 induced seizure pathogenesis and to design the correct treatment strategies to achieve appropriate treatment for seizure and epilepsy. The new coronavirus has spread throughout the world in a very short time and now has become a pandemic. Most infected people have symptoms such as dry cough, dyspnea, tiredness, and fever. However, the Covid-19 infection disrupts various organs, including the liver, kidney, and nervous system. Common neurological symptoms of the Covid-19 infection include delirium, confusion, headache, and loss of sense of smell and taste. In rare cases it can cause stroke and epilepsy. The virus enters the nervous system either directly through nerve pathways or indirectly through the ACE2 receptor. The neurological symptoms of a Covid-19 infection in the brain are mainly due to either the entry of pro-inflammatory cytokines into the nervous system or the production of these cytokines by microglia and astrocytes. Pro-inflammatory cytokines can cause blood-brain barrier disruption, increase in glutamate and aspartate and reduce GABA levels, impairs the function of ion channels, and finally, high levels of cytokines can cause epilepsy. Understanding the potential mechanisms is necessary to gain better insight into COVID-19 induced seizure pathogenesis and to design the correct treatment strategies to achieve appropriate treatment for seizure and epilepsy.The new coronavirus has spread throughout the world in a very short time and now has become a pandemic. Most infected people have symptoms such as dry cough, dyspnea, tiredness, and fever. However, the Covid-19 infection disrupts various organs, including the liver, kidney, and nervous system. Common neurological symptoms of the Covid-19 infection include delirium, confusion, headache, and loss of sense of smell and taste. In rare cases it can cause stroke and epilepsy. The virus enters the nervous system either directly through nerve pathways or indirectly through the ACE2 receptor. The neurological symptoms of a Covid-19 infection in the brain are mainly due to either the entry of pro-inflammatory cytokines into the nervous system or the production of these cytokines by microglia and astrocytes. Pro-inflammatory cytokines can cause blood-brain barrier disruption, increase in glutamate and aspartate and reduce GABA levels, impairs the function of ion channels, and finally, high levels of cytokines can cause epilepsy. Understanding the potential mechanisms is necessary to gain better insight into COVID-19 induced seizure pathogenesis and to design the correct treatment strategies to achieve appropriate treatment for seizure and epilepsy. The new coronavirus has spread throughout the world in a very short time and now has become a pandemic. Most infected people have symptoms such as dry cough, dyspnea, tiredness, and fever. However, the Covid-19 infection disrupts various organs, including the liver, kidney, and nervous system. Common neurological symptoms of the Covid-19 infection include delirium, confusion, headache, and loss of sense of smell and taste. In rare cases it can cause stroke and epilepsy. The virus enters the nervous system either directly through nerve pathways or indirectly through the ACE2 receptor. The neurological symptoms of a Covid-19 infection in the brain are mainly due to either the entry of pro-inflammatory cytokines into the nervous system or the production of these cytokines by microglia and astrocytes. Pro-inflammatory cytokines can cause blood-brain barrier disruption, increase in glutamate and aspartate and reduce GABA levels, impairs the function of ion channels, and finally, high levels of cytokines can cause epilepsy. Understanding the potential mechanisms is necessary to gain better insight into COVID-19 induced seizure pathogenesis and to design the correct treatment strategies to achieve appropriate treatment for seizure and epilepsy. Highlights•Seizure is one symptom of COVID-19. •Cytokine-storm in the brain is the most important reason of seizure in COVID-19 •Pro-inflammatory cytokines cause neuronal hyper-excitation. |
| ArticleNumber | 102535 |
| Author | Mohammadi, Ekram Nikbakht, Farnaz Mohammadkhanizadeh, Ali |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Farnaz surname: Nikbakht fullname: Nikbakht, Farnaz – sequence: 2 givenname: Ali orcidid: 0000-0002-1816-1932 surname: Mohammadkhanizadeh fullname: Mohammadkhanizadeh, Ali email: Ali_mohamadkhany@yahoo.com – sequence: 3 givenname: Ekram surname: Mohammadi fullname: Mohammadi, Ekram |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33010584$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
| BookMark | eNqFkktv1DAUhS1URNuhvwAJeckmgx-xZyJEERoerVSpC0rFznLsG8ZDYqd2UjT99ThMW0ElqDd-fufY9_gQ7fngAaEXlMwpofL1Zt4lHe2cETatMMHFE3TAGKUF4ULu3Y_L5T46SmlDcpOClpI-Q_ucE0rEsjxAlyfhJ7YBEh7WgFfnl6cfClpho8cEOIG7GSNg7S2G3rXQpy12Hvd6cOCH9A5fZKgPQ5443eIOzFp7l7r0HD1tdJvg6Lafoa-fPl6sToqz88-nq_dnhRFSDgWta6Ca1UwsLJCmMaKuNJOS1I1cVCC0lYY2VJiSEGuX5aLOgDVciJLX-Q18ho53uv1Yd3knXyTqVvXRdTpuVdBO_b3j3Vp9D9dqIRitOMsCr24FYrgaIQ2qc8lA22oPYUyKleWyJAuZDWfo5Z9e9yZ3xcwHqt0BE0NKERpl3JBLFSZr1ypK1JSd2qjf2akpO7XLLrP8AXsn_3_q7Y6CXONrB1Elk5MxYF0EMygb3CP88QPetM47o9sfsIW0CWP0OT5FVWKKqC_Tn5q-FCOcSFJ9ywJv_i3wqP0vB-vcng |
| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1016_j_bbih_2021_100399 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_yebeh_2022_108581 crossref_primary_10_1097_WNF_0000000000000621 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12974_021_02204_0 crossref_primary_10_7774_cevr_2024_13_3_175 crossref_primary_10_26815_acn_2023_00416 crossref_primary_10_1080_14737175_2023_2239500 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_compbiomed_2021_104859 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10072_021_05818_7 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jneuroim_2021_577629 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_yebeh_2021_107887 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_yebeh_2020_107648 crossref_primary_10_3389_fnmol_2022_870868 crossref_primary_10_3390_cells11213411 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11055_022_01287_3 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_heliyon_2024_e32461 crossref_primary_10_5812_aapm_134129 crossref_primary_10_7759_cureus_22083 crossref_primary_10_1002_aic_18437 crossref_primary_10_1111_epi_17436 crossref_primary_10_1111_bcp_15066 crossref_primary_10_3390_molecules27206934 crossref_primary_10_1136_jitc_2021_002392 crossref_primary_10_1136_ejhpharm_2021_003186 crossref_primary_10_3389_fnins_2023_1235822 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11910_024_01393_4 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_humgen_2025_201430 crossref_primary_10_26599_FSHW_2024_9250303 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_transproceed_2022_04_001 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12245_022_00412_w crossref_primary_10_3389_fimmu_2022_890517 crossref_primary_10_2147_NDT_S343438 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41421_022_00409_y crossref_primary_10_1016_j_heliyon_2024_e29354 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_eplepsyres_2021_106650 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00415_021_10468_y crossref_primary_10_1016_j_dhjo_2022_101376 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jocn_2021_01_002 crossref_primary_10_1111_ped_15461 crossref_primary_10_1007_s12035_022_02932_1 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12887_024_04691_5 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_pediatrneurol_2022_06_010 crossref_primary_10_1007_s40883_021_00234_x crossref_primary_10_1007_s11940_023_00767_2 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_msard_2020_102606 crossref_primary_10_33086_etm_v2i3_3567 crossref_primary_10_3390_biomedicines11020377 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ebr_2023_100584 crossref_primary_10_1055_s_0044_1788678 