Emission of particulate matter from a desktop three-dimensional (3D) printer

Desktop three-dimensional (3D) printers are becoming commonplace in business offices, public libraries, university labs and classrooms, and even private homes; however, these settings are generally not designed for exposure control. Prior experience with a variety of office equipment devices such as...

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Veröffentlicht in:	Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A Jg. 79; H. 11; S. 453 - 465
Hauptverfasser:	Yi, Jinghai, LeBouf, Ryan F., Duling, Matthew G., Nurkiewicz, Timothy, Chen, Bean T., Schwegler-Berry, Diane, Virji, M. Abbas, Stefaniak, Aleksandr B.
Format:	Journal Article
Sprache:	Englisch
Veröffentlicht:	England Taylor & Francis 01.01.2016 Taylor & Francis Ltd
Schlagworte:	3-D printers 3D printing Air Pollutants - analysis Air Pollution, Indoor - analysis Airborne particulates Atoms & subatomic particles Color Emissions control Environmental Monitoring Filaments Original Particle Size Particulate emissions Particulate Matter - analysis Printers Printing, Three-Dimensional Risk assessment Three dimensional printing Ventilation
ISSN:	1528-7394, 1087-2620, 2381-3504
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Abstract	Desktop three-dimensional (3D) printers are becoming commonplace in business offices, public libraries, university labs and classrooms, and even private homes; however, these settings are generally not designed for exposure control. Prior experience with a variety of office equipment devices such as laser printers that emit ultrafine particles (UFP) suggests the need to characterize 3D printer emissions to enable reliable risk assessment. The aim of this study was to examine factors that influence particulate emissions from 3D printers and characterize their physical properties to inform risk assessment. Emissions were evaluated in a 0.5-m 3 chamber and in a small room (32.7 m 3 ) using real-time instrumentation to measure particle number, size distribution, mass, and surface area. Factors evaluated included filament composition and color, as well as the manufacturer-provided printer emissions control technologies while printing an object. Filament type significantly influenced emissions, with acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) emitting larger particles than polylactic acid (PLA), which may have been the result of agglomeration. Geometric mean particle sizes and total particle (TP) number and mass emissions differed significantly among colors of a given filament type. Use of a cover on the printer reduced TP emissions by a factor of 2. Lung deposition calculations indicated a threefold higher PLA particle deposition in alveoli compared to ABS. Desktop 3D printers emit high levels of UFP, which are released into indoor environments where adequate ventilation may not be present to control emissions. Emissions in nonindustrial settings need to be reduced through the use of a hierarchy of controls, beginning with device design, followed by engineering controls (ventilation) and administrative controls such as choice of filament composition and color.
AbstractList	Desktop three-dimensional (3D) printers are becoming commonplace in business offices, public libraries, university labs and classrooms, and even private homes; however, these settings are generally not designed for exposure control. Prior experience with a variety of office equipment devices such as laser printers that emit ultrafine particles (UFP) suggests the need to characterize 3D printer emissions to enable reliable risk assessment. The aim of this study was to examine factors that influence particulate emissions from 3D printers and characterize their physical properties to inform risk assessment. Emissions were evaluated in a 0.5-m3 chamber and in a small room (32.7 m3) using real-time instrumentation to measure particle number, size distribution, mass, and surface area. Factors evaluated included filament composition and color, as well as the manufacturer-provided printer emissions control technologies while printing an object. Filament type significantly influenced emissions, with acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) emitting larger particles than polylactic acid (PLA), which may have been the result of agglomeration. Geometric mean particle sizes and total particle (TP) number and mass emissions differed significantly among colors of a given filament type. Use of a cover on the printer reduced TP emissions by a factor of 2. Lung deposition calculations indicated a threefold higher PLA particle deposition in alveoli compared to ABS. Desktop 3D printers emit high levels of UFP, which are released into indoor environments where adequate ventilation may not be present to control emissions. Emissions in nonindustrial settings need to be reduced through the use of a hierarchy of controls, beginning with device design, followed by engineering controls (ventilation) and administrative controls such as choice of filament composition and color. Desktop three-dimensional (3D) printers are becoming commonplace in business offices, public libraries, university labs and classrooms, and even private homes; however, these settings are generally not designed for exposure control. Prior experience with a variety of office equipment devices such as laser printers that emit ultrafine particles (UFP) suggests the need to characterize 3D printer emissions to enable reliable risk assessment. The aim of this study was to examine factors that influence particulate emissions from 3D printers and characterize their physical properties to inform risk assessment. Emissions were evaluated in a 0.5-m(3) chamber and in a small room (32.7 m(3)) using real-time instrumentation to measure particle number, size distribution, mass, and surface area. Factors evaluated included filament composition and color, as well as the manufacturer-provided printer emissions control technologies while printing an object. Filament type significantly influenced emissions, with acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) emitting larger particles than polylactic acid (PLA), which may have been the result of agglomeration. Geometric mean particle sizes and total particle (TP) number and mass emissions differed significantly among colors of a given filament type. Use of a cover on the printer reduced TP emissions by a factor of 2. Lung deposition calculations indicated a threefold higher PLA particle deposition in alveoli compared to ABS. Desktop 3D printers emit high levels of UFP, which are released into indoor