Time and Mode of Epidemic HCV-2 Subtypes Spreading in Europe: Phylodynamics in Italy and Albania

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 2 causes about 10% of global infections and has the most variable circulation profile in Europe. The history of “endemic” HCV-2 subtypes has been satisfactorily reconstructed, instead there is little information about the recent spread of the “epidemic” subtypes, inc...

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Published in:	Diagnostics (Basel) Vol. 11; no. 2; p. 327
Main Authors:	Ebranati, Erika, Mancon, Alessandro, Airoldi, Martina, Renica, Silvia, Shkjezi, Renata, Dragusha, Pranvera, Della Ventura, Carla, Ciccaglione, Anna Rita, Ciccozzi, Massimo, Bino, Silvia, Tanzi, Elisabetta, Micheli, Valeria, Riva, Elisabetta, Galli, Massimo, Zehender, Gianguglielmo
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Switzerland MDPI AG 17.02.2021 MDPI
Subjects:	Chronic illnesses Datasets epidemiological history of HCV-2 evolutionary demography of HCV-2 Genotype & phenotype HCV-2 Re estimation HCV-2 subtypes Hepatitis Infections phylodynamics of HCV-2 in Italy and Albania Phylogenetics Netherlands Guinea Bissau Europe Africa Italy Ghana France Albania Indonesia HCV-2 subtypes epidemiological history of HCV-2 HCV-2 Re estimation phylodynamics of HCV-2 in Italy and Albania evolutionary demography of HCV-2
ISSN:	2075-4418, 2075-4418
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Abstract	Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 2 causes about 10% of global infections and has the most variable circulation profile in Europe. The history of “endemic” HCV-2 subtypes has been satisfactorily reconstructed, instead there is little information about the recent spread of the “epidemic” subtypes, including HCV-2c. To investigate the origin and dispersion pathways of HCV-2c, 245 newly characterized Italian and Albanian HCV-2 NS5B sequences were aligned with 247 publicly available sequences and included in phylogeographic and phylodynamic analyses using the Bayesian framework. Our findings show that HCV-2c was the most prevalent subtype in Italy and Albania. The phylogeographic analysis suggested an African origin of HCV-2c before it reached Italy about in the 1940s. Phylodynamic analysis revealed an exponential increase in the effective number of infections and Re in Italy between the 1940s and 1960s, and in Albania between the 1990s and the early 2000s. It seems very likely that HCV-2c reached Italy from Africa at the time of the second Italian colonization but did not reach Albania until the period of dramatic migration to Italy in the 1990s. This study contributes to reconstructing the history of the spread of epidemic HCV-2 subtypes to Europe.
AbstractList	Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 2 causes about 10% of global infections and has the most variable circulation profile in Europe. The history of “endemic” HCV-2 subtypes has been satisfactorily reconstructed, instead there is little information about the recent spread of the “epidemic” subtypes, including HCV-2c. To investigate the origin and dispersion pathways of HCV-2c, 245 newly characterized Italian and Albanian HCV-2 NS5B sequences were aligned with 247 publicly available sequences and included in phylogeographic and phylodynamic analyses using the Bayesian framework. Our findings show that HCV-2c was the most prevalent subtype in Italy and Albania. The phylogeographic analysis suggested an African origin of HCV-2c before it reached Italy about in the 1940s. Phylodynamic analysis revealed an exponential increase in the effective number of infections and Re in Italy between the 1940s and 1960s, and in Albania between the 1990s and the early 2000s. It seems very likely that HCV-2c reached Italy from Africa at the time of the second Italian colonization but did not reach Albania until the period of dramatic migration to Italy in the 1990s. This study contributes to reconstructing the history of the spread of epidemic HCV-2 subtypes to Europe. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 2 causes about 10% of global infections and has the most variable circulation profile in Europe. The history of "endemic" HCV-2 subtypes has been satisfactorily reconstructed, instead there is little information about the recent spread of the "epidemic" subtypes, including HCV-2c. To investigate the origin and dispersion pathways of HCV-2c, 245 newly characterized Italian and Albanian HCV-2 NS5B sequences were aligned with 247 publicly available sequences and included in phylogeographic and phylodynamic analyses using the Bayesian framework. Our findings show that HCV-2c was the most prevalent subtype in Italy and Albania. The phylogeographic analysis suggested an African origin of HCV-2c before it reached Italy about in the 1940s. Phylodynamic analysis revealed an exponential increase in the effective number of infections and Re in Italy between the 1940s and 1960s, and in Albania between the 1990s and the early 2000s. It seems very likely that HCV-2c reached Italy from Africa at the time of the second Italian colonization but did not reach Albania until the period of dramatic migration to Italy in the 1990s. This study contributes to reconstructing the history of the spread of epidemic HCV-2 subtypes to Europe.Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 2 causes about 10% of global infections and has the most variable circulation profile in Europe. The history of "endemic" HCV-2 subtypes has been satisfactorily reconstructed, instead there is little information about the recent spread of the "epidemic" subtypes, including HCV-2c. To investigate the origin and dispersion pathways of HCV-2c, 245 newly characterized Italian and Albanian HCV-2 NS5B sequences were aligned with 247 publicly available sequences and included in phylogeographic and phylodynamic analyses using the Bayesian framework. Our findings show that HCV-2c was the most prevalent subtype in Italy and Albania. The phylogeographic analysis suggested an African origin of HCV-2c before it reached Italy about in the 1940s. Phylodynamic analysis revealed an exponential increase in the effective number of infections and Re in Italy between the 1940s and 1960s, and in Albania between the 1990s and the early 2000s. It seems very likely that HCV-2c reached Italy from Africa at the time of the second Italian colonization but did not reach Albania until the period of dramatic migration to Italy in the 1990s. This study contributes to reconstructing the history of the spread of epidemic HCV-2 subtypes to Europe.
