Chemical and Plant-Based Insect Repellents: Efficacy, Safety, and Toxicity

Most emerging infectious diseases today are arthropod-borne and cannot be prevented by vaccinations. Because insect repellents offer important topical barriers of personal protection from arthropod-borne infectious diseases, the main objectives of this article were to describe the growing threats to...

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Vydáno v:Wilderness & environmental medicine Ročník 27; číslo 1; s. 153 - 163
Hlavní autor: Diaz, James H.
Médium: Journal Article
Jazyk:angličtina
Vydáno: Los Angeles, CA Elsevier Inc 01.03.2016
SAGE Publications
Témata:
Acari - drug effects
Acaricides - adverse effects
Acaricides - pharmacology
Acaricides - toxicity
Animals
Arthropod Vectors - drug effects
arthropod-borne
Communicable Diseases - epidemiology
Communicable Diseases - etiology
Emergency
Humans
infectious diseases
insect
Insect Bites and Stings - etiology
Insect Bites and Stings - prevention & control
Insect Repellents - adverse effects
Insect Repellents - classification
Insect Repellents - pharmacology
Insect Repellents - toxicity
Insecta - drug effects
insecticides
Insecticides - adverse effects
Insecticides - classification
Insecticides - pharmacology
Insecticides - toxicity
mosquito-borne
Plant Extracts - adverse effects
Plant Extracts - chemistry
Plant Extracts - pharmacology
Plant Extracts - toxicity
repellents
tick-borne
arthropod-borne
infectious diseases
tick-borne
insect
repellents
insecticides
mosquito-borne
ISSN:1080-6032, 1545-1534
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Shrnutí:Most emerging infectious diseases today are arthropod-borne and cannot be prevented by vaccinations. Because insect repellents offer important topical barriers of personal protection from arthropod-borne infectious diseases, the main objectives of this article were to describe the growing threats to public health from emerging arthropod-borne infectious diseases, to define the differences between insect repellents and insecticides, and to compare the efficacies and toxicities of chemical and plant-derived insect repellents. Internet search engines were queried with key words to identify scientific articles on the efficacy, safety, and toxicity of chemical and plant-derived topical insect repellants and insecticides to meet these objectives. Data sources reviewed included case reports; case series; observational, longitudinal, and surveillance studies; and entomological and toxicological studies. Descriptive analysis of the data sources identified the most effective application of insect repellents as a combination of topical chemical repellents, either N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (formerly N, N-diethyl-m-toluamide, or DEET) or picaridin, and permethrin-impregnated or other pyrethroid-impregnated clothing over topically treated skin. The insecticide-treated clothing would provide contact-level insecticidal effects and provide better, longer lasting protection against malaria-transmitting mosquitoes and ticks than topical DEET or picaridin alone. In special cases, where environmental exposures to disease-transmitting ticks, biting midges, sandflies, or blackflies are anticipated, topical insect repellents containing IR3535, picaridin, or oil of lemon eucalyptus (p-menthane-3, 8-diol or PMD) would offer better topical protection than topical DEET alone.
Bibliografie:ObjectType-Article-2
SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1
ObjectType-Feature-3
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ObjectType-Review-1
ISSN:1080-6032
1545-1534
DOI:10.1016/j.wem.2015.11.007