Large-diameter trees, snags, and deadwood in southern Utah, USA

Background The epidemic Dendroctonus rufipennis (spruce beetle) outbreak in the subalpine forests of the Colorado Plateau in the 1990s killed most larger Picea engelmannii (Engelmann spruce) trees. One quarter century later, the larger snags are beginning to fall, transitioning to deadwood (down woo...

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Veröffentlicht in:	Ecological processes Jg. 10; H. 1; S. 9
Hauptverfasser:	Lutz, James A., Struckman, Soren, Furniss, Tucker J., Birch, Joseph D., Yocom, Larissa L., McAvoy, Darren J.
Format:	Journal Article
Sprache:	Englisch
Veröffentlicht:	Berlin/Heidelberg Springer Berlin Heidelberg 11.01.2021 Springer Nature B.V SpringerOpen
Schlagworte:	aboveground biomass Approximation Bark bark beetles Biomass Cedar Breaks National Monument Dead wood Dendroctonus rufipennis Diameters Earth and Environmental Science Elevation Environment fire behavior Fires Forest & brush fires Forests Fuels Geographical distribution habitats Herbivores Heterogeneity Mapping mixed forests Mortality Outbreaks Pest outbreaks Picea Picea abies Picea engelmannii plateaus Regeneration Regeneration (biological) Snags spatial distribution Species Total mortality tree and stand measurements Trees Utah Utah Forest Dynamics Plot Vertical distribution Vertical fuel structure Vertical profiles Wood Utah Cedar Breaks National Monument Utah Forest Dynamics Plot Vertical fuel structure
ISSN:	2192-1709, 2192-1709
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Abstract	Background The epidemic Dendroctonus rufipennis (spruce beetle) outbreak in the subalpine forests of the Colorado Plateau in the 1990s killed most larger Picea engelmannii (Engelmann spruce) trees. One quarter century later, the larger snags are beginning to fall, transitioning to deadwood (down woody debris) where they may influence fire behavior, regeneration, and habitat structure. Methods We tracked all fallen trees ≥ 1 cm in diameter at breast height (1.37-m high) and mapped all pieces of deadwood ≥ 10-cm diameter and ≥ 1 m in length within 13.64 ha of a high-elevation mixed-species forest in the Picea–Abies zone annually for 5 years from 2015 through 2019. We examined the relative contribution of Picea engelmannii to snag and deadwood pools relative to other species and the relative contributions of large-diameter trees (≥ 33.2 cm at this subalpine site). We compared spatially explicit mapping of deadwood to traditional measures of surface fuels and introduce a new method for approximating vertical distribution of deadwood. Results In this mixed-species forest, there was relatively high density and basal area of live Picea engelmannii 20 years after the beetle outbreak (36 trees ha −1 and 1.94 m 2 ha −1 ≥ 10-cm diameter) contrasting with the near total mortality of mature Picea in forests nearby. Wood from tree boles ≥ 10-cm diameter on the ground had biomass of 42 Mg ha −1 , 7 Mg ha −1 of Picea engelmannii , and 35 Mg ha −1 of other species. Total live aboveground biomass was 119 Mg ha −1 , while snag biomass was 36 Mg ha −1 . Mean total fuel loading measured with planar transects was 63 Mg ha −1 but varied more than three orders of magnitude (0.1 to 257 Mg ha −1 ). Planar transects recorded 32 Mg ha −1 of wood ≥ 7.62-cm diameter compared to the 42 Mg ha −1 of wood ≥ 10-cm diameter recorded by explicit mapping. Multiple pieces of deadwood were often stacked, forming a vertical structure likely to contribute to active fire behavior. Conclusion Bark beetle mortality in the 1990s has made Picea an important local constituent of deadwood at 20-m scales, but other species dominate total deadwood due to slow decomposition rates and the multi-centennial intervals between fires. Explicit measurements of deadwood and surface fuels improve ecological insights into biomass heterogeneity and potential fire behavior.