Author	Shkjezi, Renata Micheli, Valeria Riva, Elisabetta Airoldi, Martina Della Ventura, Carla Ebranati, Erika Renica, Silvia Ciccaglione, Anna Rita Ciccozzi, Massimo Dragusha, Pranvera Tanzi, Elisabetta Bino, Silvia Galli, Massimo Zehender, Gianguglielmo Mancon, Alessandro
AuthorAffiliation	6 Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Roma, Italy; m.ciccozzi@unicampus.it 8 Department of Biomedical Sciences for the Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; elisabetta.tanzi@unimi.it 1 Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “L. Sacco”, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy; erika.ebranati@gmail.com (E.E.); martina.airoldi@uni-wuerzburg.de (M.A.); silvia.renica@unimi.it (S.R.); carla.dellaventura@gmail.com (C.D.V.); massimo.galli@unimi.it (M.G.) 3 Unit of Microbiology, Hospital Sacco of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy; alessandro.mancon@live.com (A.M.); valeria.micheli@asst-fbf-sacco.it (V.M.) 5 Viral Hepatitis Unit, Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; annarita.ciccaglione@iss.it 7 National Institute of Health, 1001 Tirana, Albania; silviabino@gmail.com 4 Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University “Our Lady of the Good Counsel”,
AuthorAffiliation_xml	– name: 4 Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University “Our Lady of the Good Counsel”, 1001 Tirana, Albania; renata_sh@libero.it (R.S.); p.dragusha@unizkm.al (P.D.) – name: 8 Department of Biomedical Sciences for the Health, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; elisabetta.tanzi@unimi.it – name: 6 Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Roma, Italy; m.ciccozzi@unicampus.it – name: 1 Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “L. Sacco”, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy; erika.ebranati@gmail.com (E.E.); martina.airoldi@uni-wuerzburg.de (M.A.); silvia.renica@unimi.it (S.R.); carla.dellaventura@gmail.com (C.D.V.); massimo.galli@unimi.it (M.G.) – name: 2 CRC-Coordinated Research Center “EpiSoMI”, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy – name: 5 Viral Hepatitis Unit, Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; annarita.ciccaglione@iss.it – name: 3 Unit of Microbiology, Hospital Sacco of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy; alessandro.mancon@live.com (A.M.); valeria.micheli@asst-fbf-sacco.it (V.M.) – name: 7 National Institute of Health, 1001 Tirana, Albania; silviabino@gmail.com – name: 9 Laboratory of Virology, Campus Bio-Medico University, 00128 Rome, Italy; e.riva@unicampus.it
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Snippet	Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 2 causes about 10% of global infections and has the most variable circulation profile in Europe. The history of “endemic”... Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 2 causes about 10% of global infections and has the most variable circulation profile in Europe. The history of "endemic"...
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SubjectTerms	Chronic illnesses Datasets epidemiological history of HCV-2 evolutionary demography of HCV-2 Genotype & phenotype HCV-2 Re estimation HCV-2 subtypes Hepatitis Infections phylodynamics of HCV-2 in Italy and Albania Phylogenetics
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Title	Time and Mode of Epidemic HCV-2 Subtypes Spreading in Europe: Phylodynamics in Italy and Albania
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