Assessment of a regulatory measurement system for the determination of the non-volatile particulate matter emissions from commercial aircraft engines
The SAE International has published Aerospace Information Report (AIR) 6241 which outlined the design and operation of a standardized measurement system for measuring non-volatile particulate matter (nvPM) mass and number emissions from commercial aircraft engines. Prior to this research, evaluation...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of aerosol science Jg. 154; S. 105734 - 16 |
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| Format: | Journal Article |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
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England
Elsevier Ltd
01.05.2021
Elsevier |
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| ISSN: | 0021-8502, 1879-1964 |
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| Abstract | The SAE International has published Aerospace Information Report (AIR) 6241 which outlined the design and operation of a standardized measurement system for measuring non-volatile particulate matter (nvPM) mass and number emissions from commercial aircraft engines. Prior to this research, evaluation of this system by various investigators revealed differences in nvPM mass emissions measurement on the order of 15–30% both within a single sampling system and between two systems operating in parallel and measuring nvPM mass emissions from the same source. To investigate this issue, the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency in collaboration with the U. S. Air Force's Arnold Engineering Development Complex initiated the VAriable Response In Aircraft nvPM Testing (VARIAnT) research program to compare nvPM measurements within and between AIR-compliant sampling systems used for measuring combustion aerosols generated both by a 5201 Mini-CAST soot generator and a J85-GE-5 turbojet engine burning multiple fuels. The VARIAnT research program has conducted four test campaigns to date. The first campaign (VARIAnT 1) compared two essentially identical commercial versions of the sampling system while the second campaign (VARIAnT 2) compared a commercial system to the custom-designed Missouri University of Science and Technology's North American Reference System (NARS) built to the same specifications. Comparisons of nvPM particle mass (i.e., black carbon), number, and size were conducted in both campaigns. Additionally, the sensitivity to variation in system operational parameters was evaluated in VARIAnT 1. Results from both campaigns revealed agreement of about 12% between the two sampling systems, irrespective of manufacturer, in all aspects except for black carbon determination. The major source of measurement differences (20–70%) was due to low BC mass measurements made by the Artium Technologies LII-300 as compared to the AVL 483 Micro-Soot Sensor, the Aerodyne Cavity Attenuated Phase Shift (CAPS PMSSA) monitor, and the thermal-optical reference method for elemental carbon (EC) determination, which was used as the BC reference.
•Evaluation of multiple fine particle sampling and measurement systems for aircraft turbine engines.•Comparative analysis of black carbon mass measurement instruments to each other and the elemental carbon (EC) reference method.•Black carbon instrument calibration to elemental carbon mass from a propane fueled, laboratory combustion aerosol source.•LII had a lower response (up to 45%) to turbine engine black carbon emissions than photoacoustic and light extinction based instruments and the EC method. |
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| AbstractList | NRC publication: Yes The SAE International has published Aerospace Information Report (AIR) 6241 which outlined the design and operation of a standardized measurement system for measuring non-volatile particulate matter (nvPM) mass and number emissions from commercial aircraft engines. Prior to this research, evaluation of this system by various investigators revealed differences in nvPM mass emissions measurement on the order of 15–30% both within a single sampling system and between two systems operating in parallel and measuring nvPM mass emissions from the same source. To investigate this issue, the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency in collaboration with the U. S. Air Force's Arnold Engineering Development Complex initiated the VAriable Response In Aircraft nvPM Testing (VARIAnT) research program to compare nvPM measurements within and between AIR-compliant sampling systems used for measuring combustion aerosols generated both by a 5201 Mini-CAST soot generator and a J85-GE-5 turbojet engine burning multiple fuels. The VARIAnT research program has conducted four test campaigns to date. The first campaign (VARIAnT 1) compared two essentially identical commercial versions of the sampling system while the second campaign (VARIAnT 2) compared a commercial system to the custom-designed Missouri University of Science and Technology's North American Reference System (NARS) built to the same specifications. Comparisons of nvPM particle mass (i.e., black carbon), number, and size were conducted in both campaigns. Additionally, the sensitivity to variation in system operational parameters was evaluated in VARIAnT 1. Results from both campaigns revealed agreement of about 12% between the two sampling systems, irrespective of manufacturer, in all aspects except for black carbon determination. The major source of measurement differences (20–70%) was due to low BC mass measurements made by the Artium Technologies LII-300 as compared to the AVL 483 Micro-Soot Sensor, the Aerodyne Cavity Attenuated Phase Shift (CAPS PMSSA) monitor, and the thermal-optical reference method for elemental carbon (EC) determination, which was used as the BC reference. •Evaluation of multiple fine particle sampling and measurement systems for aircraft turbine engines.•Comparative analysis of black carbon mass measurement instruments to each other and the elemental carbon (EC) reference method.•Black carbon instrument calibration to elemental carbon mass from a propane fueled, laboratory combustion aerosol source.•LII had a lower response (up to 45%) to turbine engine black carbon emissions than photoacoustic and light extinction based instruments and the EC method. The SAE International has published Aerospace Information Report (AIR) 6241 which outlined the design and operation of a standardized measurement system for measuring non-volatile particulate matter (nvPM) mass and number emissions from commercial aircraft engines. Prior to this research, evaluation of this system by various investigators revealed differences in nvPM mass emissions measurement on the order of 15-30% both within a single sampling system and between two systems operating in parallel and measuring nvPM mass emissions from the same source. To investigate this issue, the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency in collaboration with the U. S. Air Force's Arnold Engineering Development Complex initiated the VAriable Response In Aircraft nvPM Testing (VARIAnT) research program to compare nvPM measurements within and between AIR-compliant sampling systems used for measuring combustion aerosols generated both by a 5201 Mini-CAST soot generator and a J85-GE-5 turbojet engine burning multiple fuels. The VARIAnT research program has conducted four test campaigns to date. The first campaign (VARIAnT 1) compared two essentially identical commercial versions of the sampling system while the second campaign (VARIAnT 2) compared a commercial system to the custom-designed Missouri University of Science and Technology's North American Reference System (NARS) built to the same specifications. Comparisons of nvPM particle mass (i.e., black carbon), number, and size were conducted in both campaigns. Additionally, the sensitivity to variation in system operational parameters was evaluated in VARIAnT 1. Results from both campaigns revealed agreement of about 12% between the two sampling systems, irrespective of manufacturer, in all aspects except for black carbon determination. The major source of measurement differences (20-70%) was due to low BC mass measurements made by the Artium Technologies LII-300 as compared to the AVL 483 Micro-Soot Sensor, the Aerodyne Cavity Attenuated Phase Shift (CAPS PM ) monitor, and the thermal-optical reference method for elemental carbon (EC) determination, which was used as the BC reference. The SAE International has published Aerospace Information Report (AIR) 6241 which outlined the design and operation of a standardized measurement system for measuring non-volatile particulate matter (nvPM) mass and number emissions from commercial aircraft engines. Prior to this research, evaluation of this system by various investigators revealed differences in nvPM mass emissions measurement on the order of 15–30% both within a single sampling system and between two systems operating in parallel and measuring nvPM mass emissions from the same source. To investigate this issue, the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency in collaboration with the U. S. Air Force’s Arnold Engineering Development Complex initiated the VAriable Response In Aircraft nvPM Testing (VARIAnT) research program to compare nvPM measurements within and between AIR-compliant sampling systems used for measuring combustion aerosols generated both by a 5201 Mini-CAST soot generator and a J85-GE-5 turbojet engine burning multiple fuels. The VARIAnT research program has conducted four test campaigns to date. The first campaign (VARIAnT 1) compared two essentially identical commercial versions of the sampling system while the second campaign (VARIAnT 2) compared a commercial system to the custom-designed Missouri University of Science and Technology’s North American Reference System (NARS) built to the same specifications. Comparisons of nvPM particle mass (i.e., black carbon), number, and size were conducted in both campaigns. Additionally, the sensitivity to variation in system operational parameters was evaluated in VARIAnT 