AbstractList	BACKGROUND: The epidemic Dendroctonus rufipennis (spruce beetle) outbreak in the subalpine forests of the Colorado Plateau in the 1990s killed most larger Picea engelmannii (Engelmann spruce) trees. One quarter century later, the larger snags are beginning to fall, transitioning to deadwood (down woody debris) where they may influence fire behavior, regeneration, and habitat structure. METHODS: We tracked all fallen trees ≥ 1 cm in diameter at breast height (1.37-m high) and mapped all pieces of deadwood ≥ 10-cm diameter and ≥ 1 m in length within 13.64 ha of a high-elevation mixed-species forest in the Picea–Abies zone annually for 5 years from 2015 through 2019. We examined the relative contribution of Picea engelmannii to snag and deadwood pools relative to other species and the relative contributions of large-diameter trees (≥ 33.2 cm at this subalpine site). We compared spatially explicit mapping of deadwood to traditional measures of surface fuels and introduce a new method for approximating vertical distribution of deadwood. RESULTS: In this mixed-species forest, there was relatively high density and basal area of live Picea engelmannii 20 years after the beetle outbreak (36 trees ha⁻¹ and 1.94 m² ha⁻¹ ≥ 10-cm diameter) contrasting with the near total mortality of mature Picea in forests nearby. Wood from tree boles ≥ 10-cm diameter on the ground had biomass of 42 Mg ha⁻¹, 7 Mg ha⁻¹ of Picea engelmannii, and 35 Mg ha⁻¹ of other species. Total live aboveground biomass was 119 Mg ha⁻¹, while snag biomass was 36 Mg ha⁻¹. Mean total fuel loading measured with planar transects was 63 Mg ha⁻¹ but varied more than three orders of magnitude (0.1 to 257 Mg ha⁻¹). Planar transects recorded 32 Mg ha⁻¹ of wood ≥ 7.62-cm diameter compared to the 42 Mg ha⁻¹ of wood ≥ 10-cm diameter recorded by explicit mapping. Multiple pieces of deadwood were often stacked, forming a vertical structure likely to contribute to active fire behavior. CONCLUSION: Bark beetle mortality in the 1990s has made Picea an important local constituent of deadwood at 20-m scales, but other species dominate total deadwood due to slow decomposition rates and the multi-centennial intervals between fires. Explicit measurements of deadwood and surface fuels improve ecological insights into biomass heterogeneity and potential fire behavior. Background The epidemic Dendroctonus rufipennis (spruce beetle) outbreak in the subalpine forests of the Colorado Plateau in the 1990s killed most larger Picea engelmannii (Engelmann spruce) trees. One quarter century later, the larger snags are beginning to fall, transitioning to deadwood (down woody debris) where they may influence fire behavior, regeneration, and habitat structure. Methods We tracked all fallen trees ≥ 1 cm in diameter at breast height (1.37-m high) and mapped all pieces of deadwood ≥ 10-cm diameter and ≥ 1 m in length within 13.64 ha of a high-elevation mixed-species forest in the Picea–Abies zone annually for 5 years from 2015 through 2019. We examined the relative contribution of Picea engelmannii to snag and deadwood pools relative to other species and the relative contributions of large-diameter trees (≥ 33.2 cm at this subalpine site). We compared spatially explicit mapping of deadwood to traditional measures of surface fuels and introduce a new method for approximating vertical distribution of deadwood. Results In this mixed-species forest, there was relatively high density and basal area of live Picea engelmannii 20 years after the beetle outbreak (36 trees ha −1 and 1.94 m 2 ha −1 ≥ 10-cm diameter) contrasting with the near total mortality of mature Picea in forests nearby. Wood from tree boles ≥ 10-cm diameter on the ground had biomass of 42 Mg ha −1 , 7 Mg ha −1 of Picea engelmannii , and 35 Mg ha −1 of other species. Total live aboveground biomass was 119 Mg ha −1 , while snag biomass was 36 Mg ha −1 . Mean total fuel loading measured with planar transects was 63 Mg ha −1 but varied more than three orders of magnitude (0.1 to 257 Mg ha −1 ). Planar transects recorded 32 Mg ha −1 of wood ≥ 7.62-cm