crossref_primary_10_1177_20420986231165674 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_yebeh_2021_108437 crossref_primary_10_3389_fneur_2023_1338593 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ejpn_2022_02_003 crossref_primary_10_1093_jtm_taad082 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cyto_2025_156976 crossref_primary_10_3390_biomedicines10112934 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_braindev_2022_06_010 crossref_primary_10_7759_cureus_33303 crossref_primary_10_3390_brainsci13020355 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10528_022_10280_x crossref_primary_10_1016_j_phrs_2022_106189 crossref_primary_10_3390_ijms22136981 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ebr_2023_100608 crossref_primary_10_12688_f1000research_126635_1 crossref_primary_10_3390_gidisord5030028 crossref_primary_10_1007_s12192_023_01378_1 crossref_primary_10_3389_fneur_2022_1034070 crossref_primary_10_7759_cureus_41788 crossref_primary_10_1002_hsr2_1400 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ebr_2021_100447 crossref_primary_10_7759_cureus_15041 crossref_primary_10_1007_s12035_024_04022_w crossref_primary_10_3390_biomedicines13092133 crossref_primary_10_1371_journal_pone_0275761 crossref_primary_10_2196_75057 crossref_primary_10_7759_cureus_24431 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_seizure_2023_09_017 crossref_primary_10_1159_000530536 crossref_primary_10_3390_medicina56120640 crossref_primary_10_31083_j_jin2104115 crossref_primary_10_4103_aian_aian_91_22 crossref_primary_10_3389_fncel_2021_647378 crossref_primary_10_1080_00207454_2022_2100784 crossref_primary_10_3390_antibiotics13040367 |
| Cites_doi | 10.1186/1756-8722-6-19 10.3906/sag-2004-168 10.1093/brain/awl318 10.1016/j.tins.2020.04.004 10.1186/1742-2094-7-62 10.1038/s41422-020-0327-4 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.05.003 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.02.032 10.1056/NEJMc2007575 10.3988/jcn.2016.12.1.21 10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.1127 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.10.016 10.1038/nm1267 10.7150/ijbs.4679 10.1111/jth.14768 10.1007/s11060-013-1247-7 10.1186/s40249-020-00646-x 10.1186/s12974-018-1192-7 10.1038/nrneurol.2010.178 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-25-08692.2003 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30068-2 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5 10.1016/j.yfrne.2011.12.002 10.1007/s11427-020-1643-8 10.1099/vir.0.83665-0 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2009.09.004 10.1074/jbc.M115.686956 10.1155/2010/506952 10.1017/S0317167100008246 10.1038/nature04671 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.04.004 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.10.023 10.1111/apha.13473 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.07.003 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4486-04.2005 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.02.054 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104362 10.1155/2015/964518 10.1134/S0006297917030063 10.1056/NEJMoa2002032 10.1016/S0733-8619(03)00060-4 10.1134/S000629791703004X 10.1016/j.jns.2020.116832 10.1111/jth.14817 10.1016/j.ab.2017.07.009 10.1002/jnr.23836 10.1016/S2352-3026(20)30145-9 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02285.x 10.1177/0004563220922255 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2006.00861.x 10.1161/str.47.suppl_1.109 10.1080/22221751.2020.1746199 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2012.03701.x 10.1002/jmv.25915 10.1152/ajpregu.00268.2005 10.2174/157015908783769653 10.1016/j.arcmed.2020.04.019 10.1111/cns.13077 10.3389/fncel.2014.00362 10.1017/neu.2016.47 10.14309/ajg.0000000000000620 10.1016/j.neuron.2008.01.003 |
| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | 2020 Elsevier B.V. Elsevier B.V. Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 2020 Elsevier B.V. |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: 2020 Elsevier B.V. – notice: Elsevier B.V. – notice: Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. – notice: 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 2020 Elsevier B.V. |
| DBID | AAYXX CITATION CGR CUY CVF ECM EIF NPM 7X8 5PM |
| DOI | 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535 |
| DatabaseName | CrossRef Medline MEDLINE MEDLINE (Ovid) MEDLINE MEDLINE PubMed MEDLINE - Academic PubMed Central (Full Participant titles) |
| DatabaseTitle | CrossRef MEDLINE Medline Complete MEDLINE with Full Text PubMed MEDLINE (Ovid) MEDLINE - Academic |
| DatabaseTitleList | MEDLINE - Academic MEDLINE |
| Database_xml | – sequence: 1 dbid: NPM name: PubMed url: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed sourceTypes: Index Database – sequence: 2 dbid: 7X8 name: MEDLINE - Academic url: https://search.proquest.com/medline sourceTypes: Aggregation Database |
| DeliveryMethod | fulltext_linktorsrc |
| Discipline | Medicine |
| EISSN | 2211-0356 |
| EndPage | 102535 |
| ExternalDocumentID | PMC7521932 33010584 10_1016_j_msard_2020_102535 S221103482030609X 1_s2_0_S221103482030609X |
| Genre | Journal Article Review |
| GroupedDBID | --- --K --M .1- .FO .~1 0R~ 1P~ 1~. 1~5 4.4 457 4G. 53G 5VS 7-5 8P~ AAEDT AAEDW AAIKJ AAKOC AALRI AAOAW AAQFI AATTM AAXKI AAXLA AAXUO AAYWO ABBQC ABCQJ ABGSF ABJNI ABMAC ABMZM ABTEW ABUDA ABWVN ABXDB ACDAQ ACGFS ACIEU ACLOT ACRLP ACRPL ACVFH ADBBV ADCNI ADEZE ADMUD ADNMO ADUVX AEBSH AEHWI AEIPS AEKER AENEX AEUPX AEVXI AFJKZ AFPUW AFRHN AFTJW AFXIZ AGHFR AGUBO AGWIK AGYEJ AIEXJ AIGII AIIUN AIKHN AITUG AJRQY AJUYK AKBMS AKRWK AKYEP ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS AMRAJ ANKPU ANZVX APXCP AXJTR BKOJK BLXMC BNPGV EBS EFJIC EFKBS EFLBG EJD FDB FEDTE FIRID FNPLU FYGXN GBLVA HVGLF HZ~ KOM M41 MO0 MOBAO O-L O9- OAUVE OP~ P-8 P-9 PC. Q38 ROL SDF SEL SPCBC SSH SSN SSU SSZ T5K Z5R ~G- ~HD AACTN AFKWA AJOXV AMFUW RIG AADPK AAIAV ABLVK ABYKQ AJBFU DOVZS LCYCR AAYXX CITATION CGR CUY CVF ECM EIF NPM 7X8 5PM |
| ID | FETCH-LOGICAL-c566t-1bbe1a2b257de0ffc5b9a2660bf679e5ad6c1f15c400dd847bbbedc35543b3013 |
| ISICitedReferencesCount | 102 |
| ISICitedReferencesURI | http://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=Summon&SrcAuth=ProQuest&DestLinkType=CitingArticles&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=000597309800012&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D |
| ISSN | 2211-0348 2211-0356 |
| IngestDate | Tue Sep 30 16:49:32 EDT 2025 Sat Sep 27 17:58:34 EDT 2025 Wed Feb 19 02:24:33 EST 2025 Wed Nov 05 20:42:40 EST 2025 Tue Nov 18 22:20:19 EST 2025 Fri Feb 23 02:48:08 EST 2024 Tue Feb 25 19:54:30 EST 2025 Tue Oct 14 19:33:41 EDT 2025 |
| IsDoiOpenAccess | true |
| IsOpenAccess | true |
| IsPeerReviewed | false |
| IsScholarly | true |
| Keywords | Pandemic Seizure Covid-19 Epilepsy |
| Language | English |
| License | Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active. |
| LinkModel | OpenURL |
| MergedId | FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c566t-1bbe1a2b257de0ffc5b9a2660bf679e5ad6c1f15c400dd847bbbedc35543b3013 |
| Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 ObjectType-Review-3 content type line 23 |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-1816-1932 |
| OpenAccessLink | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC7521932 |
| PMID | 33010584 |
| PQID | 2448407654 |
| PQPubID | 23479 |
| PageCount | 1 |
| ParticipantIDs | pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_7521932 proquest_miscellaneous_2448407654 pubmed_primary_33010584 crossref_citationtrail_10_1016_j_msard_2020_102535 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_msard_2020_102535 elsevier_sciencedirect_doi_10_1016_j_msard_2020_102535 elsevier_clinicalkeyesjournals_1_s2_0_S221103482030609X elsevier_clinicalkey_doi_10_1016_j_msard_2020_102535 |
| PublicationCentury | 2000 |
| PublicationDate | 2020-11-01 |
| PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2020-11-01 |
