Chemical and Plant-Based Insect Repellents: Efficacy, Safety, and Toxicity

Most emerging infectious diseases today are arthropod-borne and cannot be prevented by vaccinations. Because insect repellents offer important topical barriers of personal protection from arthropod-borne infectious diseases, the main objectives of this article were to describe the growing threats to...

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Veröffentlicht in:	Wilderness & environmental medicine Jg. 27; H. 1; S. 153 - 163
1. Verfasser:	Diaz, James H.
Format:	Journal Article
Sprache:	Englisch
Veröffentlicht:	Los Angeles, CA Elsevier Inc 01.03.2016 SAGE Publications
Schlagworte:	Acari - drug effects Acaricides - adverse effects Acaricides - pharmacology Acaricides - toxicity Animals Arthropod Vectors - drug effects arthropod-borne Communicable Diseases - epidemiology Communicable Diseases - etiology Emergency Humans infectious diseases insect Insect Bites and Stings - etiology Insect Bites and Stings - prevention & control Insect Repellents - adverse effects Insect Repellents - classification Insect Repellents - pharmacology Insect Repellents - toxicity Insecta - drug effects insecticides Insecticides - adverse effects Insecticides - classification Insecticides - pharmacology Insecticides - toxicity mosquito-borne Plant Extracts - adverse effects Plant Extracts - chemistry Plant Extracts - pharmacology Plant Extracts - toxicity repellents tick-borne arthropod-borne infectious diseases tick-borne insect repellents insecticides mosquito-borne
ISSN:	1080-6032, 1545-1534
Online-Zugang:	Volltext
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Abstract	Most emerging infectious diseases today are arthropod-borne and cannot be prevented by vaccinations. Because insect repellents offer important topical barriers of personal protection from arthropod-borne infectious diseases, the main objectives of this article were to describe the growing threats to public health from emerging arthropod-borne infectious diseases, to define the differences between insect repellents and insecticides, and to compare the efficacies and toxicities of chemical and plant-derived insect repellents. Internet search engines were queried with key words to identify scientific articles on the efficacy, safety, and toxicity of chemical and plant-derived topical insect repellants and insecticides to meet these objectives. Data sources reviewed included case reports; case series; observational, longitudinal, and surveillance studies; and entomological and toxicological studies. Descriptive analysis of the data sources identified the most effective application of insect repellents as a combination of topical chemical repellents, either N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (formerly N, N-diethyl-m-toluamide, or DEET) or picaridin, and permethrin-impregnated or other pyrethroid-impregnated clothing over topically treated skin. The insecticide-treated clothing would provide contact-level insecticidal effects and provide better, longer lasting protection against malaria-transmitting mosquitoes and ticks than topical DEET or picaridin alone. In special cases, where environmental exposures to disease-transmitting ticks, biting midges, sandflies, or blackflies are anticipated, topical insect repellents containing IR3535, picaridin, or oil of lemon eucalyptus (p-menthane-3, 8-diol or PMD) would offer better topical protection than topical DEET alone.
AbstractList	Most emerging infectious diseases today are arthropod-borne and cannot be prevented by vaccinations. Because insect repellents offer important topical barriers of personal protection from arthropod-borne infectious diseases, the main objectives of this article were to describe the growing threats to public health from emerging arthropod-borne infectious diseases, to define the differences between insect repellents and insecticides, and to compare the efficacies and toxicities of chemical and plant-derived insect repellents. Internet search engines were queried with key words to identify scientific articles on the efficacy, safety, and toxicity of chemical and plant-derived topical insect repellants and insecticides to meet these objectives. Data sources reviewed included case reports; case series; observational, longitudinal, and surveillance studies; and entomological and toxicological studies. Descriptive analysis of the data sources identified the most effective application of insect repellents as a combination of topical chemical repellents, either N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (formerly N, N-diethyl-m-toluamide, or DEET) or picaridin, and permethrin-impregnated or other pyrethroid-impregnated clothing over topically treated skin. The insecticide-treated clothing would provide contact-level insecticidal effects and provide better, longer lasting protection against malaria-transmitting mosquitoes and ticks than topical DEET or picaridin alone. In special cases, where environmental exposures to disease-transmitting ticks, biting midges, sandflies, or blackflies are anticipated, topical insect repellents containing IR3535, picaridin, or oil of lemon eucalyptus (p-menthane-3, 8-diol or PMD) would offer better topical protection than topical DEET alone.
Author	Diaz, James H.
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Keywords	arthropod-borne infectious diseases tick-borne insect repellents insecticides mosquito-borne
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Snippet	Most emerging infectious diseases today are arthropod-borne and cannot be prevented by vaccinations. Because insect repellents offer important topical barriers...
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SubjectTerms	Acari - drug effects Acaricides - adverse effects Acaricides - pharmacology Acaricides - toxicity Animals Arthropod Vectors - drug effects arthropod-borne Communicable Diseases - epidemiology Communicable Diseases - etiology Emergency Humans infectious diseases insect Insect Bites and Stings - etiology Insect Bites and Stings - prevention & control Insect Repellents - adverse effects Insect Repellents - classification Insect Repellents - pharmacology Insect Repellents - toxicity Insecta - drug effects insecticides Insecticides - adverse effects Insecticides - classification Insecticides - pharmacology Insecticides - toxicity mosquito-borne Plant Extracts - adverse effects Plant Extracts - chemistry Plant Extracts - pharmacology Plant Extracts - toxicity repellents tick-borne
Title	Chemical and Plant-Based Insect Repellents: Efficacy, Safety, and Toxicity
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