Outcomes of exposure to workplace bullying: A meta-analytic review

This paper reports results from two meta-analyses of the potential individual-level outcomes of exposure to workplace bullying. After introducing a theoretical framework for the possible relationships between bullying and outcomes, Study 1 summarizes 137 cross-sectional effect sizes from 66 independ...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Work and stress Vol. 26; no. 4; pp. 309 - 332
Main Authors: Nielsen, Morten Birkeland, Einarsen, Ståle
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: London Taylor & Francis Group 01.10.2012
Taylor & Francis
Taylor & Francis Ltd
Subjects:
Absenteeism
Adult
Aggression
Associations
Biological and medical sciences
Bullying
Burnout
Development Strategies
Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology
Health Problems
Health status
Individual differences
Job satisfaction
longitudinal
Medical sciences
Mental disorders
Mental Health
Mental stress
Meta-analysis
Occupational exposure
Occupational health
Occupational psychology
Occupational Stress
Organizational commitment
Organizational effectiveness
outcomes
Perceptions
Physical symptoms
Post traumatic stress disorder
Posttraumatic stress disorder
Psychology. Psychoanalysis. Psychiatry
Psychology. Psychophysiology
Psychopathology. Psychiatry
Reviews
Satisfaction
Sleep
Stress
Symptoms
theoretical model
Trauma
Victimology
Well being
Work condition. Job performance. Stress
Work environment
Work place
Working conditions
workplace bullying
Workplaces
Social environment
Human
mental health
Anxiety disorder
Posttraumatic stress disorder
Absenteeism
Victimology
Stress
Occupational burnout
Metaanalysis
Meta-analysis
theoretical model
Occupational environment
Symptomatology
Follow up study
outcomes
Job satisfaction
Mobbing
longitudinal
workplace bullying
ISSN:0267-8373, 1464-5335
Online Access:Get full text
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Summary:This paper reports results from two meta-analyses of the potential individual-level outcomes of exposure to workplace bullying. After introducing a theoretical framework for the possible relationships between bullying and outcomes, Study 1 summarizes 137 cross-sectional effect sizes from 66 independent samples (N=77,721). The findings show that exposure to bullying is associated with both job-related and health- and well-being-related outcomes, such as mental and physical health problems, symptoms of post-traumatic stress, burnout, increased intentions to leave, and reduced job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Non-significant or weak associations were established for absenteeism, performance, self-perceptions, and sleep. Study 2 examines longitudinal relationships between bullying and mental health and absenteeism, respectively. Based on prospective associations from 13 samples (N=62,916), workplace bullying influenced mental health problems over time, while baseline mental health problems were associated with a similar increased risk of subsequent reports of exposure to bullying. The long-term effect of exposure to bullying on absenteeism was rather weak. To summarize, the two meta-analyses provide robust evidence for the detrimental effects of workplace bullying that are in line with the theoretical framework presented. The findings have implications for the development of strategies against bullying. Directions for future research are discussed.
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ISSN:0267-8373
1464-5335
DOI:10.1080/02678373.2012.734709