| PublicationDate_xml | – month: 11 year: 2020 text: 2020-11-01 day: 01 |
| PublicationDecade | 2020 |
| PublicationPlace | Netherlands |
| PublicationPlace_xml | – name: Netherlands |
| PublicationTitle | Multiple sclerosis and related disorders |
| PublicationTitleAlternate | Mult Scler Relat Disord |
| PublicationYear | 2020 |
| Publisher | Elsevier B.V |
| Publisher_xml | – name: Elsevier B.V |
| References | Marland (bib0061) 2016; 291 Merkler (bib0042) 2016; 47 Steardo (bib0008) 2020 Tang (bib0038) 2020; 18 Guan (bib0064) 2020; 382 Samuelsson (bib0012) 2006; 290 Vezzani (bib0033) 2011; 7 Reddy (bib0043) 2017; 95 Zhang (bib0040) 2020; 382 Adhikari (bib0004) 2020; 9 Alyu, Dikmen (bib0014) 2017; 29 Li, X., et al., Hypokalemia and clinical implications in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). MedRxiv, 2020. Kim (bib0047) 2012; 53 Lin (bib0050) 2010; 2010 Coperchini (bib0025) 2020 Rana, Musto (bib0013) 2018; 15 Roseti (bib0017) 2015; 82 Levi (bib0036) 2020 da Fonseca (bib0046) 2014; 8 Castilla‐Guerra (bib0069) 2006; 47 Gruol (bib0021) 2015; 96 Roelcke (bib0052) 2013; 115 Wu (bib0009) 2020 Zhang (bib0057) 2020 Chen (bib0024) 2020; 43 Galic, Riazi, Pittman (bib0020) 2012; 33 Mabillard, Sayer (bib0063) 2020; 9 Tang (bib0039) 2020; 18 Nardone, Brigo, Trinka (bib0073) 2016; 12 Tufan, A., A.A. GÜLER, and M. Matucci-Cerinic, COVID-19, immune system response, hyperinflammation and repurposing antirheumatic drugs. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences, 2020.50(SI-1): p. 620-632. Postnikova (bib0016) 2017; 82 Stellwagen (bib0019) 2005; 25 Paniz‐Mondolfi (bib0027) 2020 Wang (bib0044) 2018; 24 Zorova (bib0060) 2018; 552 Riazi, Galic, Pittman (bib0007) 2010; 89 Cao, Li (bib0041) 2020; 30 Viviani (bib0015) 2003; 23 Yalçin, A., et al., Low dose MK-801 protects against iron-induced oxidative changes in a rat model of focal epilepsy. 1998. Li (bib0058) 2013; 6 Pan (bib0068) 2020; 115 Ropper (bib0070) 2005 Van Vliet (bib0030) 2007; 130 Prentice, Modi, Wu (bib0049) 2015; 2015 Fauci, Lane, Redfield (bib0055) 2020 Rossi, Pizzo, Filadi (bib0059) 2019; 1866 Hu (bib0002) 2020 Lippi, South, Henry (bib0062) 2020; 57 Huang (bib0010) 2020; 395 Doyle (bib0048) 2010; 7 Beghi (bib0072) 2010; 51 McClelland (bib0034) 2011; 497 Kuba (bib0067) 2005; 11 Galanopoulou (bib0051) 2008; 6 Connors, Levy (bib0037) 2020; 135 Stellwagen, Malenka (bib0018) 2006; 440 Levin, Godukhin (bib0023) 2017; 82 Thompson (bib0001) 2020; 20 Lin (bib0029) 2020; 9 Riggs (bib0071) 2002; 20 Mao (bib0006) 2020 Asadi-Pooya, Simani (bib0005) 2020 Kiyatkin, Sharma (bib0031) 2009; 161 Giannis, Ziogas, Gianni (bib0035) 2020 Li, Bai, Hashikawa (bib0028) 2020 Liu (bib0066) 2020; 63 Reid (bib0032) 2009; 36 Delgado-Roche, Mesta (bib0054) 2020 Padhan (bib0056) 2008; 89 Gu, Han, Wang (bib0003) 2020; 158 Erta, Quintana, Hidalgo (bib0022) 2012; 8 Zlokovic (bib0045) 2008; 57 De Felice (bib0026) 2020 Lin (10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0050) 2010; 2010 Tang (10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0039) 2020; 18 Van Vliet (10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0030) 2007; 130 Vezzani (10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0033) 2011; 7 Merkler (10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0042) 2016; 47 Nardone (10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0073) 2016; 12 Postnikova (10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0016) 2017; 82 Adhikari (10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0004) 2020; 9 Steardo (10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0008) 2020 Doyle (10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0048) 2010; 7 Liu (10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0066) 2020; 63 Paniz‐Mondolfi (10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0027) 2020 Zhang (10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0057) 2020 Mao (10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0006) 2020 Alyu (10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0014) 2017; 29 Beghi (10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0072) 2010; 51 Kuba (10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0067) 2005; 11 Cao (10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0041) 2020; 30 Zhang (10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0040) 2020; 382 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0065 Tang (10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0038) 2020; 18 Galanopoulou (10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0051) 2008; 6 Zorova (10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0060) 2018; 552 Reddy (10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0043) 2017; 95 Hu (10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0002) 2020 Rossi (10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0059) 2019; 1866 Wu (10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0009) 2020 Riazi (10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0007) 2010; 89 Roelcke (10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0052) 2013; 115 Padhan (10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0056) 2008; 89 Levin (10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0023) 2017; 82 Lippi (10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0062) 2020; 57 Stellwagen (10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0019) 2005; 25 Reid (10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0032) 2009; 36 Stellwagen (10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0018) 2006; 440 Kim (10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0047) 2012; 53 Samuelsson (10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0012) 2006; 290 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0011 Gu (10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0003) 2020; 158 Asadi-Pooya (10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0005) 2020 Wang (10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0044) 2018; 24 Delgado-Roche (10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0054) 2020 De Felice (10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0026) 2020 Ropper (10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0070) 2005 Prentice (10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0049) 2015; 2015 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0053 Connors (10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0037) 2020; 135 Li (10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0028) 2020 Castilla‐Guerra (10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0069) 2006; 47 Roseti (10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0017) 2015; 82 Gruol (10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0021) 2015; 96 Erta (10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0022) 2012; 8 Rana (10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0013) 2018; 15 Lin (10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0029) 2020; 9 Pan (10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0068) 2020; 115 Marland (10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0061) 2016; 291 Riggs (10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0071) 2002; 20 Mabillard (10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0063) 2020; 9 Viviani (10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0015) 2003; 23 Giannis (10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0035) 2020 da Fonseca (10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0046) 2014; 8 Chen (10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0024) 2020; 43 Levi (10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0036) 2020 Fauci (10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0055) 2020 Li (10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0058) 2013; 6 Coperchini (10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0025) 2020 Kiyatkin (10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0031) 2009; 161 Zlokovic (10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0045) 2008; 57 Huang (10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0010) 2020; 395 Thompson (10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0001) 2020; 20 Galic (10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0020) 2012; 33 McClelland (10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0034) 2011; 497 Guan (10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0064) 2020; 382 33137605 - Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2021 Jan;47:102606 |