1. Results from both campaigns revealed agreement of about 12% between the two sampling systems, irrespective of manufacturer, in all aspects except for black carbon determination. The major source of measurement differences (20–70%) was due to low BC mass measurements made by the Artium Technologies LII-300 as compared to the AVL 483 Micro-Soot Sensor, the Aerodyne Cavity Attenuated Phase Shift (CAPS PMSSA) monitor, and the thermal-optical reference method for elemental carbon (EC) determination, which was used as the BC reference. The SAE International has published Aerospace Information Report (AIR) 6241 which outlined the design and operation of a standardized measurement system for measuring non-volatile particulate matter (nvPM) mass and number emissions from commercial aircraft engines. Prior to this research, evaluation of this system by various investigators revealed differences in nvPM mass emissions measurement on the order of 15-30% both within a single sampling system and between two systems operating in parallel and measuring nvPM mass emissions from the same source. To investigate this issue, the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency in collaboration with the U. S. Air Force's Arnold Engineering Development Complex initiated the VAriable Response In Aircraft nvPM Testing (VARIAnT) research program to compare nvPM measurements within and between AIR-compliant sampling systems used for measuring combustion aerosols generated both by a 5201 Mini-CAST soot generator and a J85-GE-5 turbojet engine burning multiple fuels. The VARIAnT research program has conducted four test campaigns to date. The first campaign (VARIAnT 1) compared two essentially identical commercial versions of the sampling system while the second campaign (VARIAnT 2) compared a commercial system to the custom-designed Missouri University of Science and Technology's North American Reference System (NARS) built to the same specifications. Comparisons of nvPM particle mass (i.e., black carbon), number, and size were conducted in both campaigns. Additionally, the sensitivity to variation in system operational parameters was evaluated in VARIAnT 1. Results from both campaigns revealed agreement of about 12% between the two sampling systems, irrespective of manufacturer, in all aspects except for black carbon determination. The major source of measurement differences (20-70%) was due to low BC mass measurements made by the Artium Technologies LII-300 as compared to the AVL 483 Micro-Soot Sensor, the Aerodyne Cavity Attenuated Phase Shift (CAPS PMSSA) monitor, and the thermal-optical reference method for elemental carbon (EC) determination, which was used as the BC reference.The SAE International has published Aerospace Information Report (AIR) 6241 which outlined the design and operation of a standardized measurement system for measuring non-volatile particulate matter (nvPM) mass and number emissions from commercial aircraft engines. Prior to this research, evaluation of this system by various investigators revealed differences in nvPM mass emissions measurement on the order of 15-30% both within a single sampling system and between two systems operating in parallel and measuring nvPM mass emissions from the same source. To investigate this issue, the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency in collaboration with the U. S. Air Force's Arnold Engineering Development Complex initiated the VAriable Response In Aircraft nvPM Testing (VARIAnT) research program to compare nvPM measurements within and between AIR-compliant sampling systems used for measuring combustion aerosols generated both by a 5201 Mini-CAST soot generator and a J85-GE-5 turbojet engine burning multiple fuels. The VARIAnT research program has conducted four test campaigns to date. The first campaign (VARIAnT 1) compared two essentially identical commercial versions of the sampling system while the second campaign (VARIAnT 2) compared a commercial system to the custom-designed Missouri University of Science and Technology's North American Reference System (NARS) built to the same specifications. Comparisons of nvPM particle mass (i.e., black carbon), number, and size were conducted in both campaigns. Additionally, the sensitivity to variation in system operational parameters was evaluated in VARIAnT 1. Results from both campaigns revealed agreement of about 12% between the two sampling systems, irrespective of manufacturer, in all aspects except for black carbon determination. The major source of measurement differences (20-70%) was due to low BC mass measurements made by the Artium Technologies LII-300 as compared to the AVL 483 Micro-Soot Sensor, the Aerodyne Cavity Attenuated Phase Shift (CAPS PMSSA) monitor, and the thermal-optical reference method for elemental carbon (EC) determination, which was used as the BC reference. |
| ArticleNumber | 105734 |