diameter compared to the 42 Mg ha −1 of wood ≥ 10-cm diameter recorded by explicit mapping. Multiple pieces of deadwood were often stacked, forming a vertical structure likely to contribute to active fire behavior. Conclusion Bark beetle mortality in the 1990s has made Picea an important local constituent of deadwood at 20-m scales, but other species dominate total deadwood due to slow decomposition rates and the multi-centennial intervals between fires. Explicit measurements of deadwood and surface fuels improve ecological insights into biomass heterogeneity and potential fire behavior. Abstract Background The epidemic Dendroctonus rufipennis (spruce beetle) outbreak in the subalpine forests of the Colorado Plateau in the 1990s killed most larger Picea engelmannii (Engelmann spruce) trees. One quarter century later, the larger snags are beginning to fall, transitioning to deadwood (down woody debris) where they may influence fire behavior, regeneration, and habitat structure. Methods We tracked all fallen trees ≥ 1 cm in diameter at breast height (1.37-m high) and mapped all pieces of deadwood ≥ 10-cm diameter and ≥ 1 m in length within 13.64 ha of a high-elevation mixed-species forest in the Picea–Abies zone annually for 5 years from 2015 through 2019. We examined the relative contribution of Picea engelmannii to snag and deadwood pools relative to other species and the relative contributions of large-diameter trees (≥ 33.2 cm at this subalpine site). We compared spatially explicit mapping of deadwood to traditional measures of surface fuels and introduce a new method for approximating vertical distribution of deadwood. Results In this mixed-species forest, there was relatively high density and basal area of live Picea engelmannii 20 years after the beetle outbreak (36 trees ha−1 and 1.94 m2 ha−1 ≥ 10-cm diameter) contrasting with the near total mortality of mature Picea in forests nearby. Wood from tree boles ≥ 10-cm diameter on the ground had biomass of 42 Mg ha−1, 7 Mg ha−1 of Picea engelmannii, and 35 Mg ha−1 of other species. Total live aboveground biomass was 119 Mg ha−1, while snag biomass was 36 Mg ha−1. Mean total fuel loading measured with planar transects was 63 Mg ha−1 but varied more than three orders of magnitude (0.1 to 257 Mg ha−1). Planar transects recorded 32 Mg ha−1 of wood ≥ 7.62-cm diameter compared to the 42 Mg ha−1 of wood ≥ 10-cm diameter recorded by explicit mapping. Multiple pieces of deadwood were often stacked, forming a vertical structure likely to contribute to active fire behavior. Conclusion Bark beetle mortality in the 1990s has made Picea an important local constituent of deadwood at 20-m scales, but other species dominate total deadwood due to slow decomposition rates and the multi-centennial intervals between fires. Explicit measurements of deadwood and surface fuels improve ecological insights into biomass heterogeneity and potential fire behavior. BackgroundThe epidemic Dendroctonus rufipennis (spruce beetle) outbreak in the subalpine forests of the Colorado Plateau in the 1990s killed most larger Picea engelmannii (Engelmann spruce) trees. One quarter century later, the larger snags are beginning to fall, transitioning to deadwood (down woody debris) where they may influence fire behavior, regeneration, and habitat structure.MethodsWe tracked all fallen trees ≥ 1 cm in diameter at breast height (1.37-m high) and mapped all pieces of deadwood ≥ 10-cm diameter and ≥ 1 m in length within 13.64 ha of a high-elevation mixed-species forest in the Picea–Abies zone annually for 5 years from 2015 through 2019. We examined the relative contribution of Picea engelmannii to snag and deadwood pools relative to other species and the relative contributions of large-diameter trees (≥ 33.2 cm at this subalpine site). We compared spatially explicit mapping of deadwood to traditional measures of surface fuels and introduce a new method for approximating vertical distribution of deadwood.ResultsIn this mixed-species forest, there was relatively high density and basal area of live Picea engelmannii 20 years after the beetle