| References_xml | – volume: 6 start-page: 19 year: 2013 ident: bib0058 article-title: Targeting mitochondrial reactive oxygen species as novel therapy for inflammatory diseases and cancers publication-title: Journal of hematology & oncology – volume: 47 start-page: 1990 year: 2006 end-page: 1998 ident: bib0069 article-title: Electrolytes disturbances and seizures publication-title: Epilepsia – volume: 53 start-page: 37 year: 2012 end-page: 44 ident: bib0047 article-title: Blood–brain barrier dysfunction–induced inflammatory signaling in brain pathology and epileptogenesis publication-title: Epilepsia – volume: 6 start-page: 1 year: 2008 end-page: 20 ident: bib0051 article-title: GABAA receptors in normal development and seizures: friends or foes? publication-title: Current neuropharmacology – reference: Yalçin, A., et al., Low dose MK-801 protects against iron-induced oxidative changes in a rat model of focal epilepsy. 1998. – volume: 2015 year: 2015 ident: bib0049 article-title: Mechanisms of neuronal protection against excitotoxicity, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction in stroke and neurodegenerative diseases publication-title: Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity – year: 2020 ident: bib0009 article-title: Nervous system involvement after infection with COVID-19 and other coronaviruses publication-title: Brain, Behavior, and Immunity – volume: 47 year: 2016 ident: bib0042 article-title: The Long-Term Risk of Seizures After Stroke publication-title: Stroke – reference: Li, X., et al., Hypokalemia and clinical implications in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). MedRxiv, 2020. – year: 2005 ident: bib0070 article-title: Adams and Victor's principles of neurology – volume: 497 start-page: 155 year: 2011 end-page: 162 ident: bib0034 article-title: Epileptogenesis after prolonged febrile seizures: mechanisms, biomarkers and therapeutic opportunities publication-title: Neuroscience letters – volume: 440 start-page: 1054 year: 2006 end-page: 1059 ident: bib0018 article-title: Synaptic scaling mediated by glial TNF-α publication-title: Nature – volume: 15 start-page: 144 year: 2018 ident: bib0013 article-title: The role of inflammation in the development of epilepsy publication-title: Journal of neuroinflammation – volume: 63 start-page: 364 year: 2020 end-page: 374 ident: bib0066 article-title: Clinical and biochemical indexes from 2019-nCoV infected patients linked to viral loads and lung injury publication-title: Science China Life Sciences – year: 2020 ident: bib0005 article-title: Central nervous system manifestations of COVID-19: A systematic review publication-title: Journal of the Neurological Sciences – volume: 29 start-page: 1 year: 2017 end-page: 16 ident: bib0014 article-title: Inflammatory aspects of epileptogenesis: contribution of molecular inflammatory mechanisms publication-title: Acta neuropsychiatrica – volume: 96 start-page: 42 year: 2015 end-page: 54 ident: bib0021 article-title: IL-6 regulation of synaptic function in the CNS publication-title: Neuropharmacology – volume: 115 year: 2020 ident: bib0068 article-title: Clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients with digestive symptoms in Hubei, China: a descriptive, cross-sectional, multicenter study publication-title: The American journal of gastroenterology – year: 2020 ident: bib0036 article-title: Coagulation abnormalities and thrombosis in patients with COVID-19 publication-title: The Lancet Haematology – year: 2020 ident: bib0027 article-title: Central nervous system involvement by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) publication-title: Journal of medical virology – volume: 82 start-page: 311 year: 2015 end-page: 320 ident: bib0017 article-title: GABAA currents are decreased by IL-1β in epileptogenic tissue of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy: implications for ictogenesis publication-title: Neurobiology of disease – volume: 8 start-page: 1254 year: 2012 ident: bib0022 article-title: Interleukin-6, a major cytokine in the central nervous system publication-title: International journal of biological sciences – volume: 115 start-page: 463 year: 2013 end-page: 468 ident: bib0052 article-title: Cortical hemosiderin is associated with seizures in patients with newly diagnosed malignant brain tumors publication-title: Journal of neuro-oncology – volume: 2010 year: 2010 ident: bib0050 article-title: Forebrain ischemia triggers GABAergic system degeneration in substantia nigra at chronic stages in rats publication-title: Cardiovascular Psychiatry and Neurology – volume: 23 start-page: 8692 year: 2003 end-page: 8700 ident: bib0015 article-title: Interleukin-1β enhances NMDA receptor-mediated intracellular calcium increase through activation of the Src family of kinases publication-title: Journal of Neuroscience – year: 2020 ident: bib0026 article-title: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the Central Nervous System publication-title: Trends in neurosciences – volume: 57 start-page: 178 year: 2008 end-page: 201 ident: bib0045 article-title: The blood-brain barrier in health and chronic neurodegenerative disorders publication-title: Neuron – volume: 25 start-page: 3219 year: 2005 end-page: 3228 ident: bib0019 article-title: Differential regulation of AMPA receptor and GABA receptor trafficking by tumor necrosis factor-α publication-title: Journal of Neuroscience – volume: 89 start-page: 1960 year: 2008 end-page: 1969 ident: bib0056 article-title: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 3a protein activates the mitochondrial death pathway through p38 MAP kinase activation publication-title: Journal of general virology – volume: 161 start-page: 926 year: 2009 end-page: 939 ident: bib0031 article-title: Permeability of the blood–brain barrier depends on brain temperature publication-title: Neuroscience – volume: 33 start-page: 116 year: 2012 end-page: 125 ident: bib0020 article-title: Cytokines and brain excitability publication-title: Frontiers in neuroendocrinology – volume: 11 start-page: 875 year: 2005 end-page: 879 ident: bib0067 article-title: A crucial role of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in SARS coronavirus–induced lung injury publication-title: Nature medicine – volume: 9 start-page: 1 year: 2020 end-page: 12 ident: bib0004 article-title: Epidemiology, causes, clinical manifestation and diagnosis, prevention and control of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) during the early outbreak period: a scoping review publication-title: Infectious diseases of poverty – year: 2020 ident: bib0054 article-title: Oxidative Stress as Key Player in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infection publication-title: Archives of Medical Research – volume: 36 start-page: 679 year: 2009 end-page: 686 ident: bib0032 article-title: Febrile seizures: current views and investigations publication-title: Canadian journal of neurological sciences – volume: 9 start-page: 727 year: 2020 end-page: 732 ident: bib0029 article-title: Hypothesis for potential pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection–a review of immune changes in patients with viral pneumonia publication-title: Emerging microbes & infections – volume: 12 start-page: 21 year: 2016 end-page: 33 ident: bib0073 article-title: Acute symptomatic seizures caused by electrolyte disturbances publication-title: Journal of clinical neurology – volume: 95 start-page: 1000 year: 2017 end-page: 1016 ident: bib0043 article-title: Prospects of modeling poststroke epileptogenesis publication-title: Journal of neuroscience research – volume: 135 start-page: 2033 year: 2020 end-page: 2040 ident: bib0037 article-title: COVID-19 and its implications for thrombosis and anticoagulation. Blood publication-title: The Journal of the American Society of Hematology – reference: Tufan, A., A.A. GÜLER, and M. Matucci-Cerinic, COVID-19, immune system response, hyperinflammation and repurposing antirheumatic drugs. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences, 2020.50(SI-1): p. 620-632. – year: 2020 ident: bib0002 article-title: Coronavirus fulminant myocarditis treated with glucocorticoid and human immunoglobulin publication-title: European heart journal – volume: 30 start-page: 367 year: 2020 end-page: 369 ident: bib0041 article-title: COVID-19: towards understanding of pathogenesis publication-title: Cell Research – year: 2020 ident: bib0055 article-title: Covid-19—navigating the uncharted publication-title: Mass Medical Soc – volume: 290 start-page: R1345 year: 2006 end-page: R1356 ident: bib0012 article-title: Prenatal exposure to interleukin-6 results in inflammatory neurodegeneration in hippocampus with NMDA/GABAA dysregulation and impaired spatial learning publication-title: American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology – volume: 7 start-page: 31 year: 2011 ident: bib0033 article-title: The role of inflammation in epilepsy publication-title: Nature reviews neurology – volume: 8 start-page: 362 year: 2014 ident: bib0046 article-title: The impact of microglial activation on blood-brain barrier in brain diseases publication-title: Frontiers in cellular neuroscience – volume: 1866 start-page: 1068 year: 2019 end-page: 1078 ident: bib0059 article-title: Calcium, mitochondria and cell metabolism: A functional triangle in bioenergetics publication-title: Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Molecular Cell Research – volume: 82 start-page: 264 year: 2017 end-page: 274 ident: bib0023 article-title: Modulating effect of cytokines on mechanisms of synaptic plasticity in the brain publication-title: Biochemistry (Moscow) – year: 2020 ident: bib0028 article-title: The neuroinvasive potential of SARS‐CoV2 may play a role in the respiratory failure of COVID‐19 patients publication-title: Journal of medical virology – volume: 24 start-page: 1100 year: 2018 end-page: 1114 ident: bib0044 article-title: The evolving role of neuro‐immune interaction in brain repair after cerebral ischemic stroke publication-title: CNS neuroscience & therapeutics – volume: 43 start-page: E005 year: 2020 ident: bib0024 article-title: Analysis of clinical features of 29 patients with 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia publication-title: Zhonghua jie he he hu xi za zhi= Zhonghua jiehe he huxi zazhi= Chinese journal of tuberculosis and respiratory diseases – volume: 51 start-page: 671 year: 2010 end-page: 675 ident: bib0072 article-title: Recommendation for a definition of acute symptomatic seizure publication-title: Epilepsia – volume: 9 start-page: 587 year: 2020 ident: bib0063 article-title: Electrolyte Disturbances in SARS-CoV-2 Infection publication-title: F1000Research – volume: 382 start-page: 1708 year: 2020 end-page: 1720 ident: bib0064 article-title: Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China publication-title: New England journal of medicine – volume: 20 start-page: 227 year: 2002 end-page: 239 ident: bib0071 article-title: Neurologic manifestations of electrolyte disturbances publication-title: Neurologic clinics – volume: 158 start-page: 1518 year: 2020 end-page: 1519 ident: bib0003 article-title: COVID-19: gastrointestinal manifestations and potential fecal–oral transmission publication-title: Gastroenterology – volume: 82 start-page: 282 year: 2017 end-page: 290 ident: bib0016 article-title: Status epilepticus impairs synaptic plasticity in rat hippocampus and is followed by changes in expression of NMDA receptors publication-title: Biochemistry (Moscow) – volume: 18 start-page: 1094 year: 2020 end-page: 1099 ident: bib0039 article-title: Anticoagulant treatment is associated with decreased mortality in severe coronavirus disease 2019 patients with coagulopathy publication-title: Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis – volume: 57 start-page: 262 year: 2020 end-page: 265 ident: bib0062 article-title: Electrolyte imbalances in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) publication-title: Annals of Clinical Biochemistry – volume: 7 start-page: 62 year: 2010 ident: bib0048 article-title: TGFβ signaling in the brain increases with aging and signals to astrocytes and innate immune cells in the weeks after stroke publication-title: Journal of neuroinflammation – volume: 89 start-page: 34 year: 2010 end-page: 42 ident: bib0007 article-title: Contributions of peripheral inflammation to seizure susceptibility: cytokines and brain excitability publication-title: Epilepsy research – volume: 20 start-page: 280 year: 2020 ident: bib0001 article-title: Pandemic potential of 2019-nCoV publication-title: Lancet Infect Dis – volume: 395 start-page: 497 year: 2020 end-page: 506 ident: bib0010 article-title: Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China publication-title: The lancet – year: 2020 ident: bib0025 article-title: The Cytokine storm in COVID-19: An overview of the involvement of the chemokine/chemokine-receptor system publication-title: Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews – volume: 18 start-page: 844 year: 2020 end-page: 847 ident: bib0038 article-title: Abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia publication-title: Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis – year: 2020 ident: bib0057 article-title: COVID-19: Melatonin as a potential adjuvant treatment publication-title: Life sciences – year: 2020 ident: bib0006 article-title: Neurologic manifestations of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China publication-title: JAMA neurology – year: 2020 ident: bib0035 article-title: Coagulation disorders in coronavirus infected patients: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV and lessons from the past publication-title: Journal of Clinical Virology – volume: 382 start-page: e38 year: 2020 ident: bib0040 article-title: Coagulopathy and antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with Covid-19 publication-title: New England Journal of Medicine – volume: 291 start-page: 2080 year: 2016 end-page: 2086 ident: bib0061 article-title: Mitochondrial calcium uptake modulates synaptic vesicle endocytosis in central nerve terminals publication-title: Journal of Biological Chemistry – volume: 130 start-page: 521 year: 2007 end-page: 534 ident: bib0030 article-title: Blood–brain barrier leakage may lead to progression of temporal lobe epilepsy publication-title: Brain – start-page: e13473 year: 2020 ident: bib0008 article-title: Neuroinfection may contribute to pathophysiology and clinical manifestations of COVID‐19 publication-title: Acta Physiologica – volume: 552 start-page: 50 year: 2018 end-page: 59 ident: bib0060 article-title: Mitochondrial membrane potential publication-title: Analytical biochemistry – volume: 6 start-page: 19 issue: 1 year: 2013 ident: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0058 article-title: Targeting mitochondrial reactive oxygen species as novel therapy for inflammatory diseases and cancers publication-title: Journal of hematology & oncology doi: 10.1186/1756-8722-6-19 – ident: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0011 doi: 10.3906/sag-2004-168 – volume: 130 start-page: 521 issue: 2 year: 2007 ident: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0030 