| Author | Silvis, William Hagen, Donald Frazee, Richard Arey, Russell Stevens, Katherine Miake-Lye, Richard Lobo, Prem Kinsey, John S. Bachalo, William Durlicki, Mikal Swanson, Jacob Trueblood, Max Cerully, Kate Kittelson, David Thomson, Kevin Payne, Gregory Giannelli, Robert Achterberg, Steven Liscinsky, David Stevens, Jeffrey Freedman, Andrew McArthur, Timothy Hoffman, Brandon Onasch, Timothy Howard, Robert Leggett, Cullen Aldridge, Michael Wolff, Lindsay |
| AuthorAffiliation | q Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, MA, 01821, USA d U. S. Air Force, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, OH (Formerly Arnold Engineering Development Complex), Arnold Air Force Base, TN, 37389, USA i National Research Council-Canada, Ottawa, CANADA (Formerly Missouri University of Science and Technology), USA b U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, National Vehicle and Fuels Emissions Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA o Deceased (Formerly GE Aviation), Cincinnati, OH, 45215, USA l Formerly ARCADIS-U. S., Durham, NC, 27709, USA r Artium Technologies, Sunnyvale, CA, 94085, USA a Formerly U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA n Formerly United Technologies Research Center, East Hartford, CT, 06108, USA m Formerly Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA j Missouri University of Science and Technology, Center for Excellence for Aerospace Particulate Emissions Reduction Resea |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: f Honeywell Aerospace, Phoenix, AZ (Formerly Aerospace Testing Alliance), Arnold Engineering Development Complex, Arnold Air Force Base, TN, 37389, USA – name: n Formerly United Technologies Research Center, East Hartford, CT, 06108, USA – name: b U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, National Vehicle and Fuels Emissions Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA – name: e Singularity Scientific, Whitmore Lake, MI 48189 (Formerly AVL-North America), Plymouth, MI, 48170, USA – name: l Formerly ARCADIS-U. S., Durham, NC, 27709, USA – name: c QuantiTech, Inc. (Formerly Aerospace Testing Alliance), Arnold Engineering Development Complex, Arnold Air Force Base, TN, 37389, USA – name: a Formerly U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA – name: k National Research Council-Canada, Ottawa, Canada – name: q Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, MA, 01821, USA – name: m Formerly Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA – name: g University of Minnesota, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA – name: h WMS Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 (Formerly AVL-North America), Plymouth, MI, 48170, USA – name: d U. S. Air Force, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, OH (Formerly Arnold Engineering Development Complex), Arnold Air Force Base, TN, 37389, USA – name: p Formerly TSI, Inc., Shoreview, MN, 55126, USA – name: j Missouri University of Science and Technology, Center for Excellence for Aerospace Particulate Emissions Reduction Research, Rolla, MO, 65409, USA – name: i National Research Council-Canada, Ottawa, CANADA (Formerly Missouri University of Science and Technology), USA – name: o Deceased (Formerly GE Aviation), Cincinnati, OH, 45215, USA – name: r Artium Technologies, Sunnyvale, CA, 94085, USA |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: John S. orcidid: 0000-0003-4050-2972 surname: Kinsey fullname: Kinsey, John S. organization: Formerly U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA – sequence: 2 givenname: Robert surname: Giannelli fullname: Giannelli, Robert email: giannelli.bob@epa.gov organization: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, National Vehicle and Fuels Emissions Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA – sequence: 3 givenname: Robert surname: Howard fullname: Howard, Robert organization: QuantiTech, Inc. (Formerly Aerospace Testing Alliance), Arnold Engineering Development Complex, Arnold Air Force Base, TN, 37389, USA – sequence: 4 givenname: Brandon surname: Hoffman fullname: Hoffman, Brandon organization: U. S. Air Force, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, OH (Formerly Arnold Engineering Development Complex), Arnold Air Force Base, TN, 37389, USA – sequence: 5 givenname: Richard surname: Frazee fullname: Frazee, Richard organization: Singularity Scientific, Whitmore Lake, MI 48189 (Formerly AVL-North America), Plymouth, MI, 48170, USA – sequence: 6 givenname: Michael orcidid: 0000-0001-7415-414X surname: Aldridge fullname: Aldridge, Michael organization: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, National Vehicle and Fuels Emissions Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA – sequence: 7 givenname: Cullen surname: Leggett fullname: Leggett, Cullen organization: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, National Vehicle and Fuels Emissions Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA – sequence: 8 givenname: Katherine orcidid: 0000-0003-4358-8556 surname: Stevens fullname: Stevens, Katherine organization: Honeywell Aerospace, Phoenix, AZ (Formerly Aerospace Testing Alliance), Arnold Engineering Development Complex, Arnold Air Force Base, TN, 37389, USA – sequence: 9 givenname: David orcidid: 0000-0002-8855-9188 surname: Kittelson fullname: Kittelson, David organization: University of Minnesota, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA – sequence: 10 givenname: William surname: Silvis fullname: Silvis, William organization: WMS Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 (Formerly AVL-North America), Plymouth, MI, 48170, USA – sequence: 11 givenname: Jeffrey surname: Stevens fullname: Stevens, Jeffrey organization: U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, National Vehicle and Fuels Emissions Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA – sequence: 12 givenname: Prem orcidid: 0000-0003-0626-6646 surname: Lobo fullname: Lobo, Prem organization: National Research Council-Canada, Ottawa, CANADA (Formerly Missouri University of Science and Technology), USA – sequence: 13 givenname: Steven surname: Achterberg fullname: Achterberg, Steven organization: Missouri University of Science and Technology, Center for Excellence for Aerospace Particulate Emissions Reduction Research, Rolla, MO, 65409, USA – sequence: 14 givenname: Jacob surname: Swanson fullname: Swanson, Jacob organization: University of Minnesota, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA – sequence: 15 givenname: Kevin surname: Thomson fullname: Thomson, Kevin organization: National Research Council-Canada, Ottawa, Canada – sequence: 16 givenname: Timothy surname: McArthur fullname: McArthur, Timothy organization: Formerly ARCADIS-U. S., Durham, NC, 27709, USA – sequence: 17 givenname: Donald surname: Hagen fullname: Hagen, Donald organization: Missouri University of Science and Technology, Center for Excellence for Aerospace Particulate Emissions Reduction Research, Rolla, MO, 65409, USA – sequence: 18 givenname: Max orcidid: 0000-0003-4483-2346 surname: Trueblood fullname: Trueblood, Max organization: Missouri University of Science and Technology, Center for Excellence for Aerospace Particulate Emissions Reduction Research, Rolla, MO, 65409, USA – sequence: 19 givenname: Lindsay surname: Wolff fullname: Wolff, Lindsay organization: Formerly Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA – sequence: 20 givenname: David surname: Liscinsky fullname: Liscinsky, David organization: Formerly United Technologies Research Center, East Hartford, CT, 06108, USA – sequence: 21 givenname: Russell surname: Arey fullname: Arey, Russell organization: Deceased (Formerly GE Aviation), Cincinnati, OH, 45215, USA – sequence: 22 givenname: Kate surname: Cerully fullname: Cerully, Kate organization: Formerly TSI, Inc., Shoreview, MN, 55126, USA – sequence: 23 givenname: Richard orcidid: 0000-0002-0649-8298 surname: Miake-Lye fullname: Miake-Lye, Richard organization: Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, MA, 01821, USA – sequence: 24 givenname: Timothy surname: Onasch fullname: Onasch, Timothy organization: Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, MA, 01821, USA – sequence: 25 givenname: Andrew surname: Freedman fullname: Freedman, Andrew organization: Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, MA, 01821, USA – sequence: 26 givenname: William orcidid: 0000-0001-7059-4981 surname: Bachalo fullname: Bachalo, William organization: Artium Technologies, Sunnyvale, CA, 94085, USA – sequence: 27 givenname: Gregory surname: Payne fullname: Payne, Gregory organization: Artium Technologies, Sunnyvale, CA, 94085, USA – sequence: 28 givenname: Mikal surname: Durlicki fullname: Durlicki, Mikal organization: Formerly ARCADIS-U. 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| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35949248$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1016_j_measurement_2023_113255 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_scitotenv_2024_174128 crossref_primary_10_1080_02786826_2024_2316190 crossref_primary_10_1080_02786826_2023_2244548 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_scib_2023_04_011 crossref_primary_10_1080_02786826_2021_1971152 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jaerosci_2024_106352 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jaerosci_2023_106144 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_envpol_2025_125661 crossref_primary_10_1177_14680874221114532 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_fuel_2021_123045 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jaerosci_2023_106140 crossref_primary_10_5194_amt_15_3223_2022 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_combustflame_2021_111480 crossref_primary_10_1080_10962247_2022_2029617 |
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| Keywords | Elemental carbon Aircraft turbine engines Laboratory generated soot Black carbon Aerosol sampling systems Combustion aerosols |
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| Title | Assessment of a regulatory measurement system for the determination of the non-volatile particulate matter emissions from commercial aircraft engines |
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