environments where adequate ventilation may not be present to control emissions. Emissions in nonindustrial settings need to be reduced through the use of a hierarchy of controls, beginning with device design, followed by engineering controls (ventilation) and administrative controls such as choice of filament composition and color. Desktop three-dimensional (3D) printers are becoming commonplace in business offices, public libraries, university labs and classrooms, and even private homes; however, these settings are generally not designed for exposure control. Prior experience with a variety of office equipment devices such as laser printers that emit ultrafine particles (UFP) suggests the need to characterize 3D printer emissions to enable reliable risk assessment. The aim of this study was to examine factors that influence particulate emissions from 3D printers and characterize their physical properties to inform risk assessment. Emissions were evaluated in a 0.5-m 3 chamber and in a small room (32.7 m 3 ) using real-time instrumentation to measure particle number, size distribution, mass, and surface area. Factors evaluated included filament composition and color, as well as the manufacturer-provided printer emissions control technologies while printing an object. Filament type significantly influenced emissions, with acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) emitting larger particles than polylactic acid (PLA), which may have been the result of agglomeration. Geometric mean particle sizes and total particle (TP) number and mass emissions differed significantly among colors of a given filament type. Use of a cover on the printer reduced TP emissions by a factor of 2. Lung deposition calculations indicated a threefold higher PLA particle deposition in alveoli compared to ABS. Desktop 3D printers emit high levels of UFP, which are released into indoor environments where adequate ventilation may not be present to control emissions. Emissions in nonindustrial settings need to be reduced through the use of a hierarchy of controls, beginning with device design, followed by engineering controls (ventilation) and administrative controls such as choice of filament composition and color. Desktop three-dimensional (3D) printers are becoming commonplace in business offices, public libraries, university labs and classrooms, and even private homes; however, these settings are generally not designed for exposure control. Prior experience with a variety of office equipment devices such as laser printers that emit ultrafine particles (UFP) suggests the need to characterize 3D printer emissions to enable reliable risk assessment. The aim of this study was to examine factors that influence particulate emissions from 3D printers and characterize their physical properties to inform risk assessment. Emissions were evaluated in a 0.5-m super(3) chamber and in a small room (32.7 m super(3)) using real-time instrumentation to measure particle number, size distribution, mass, and surface area. Factors evaluated included filament composition and color, as well as the manufacturer-provided printer emissions control technologies while printing an object. Filament type significantly influenced emissions, with acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) emitting larger particles than polylactic acid (PLA), which may have been the result of agglomeration. Geometric mean particle sizes and total particle (TP) number and mass emissions differed significantly among colors of a given filament type. Use of a cover on the printer reduced TP emissions by a factor of 2. Lung deposition calculations indicated a threefold higher PLA particle deposition in alveoli compared to ABS. Desktop 3D printers emit high levels of UFP, which are released into indoor environments where adequate ventilation may not be present to control emissions. Emissions in nonindustrial settings need to be reduced through the use of a hierarchy of controls, beginning with device design, followed by engineering controls (ventilation) and administrative controls such as choice of filament composition and color.
Author	Virji, M. Abbas Yi, Jinghai Duling, Matthew G. Nurkiewicz, Timothy Stefaniak, Aleksandr B. Chen, Bean T. LeBouf, Ryan F. Schwegler-Berry, Diane
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Jinghai surname: Yi fullname: Yi, Jinghai organization: Center for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University School of Medicine – sequence: 2 givenname: Ryan F. surname: LeBouf fullname: LeBouf, Ryan F. organization: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health – sequence: 3 givenname: Matthew G. surname: Duling fullname: Duling, Matthew G. organization: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health – sequence: 4 givenname: Timothy surname: Nurkiewicz fullname: Nurkiewicz, Timothy organization: Center for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University School of Medicine – sequence: 5 givenname: Bean T. surname: Chen fullname: Chen, Bean T. organization: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health – sequence: 6 givenname: Diane surname: Schwegler-Berry fullname: Schwegler-Berry, Diane organization: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health – sequence: 7 givenname: M. Abbas surname: Virji fullname: Virji, M. Abbas organization: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health – sequence: 8 givenname: Aleksandr B. surname: Stefaniak fullname: Stefaniak, Aleksandr B. email: AStefaniak@cdc.gov organization: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
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SubjectTerms	3-D printers 3D printing Air Pollutants - analysis Air Pollution, Indoor - analysis Airborne particulates Atoms & subatomic particles Color Emissions control Environmental Monitoring Filaments Original Particle Size Particulate emissions Particulate Matter - analysis Printers Printing, Three-Dimensional Risk assessment Three dimensional printing Ventilation
Title	Emission of particulate matter from a desktop three-dimensional (3D) printer
URI	https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15287394.2016.1166467 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27196745 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1794665689 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1795865712 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1808648248 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1825549651 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC4917922
Volume	79
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