article-title: Blood–brain barrier leakage may lead to progression of temporal lobe epilepsy publication-title: Brain doi: 10.1093/brain/awl318 – year: 2020 ident: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0026 article-title: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the Central Nervous System publication-title: Trends in neurosciences doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2020.04.004 – year: 2020 ident: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0028 article-title: The neuroinvasive potential of SARS‐CoV2 may play a role in the respiratory failure of COVID‐19 patients publication-title: Journal of medical virology – volume: 7 start-page: 62 issue: 1 year: 2010 ident: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0048 article-title: TGFβ signaling in the brain increases with aging and signals to astrocytes and innate immune cells in the weeks after stroke publication-title: Journal of neuroinflammation doi: 10.1186/1742-2094-7-62 – volume: 30 start-page: 367 issue: 5 year: 2020 ident: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0041 article-title: COVID-19: towards understanding of pathogenesis publication-title: Cell Research doi: 10.1038/s41422-020-0327-4 – year: 2020 ident: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0055 article-title: Covid-19—navigating the uncharted publication-title: Mass Medical Soc – year: 2020 ident: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0025 article-title: The Cytokine storm in COVID-19: An overview of the involvement of the chemokine/chemokine-receptor system publication-title: Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews doi: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.05.003 – volume: 497 start-page: 155 issue: 3 year: 2011 ident: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0034 article-title: Epileptogenesis after prolonged febrile seizures: mechanisms, biomarkers and therapeutic opportunities publication-title: Neuroscience letters doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.02.032 – year: 2020 ident: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0057 article-title: COVID-19: Melatonin as a potential adjuvant treatment publication-title: Life sciences – volume: 382 start-page: e38 issue: 17 year: 2020 ident: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0040 article-title: Coagulopathy and antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with Covid-19 publication-title: New England Journal of Medicine doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2007575 – volume: 12 start-page: 21 issue: 1 year: 2016 ident: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0073 article-title: Acute symptomatic seizures caused by electrolyte disturbances publication-title: Journal of clinical neurology doi: 10.3988/jcn.2016.12.1.21 – year: 2020 ident: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0006 article-title: Neurologic manifestations of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China publication-title: JAMA neurology doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.1127 – volume: 1866 start-page: 1068 issue: 7 year: 2019 ident: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0059 article-title: Calcium, mitochondria and cell metabolism: A functional triangle in bioenergetics publication-title: Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Molecular Cell Research doi: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.10.016 – volume: 11 start-page: 875 issue: 8 year: 2005 ident: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0067 article-title: A crucial role of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in SARS coronavirus–induced lung injury publication-title: Nature medicine doi: 10.1038/nm1267 – volume: 8 start-page: 1254 issue: 9 year: 2012 ident: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0022 article-title: Interleukin-6, a major cytokine in the central nervous system publication-title: International journal of biological sciences doi: 10.7150/ijbs.4679 – volume: 9 start-page: 587 issue: 587 year: 2020 ident: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0063 article-title: Electrolyte Disturbances in SARS-CoV-2 Infection publication-title: F1000Research – volume: 18 start-page: 844 issue: 4 year: 2020 ident: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0038 article-title: Abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia publication-title: Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis doi: 10.1111/jth.14768 – volume: 115 start-page: 463 issue: 3 year: 2013 ident: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0052 article-title: Cortical hemosiderin is associated with seizures in patients with newly diagnosed malignant brain tumors publication-title: Journal of neuro-oncology doi: 10.1007/s11060-013-1247-7 – volume: 9 start-page: 1 issue: 1 year: 2020 ident: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0004 article-title: Epidemiology, causes, clinical manifestation and diagnosis, prevention and control of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) during the early outbreak period: a scoping review publication-title: Infectious diseases of poverty doi: 10.1186/s40249-020-00646-x – volume: 15 start-page: 144 issue: 1 year: 2018 ident: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0013 article-title: The role of inflammation in the development of epilepsy publication-title: Journal of neuroinflammation doi: 10.1186/s12974-018-1192-7 – volume: 7 start-page: 31 issue: 1 year: 2011 ident: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0033 article-title: The role of inflammation in epilepsy publication-title: Nature reviews neurology doi: 10.1038/nrneurol.2010.178 – ident: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0065 – volume: 23 start-page: 8692 issue: 25 year: 2003 ident: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0015 article-title: Interleukin-1β enhances NMDA receptor-mediated intracellular calcium increase through activation of the Src family of kinases publication-title: Journal of Neuroscience doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-25-08692.2003 – volume: 20 start-page: 280 issue: 3 year: 2020 ident: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0001 article-title: Pandemic potential of 2019-nCoV publication-title: Lancet Infect Dis doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30068-2 – year: 2020 ident: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0009 article-title: Nervous system involvement after infection with COVID-19 and other coronaviruses publication-title: Brain, Behavior, and Immunity – volume: 395 start-page: 497 issue: 10223 year: 2020 ident: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0010 article-title: Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China publication-title: The lancet doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5 – volume: 33 start-page: 116 issue: 1 year: 2012 ident: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0020 article-title: Cytokines and brain excitability publication-title: Frontiers in neuroendocrinology doi: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2011.12.002 – volume: 63 start-page: 364 issue: 3 year: 2020 ident: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0066 article-title: Clinical and biochemical indexes from 2019-nCoV infected patients linked to viral loads and lung injury publication-title: Science China Life Sciences doi: 10.1007/s11427-020-1643-8 – year: 2020 ident: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0002 article-title: Coronavirus fulminant myocarditis treated with glucocorticoid and human immunoglobulin publication-title: European heart journal – volume: 89 start-page: 1960 issue: 8 year: 2008 ident: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0056 article-title: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 3a protein activates