outbreak (36 trees ha−1 and 1.94 m2 ha−1 ≥ 10-cm diameter) contrasting with the near total mortality of mature Picea in forests nearby. Wood from tree boles ≥ 10-cm diameter on the ground had biomass of 42 Mg ha−1, 7 Mg ha−1 of Picea engelmannii, and 35 Mg ha−1 of other species. Total live aboveground biomass was 119 Mg ha−1, while snag biomass was 36 Mg ha−1. Mean total fuel loading measured with planar transects was 63 Mg ha−1 but varied more than three orders of magnitude (0.1 to 257 Mg ha−1). Planar transects recorded 32 Mg ha−1 of wood ≥ 7.62-cm diameter compared to the 42 Mg ha−1 of wood ≥ 10-cm diameter recorded by explicit mapping. Multiple pieces of deadwood were often stacked, forming a vertical structure likely to contribute to active fire behavior.ConclusionBark beetle mortality in the 1990s has made Picea an important local constituent of deadwood at 20-m scales, but other species dominate total deadwood due to slow decomposition rates and the multi-centennial intervals between fires. Explicit measurements of deadwood and surface fuels improve ecological insights into biomass heterogeneity and potential fire behavior.
ArticleNumber	9
Author	McAvoy, Darren J. Struckman, Soren Yocom, Larissa L. Birch, Joseph D. Furniss, Tucker J. Lutz, James A.
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: James A. orcidid: 0000-0002-2560-0710 surname: Lutz fullname: Lutz, James A. email: james.lutz@usu.edu organization: Department of Wildland Resources, S. J. and Jessie E. Quinney College of Natural Resources, Utah State University – sequence: 2 givenname: Soren surname: Struckman fullname: Struckman, Soren organization: Department of Wildland Resources, S. J. and Jessie E. Quinney College of Natural Resources, Utah State University – sequence: 3 givenname: Tucker J. surname: Furniss fullname: Furniss, Tucker J. organization: Department of Wildland Resources, S. J. and Jessie E. Quinney College of Natural Resources, Utah State University – sequence: 4 givenname: Joseph D. surname: Birch fullname: Birch, Joseph D. organization: Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta – sequence: 5 givenname: Larissa L. surname: Yocom fullname: Yocom, Larissa L. organization: Department of Wildland Resources, S. J. and Jessie E. Quinney College of Natural Resources, Utah State University – sequence: 6 givenname: Darren J. surname: McAvoy fullname: McAvoy, Darren J. organization: Department of Wildland Resources, S. J. and Jessie E. Quinney College of Natural Resources, Utah State University
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Snippet	Background The epidemic Dendroctonus rufipennis (spruce beetle) outbreak in the subalpine forests of the Colorado Plateau in the 1990s killed most larger Picea... BackgroundThe epidemic Dendroctonus rufipennis (spruce beetle) outbreak in the subalpine forests of the Colorado Plateau in the 1990s killed most larger Picea... BACKGROUND: The epidemic Dendroctonus rufipennis (spruce beetle) outbreak in the subalpine forests of the Colorado Plateau in the 1990s killed most larger... Abstract Background The epidemic Dendroctonus rufipennis (spruce beetle) outbreak in the subalpine forests of the Colorado Plateau in the 1990s killed most...
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SubjectTerms	aboveground biomass Approximation Bark bark beetles Biomass Cedar Breaks National Monument Dead wood Dendroctonus rufipennis Diameters Earth and Environmental Science Elevation Environment fire behavior Fires Forest & brush fires Forests Fuels Geographical distribution habitats Herbivores Heterogeneity Mapping mixed forests Mortality Outbreaks Pest outbreaks Picea Picea abies Picea engelmannii plateaus Regeneration Regeneration (biological) Snags spatial distribution Species Total mortality tree and stand measurements Trees Utah Utah Forest Dynamics Plot Vertical distribution Vertical fuel structure Vertical profiles Wood
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Title	Large-diameter trees, snags, and deadwood in southern Utah, USA
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