the mitochondrial death pathway through p38 MAP kinase activation publication-title: Journal of general virology doi: 10.1099/vir.0.83665-0 – volume: 89 start-page: 34 issue: 1 year: 2010 ident: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0007 article-title: Contributions of peripheral inflammation to seizure susceptibility: cytokines and brain excitability publication-title: Epilepsy research doi: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2009.09.004 – volume: 291 start-page: 2080 issue: 5 year: 2016 ident: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0061 article-title: Mitochondrial calcium uptake modulates synaptic vesicle endocytosis in central nerve terminals publication-title: Journal of Biological Chemistry doi: 10.1074/jbc.M115.686956 – volume: 2010 year: 2010 ident: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0050 article-title: Forebrain ischemia triggers GABAergic system degeneration in substantia nigra at chronic stages in rats publication-title: Cardiovascular Psychiatry and Neurology doi: 10.1155/2010/506952 – volume: 36 start-page: 679 issue: 6 year: 2009 ident: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0032 article-title: Febrile seizures: current views and investigations publication-title: Canadian journal of neurological sciences doi: 10.1017/S0317167100008246 – volume: 440 start-page: 1054 issue: 7087 year: 2006 ident: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0018 article-title: Synaptic scaling mediated by glial TNF-α publication-title: Nature doi: 10.1038/nature04671 – volume: 161 start-page: 926 issue: 3 year: 2009 ident: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0031 article-title: Permeability of the blood–brain barrier depends on brain temperature publication-title: Neuroscience doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.04.004 – volume: 96 start-page: 42 year: 2015 ident: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0021 article-title: IL-6 regulation of synaptic function in the CNS publication-title: Neuropharmacology doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.10.023 – start-page: e13473 year: 2020 ident: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0008 article-title: Neuroinfection may contribute to pathophysiology and clinical manifestations of COVID‐19 publication-title: Acta Physiologica doi: 10.1111/apha.13473 – volume: 82 start-page: 311 year: 2015 ident: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0017 article-title: GABAA currents are decreased by IL-1β in epileptogenic tissue of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy: implications for ictogenesis publication-title: Neurobiology of disease doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.07.003 – volume: 25 start-page: 3219 issue: 12 year: 2005 ident: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0019 article-title: Differential regulation of AMPA receptor and GABA receptor trafficking by tumor necrosis factor-α publication-title: Journal of Neuroscience doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4486-04.2005 – volume: 158 start-page: 1518 issue: 6 year: 2020 ident: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0003 article-title: COVID-19: gastrointestinal manifestations and potential fecal–oral transmission publication-title: Gastroenterology doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.02.054 – year: 2020 ident: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0035 article-title: Coagulation disorders in coronavirus infected patients: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV and lessons from the past publication-title: Journal of Clinical Virology doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104362 – volume: 2015 year: 2015 ident: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0049 article-title: Mechanisms of neuronal protection against excitotoxicity, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction in stroke and neurodegenerative diseases publication-title: Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity doi: 10.1155/2015/964518 – volume: 82 start-page: 282 issue: 3 year: 2017 ident: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0016 article-title: Status epilepticus impairs synaptic plasticity in rat hippocampus and is followed by changes in expression of NMDA receptors publication-title: Biochemistry (Moscow) doi: 10.1134/S0006297917030063 – volume: 135 start-page: 2033 issue: 23 year: 2020 ident: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0037 article-title: COVID-19 and its implications for thrombosis and anticoagulation. Blood publication-title: The Journal of the American Society of Hematology – volume: 382 start-page: 1708 issue: 18 year: 2020 ident: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0064 article-title: Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China publication-title: New England journal of medicine doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2002032 – volume: 20 start-page: 227 issue: 1 year: 2002 ident: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0071 article-title: Neurologic manifestations of electrolyte disturbances publication-title: Neurologic clinics doi: 10.1016/S0733-8619(03)00060-4 – volume: 82 start-page: 264 issue: 3 year: 2017 ident: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0023 article-title: Modulating effect of cytokines on mechanisms of synaptic plasticity in the brain publication-title: Biochemistry (Moscow) doi: 10.1134/S000629791703004X – year: 2020 ident: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0005 article-title: Central nervous system manifestations of COVID-19: A systematic review publication-title: Journal of the Neurological Sciences doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2020.116832 – volume: 43 start-page: E005 year: 2020 ident: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0024 article-title: Analysis of clinical features of 29 patients with 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia publication-title: Zhonghua jie he he hu xi za zhi= Zhonghua jiehe he huxi zazhi= Chinese journal of tuberculosis and respiratory diseases – volume: 18 start-page: 1094 issue: 5 year: 2020 ident: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0039 article-title: Anticoagulant treatment is associated with decreased mortality in severe coronavirus disease 2019 patients with coagulopathy publication-title: Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis doi: 10.1111/jth.14817 – year: 2005 ident: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0070 – volume: 552 start-page: 50 year: 2018 ident: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0060 article-title: Mitochondrial membrane potential publication-title: Analytical biochemistry doi: 10.1016/j.ab.2017.07.009 – ident: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0053 – volume: 95 start-page: 1000 issue: 4 year: 2017 ident: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0043 article-title: Prospects of modeling poststroke epileptogenesis publication-title: Journal of neuroscience research doi: 10.1002/jnr.23836 – year: 2020 ident: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0036 article-title: Coagulation abnormalities and thrombosis in patients with COVID-19 publication-title: The Lancet Haematology doi: 10.1016/S2352-3026(20)30145-9 – volume: 51 start-page: 671 issue: 4 year: 2010 ident: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0072 article-title: Recommendation for a definition of acute symptomatic seizure publication-title: Epilepsia doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02285.x – volume: 57 start-page: 262 issue: 3 year: 2020 ident: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0062 article-title: Electrolyte imbalances in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) publication-title: Annals of Clinical Biochemistry doi: 10.1177/0004563220922255 – volume: 47 start-page: 1990 issue: 12 year: 2006 ident: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0069 article-title: Electrolytes disturbances and seizures publication-title: Epilepsia doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2006.00861.x – volume: 47 issue: suppl_1 year: 2016 ident: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0042 article-title: The Long-Term Risk of Seizures After Stroke publication-title: Stroke doi: 10.1161/str.47.suppl_1.109 – volume: 9 start-page: 727 issue: 1 year: 2020 ident: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0029 article-title: Hypothesis for potential pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection–a review of immune changes in patients with viral pneumonia publication-title: Emerging microbes & infections doi: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1746199 – volume: 53 start-page: 37 year: 2012 ident: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0047 article-title: Blood–brain barrier dysfunction–induced inflammatory signaling in brain pathology and epileptogenesis publication-title: Epilepsia doi: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2012.03701.x – year: 2020 ident: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0027 article-title: Central nervous system involvement by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) publication-title: Journal of medical virology doi: 10.1002/jmv.25915 – volume: 290 start-page: R1345 issue: 5 year: 2006 ident: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0012 article-title: Prenatal exposure to interleukin-6 results in inflammatory neurodegeneration in hippocampus with NMDA/GABAA dysregulation and impaired spatial learning publication-title: American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00268.2005 – volume: 6 start-page: 1 issue: 1 year: 2008 ident: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0051 article-title: GABAA receptors in normal development and seizures: friends or foes? publication-title: Current neuropharmacology doi: 10.2174/157015908783769653 – year: 2020 ident: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0054 article-title: Oxidative Stress as Key Player in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infection publication-title: Archives of Medical Research doi: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2020.04.019 – volume: 24 start-page: 1100 issue: 12 year: 2018 ident: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0044 article-title: The evolving role of neuro‐immune interaction in brain repair after cerebral ischemic stroke publication-title: CNS neuroscience & therapeutics doi: 10.1111/cns.13077 – volume: 8 start-page: 362 year: 2014 ident: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0046 article-title: The impact of microglial activation on blood-brain barrier in brain diseases publication-title: Frontiers in cellular neuroscience doi: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00362 – volume: 29 start-page: 1 issue: 1 year: 2017 ident: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0014 article-title: Inflammatory aspects of epileptogenesis: contribution of molecular inflammatory mechanisms publication-title: Acta neuropsychiatrica doi: 10.1017/neu.2016.47 – volume: 115 year: 2020 ident: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0068 article-title: Clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients with digestive symptoms in Hubei, China: a descriptive, cross-sectional, multicenter study publication-title: The American journal of gastroenterology doi: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000000620 – volume: 57 start-page: 178 issue: 2 year: 2008 ident: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535_bib0045 article-title: The blood-brain barrier in health and chronic neurodegenerative disorders publication-title: Neuron doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2008.01.003 – reference: 33137605 - Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2021 Jan;47:102606 |
| SSID | ssj0000651461 |
| Score | 2.5127826 |
| SecondaryResourceType | review_article |
| Snippet | •Seizure is one symptom of COVID-19.•Cytokine-storm in the brain is the most important reason of seizure in COVID-19•Pro-inflammatory cytokines cause neuronal... Highlights•Seizure is one symptom of COVID-19. •Cytokine-storm in the brain is the most important reason of seizure in COVID-19 •Pro-inflammatory cytokines... The new coronavirus has spread throughout the world in a very short time and now has become a pandemic. Most infected people have symptoms such as dry cough,... • Seizure is one symptom of COVID-19. • Cytokine-storm in the brain is the most important reason of seizure in COVID-19 • Pro-inflammatory cytokines cause... |
| SourceID | pubmedcentral proquest pubmed crossref elsevier |
| SourceType | Open Access Repository Aggregation Database Index Database Enrichment Source Publisher |
| StartPage | 102535 |
| SubjectTerms | Covid-19 COVID-19 - complications COVID-19 - virology Epilepsy Epilepsy - etiology Headache - etiology Humans Neurology Pandemic Review SARS-CoV-2 - pathogenicity Seizure Seizures - etiology Stroke - etiology |
| Title | How does the COVID-19 cause seizure and epilepsy in patients? The potential mechanisms |
| URI | https://www.clinicalkey.com/#!/content/1-s2.0-S221103482030609X https://www.clinicalkey.es/playcontent/1-s2.0-S221103482030609X https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msard.2020.102535 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33010584 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2448407654 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC7521932 |
| Volume | 46 |
| WOSCitedRecordID | wos000597309800012&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D |
| hasFullText | 1 |
| inHoldings | 1 |
| isFullTextHit | |
| isPrint | |
| journalDatabaseRights | – providerCode: PRVESC databaseName: ScienceDirect customDbUrl: eissn: 2211-0356 dateEnd: 20210531 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0000651461 issn: 2211-0348 databaseCode: AIEXJ dateStart: 20120101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://www.sciencedirect.com providerName: Elsevier |
| link | http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwtV1bb9MwFLa6DSFeENdRLpOR4Gmkyt3JE5qgFUOiIDGmvll27KhZ17Sq22naA7-dYydOb1DYAy9RlNhO4vP5-LNzLgi9EYmbeznLHCJi6YSc5Q7zeOpkKfPDwCcszhOTbIL0-8lgkH5rtX5aX5irS1KWyfV1Ov2vooZrIGztOnsLcTeNwgU4B6HDEcQOx38SvE4SJyY6coNOSff1_PSj46XHGVsoeaxkcWP_GMgpKISpMn5_dXRV9TboGRuM6WSurYiMZ4l2DS5UHdTc5n6yZogKHg7zbFFFejaOMcBgRR3Ss-Hr_WLE2ajaBegx-IabRtCTIRuPmRgNjUuokMPK7abYLGCsDrqjGRuvblTAqtRrNiqMPvN9fSGoAmta5Ruuak8gO1EVvGRLsVd7DBedsYKB09HNd5al18Nob0xvjdGhtWe7oKYRqhuhVSN76MAnUQpa8eDktDv43OzSAUHTic91hkL79jZ0lTES3HqdP9Gb7eXLphXuCq05e4Du1-sRfFLh6CFqyfIRuvultrh4jM4BTljDCQOcsIUTNnDCNZwwyB5bOOGixBZO7zGACTdgwkswPUE_et2zD5-cOheHkwHhnzse59JjPgcNL6Sb51nEYTTHscvzmKQyYiLOvNyLMpgThADKw6GCyDSbDThMIsFTtF9OSvkMYZm7OmupJyJPhiJgnLCASD9OOdBVHodt5NsupFkdqF7nS7mkOyTYRu-aStMqTsvu4qGVDbUuyDBpUoDb7mrkd9Wkqse_oh5VPnXpdw0XjRZfr8nddNBGcVOz5rYVZ_37I19b6FDQ_Pp3HivlZKEoEPMkdEkcQY8dVlBqPj0IdObbBO6QNZA1BXRU-fU7ZTE00eUJEHpY1D2_XYe-QPeWY_4l2p_PFvIVupNdzQs1O0J7ZJAc1YPrF8T78HY |
| linkProvider | Elsevier |
| openUrl | ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=How+does+the+COVID-19+cause+seizure+and+epilepsy+in+patients%3F+The+potential+mechanisms&rft.jtitle=Multiple+sclerosis+and+related+disorders&rft.au=Nikbakht%2C+Farnaz&rft.au=Mohammadkhanizadeh%2C+Ali&rft.au=Mohammadi%2C+Ekram&rft.date=2020-11-01&rft.issn=2211-0348&rft.volume=46&rft.spage=102535&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.msard.2020.102535&rft.externalDBID=n%2Fa&rft.externalDocID=10_1016_j_msard_2020_102535 |
| thumbnail_m | http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/image/custom?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.clinicalkey.com%2Fck-thumbnails%2F22110348%2Fcov200h.gif |