Longer growing seasons lead to less carbon sequestration by a subalpine forest

As global temperatures increase, the potential for longer growing seasons to enhance the terrestrial carbon sink has been proposed as a mechanism to reduce the rate of further warming. At the Niwot Ridge AmeriFlux site, a subalpine forest in the Colorado Rocky Mountains, we used a 9-year record (199...

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Published in:	Global change biology Vol. 16; no. 2; pp. 771 - 783
Main Authors:	HU, JIA, MOORE, DAVID J.P, BURNS, SEAN P, MONSON, RUSSELL K
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Oxford, UK Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.02.2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd Wiley-Blackwell
Subjects:	Abies lasiocarpa Biological and medical sciences carbon Carbon dioxide Carbon sequestration Carbon sinks Climate change Climate change models Climatology. Bioclimatology. Climate change Colorado Coniferous trees Dominant species Earth, ocean, space Ecosystem models Ecosystem studies Ecosystems eddy covariance Exact sciences and technology External geophysics Forestry Forests Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology General forest ecology Generalities. Production, biomass. Quality of wood and forest products. General forest ecology Global temperatures Global warming Growing season growing season length hydrogen Hydrogen isotopes isotope isotopes melting Meltwater Meteorology Mountain ecosystems Mountains net ecosystem productivity Picea engelmannii Pine trees Pinus contorta var. latifolia Plant species primary productivity Rain Rocky Mountain region SIPNET snow Snow-water equivalent Snowmelt Snowpack Spring subalpine forest temperature trees Winter xylem Rocky Mountains Colorado Rocky Mountain region North America, Rocky Mts USA, Colorado Productivity Forests Primary productivity Growing season Biogeochemical cycle isotope net ecosystem productivity Picea engelmannii Carbon sequestration SIPNET Dynamical climatology Carbon cycle Subalpine forests Climate change growing season length Ecosystem Global change Gymnospermae Coniferales Spermatophyta Isotopes subalpine forest
ISSN:	1354-1013, 1365-2486
Online Access:	Get full text
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Abstract	As global temperatures increase, the potential for longer growing seasons to enhance the terrestrial carbon sink has been proposed as a mechanism to reduce the rate of further warming. At the Niwot Ridge AmeriFlux site, a subalpine forest in the Colorado Rocky Mountains, we used a 9-year record (1999-2007) of continuous eddy flux observations to show that longer growing season length (GSL) actually resulted in less annual CO₂ uptake. Years with a longer GSL were correlated with a shallower snow pack, as measured using snow water equivalent (SWE). Furthermore, years with a lower SWE correlated with an earlier start of spring. For three years, 2005, 2006, and 2007, we used observations of stable hydrogen isotopes (δD) of snow vs. rain, and extracted xylem water from the three dominant tree species, lodgepole pine, Engelmann spruce, and subalpine fir, to show that the trees relied heavily on snow melt water even late into the growing season. By mid-August, 57% to 68% of xylem water reflected the isotopic signature of snow melt. By coupling the isotopic water measurements with an ecosystem model, SIPNET, we found that annual forest carbon uptake was highly dependent on snow water, which decreases in abundance during years with longer growing seasons. Once again, for the 3 years 2005, 2006, and 2007, annual gross primary productivity, which was derived as an optimized parameter from the SIPNET model was estimated to be 67% 77%, and 71% dependent on snow melt water, respectively. Past studies have shown that the mean winter snow pack in mountain ecosystems of the Western US has been declining for decades and is correlated with positive winter temperature anomalies. Since climate change models predict continuation of winter warming and reduced snow in mountains of the Western US, the strength of the forest carbon sink is likely to decline further.
AbstractList	As global temperatures increase, the potential for longer growing seasons to enhance the terrestrial carbon sink has been proposed as a mechanism to reduce the rate of further warming. At the Niwot Ridge AmeriFlux site, a subalpine forest in the Colorado Rocky Mountains, we used a 9‐year record (1999–2007) of continuous eddy flux observations to show that longer growing season length (GSL) actually resulted in less annual CO2 uptake. Years with a longer GSL were correlated with a shallower snow pack, as measured using snow water equivalent (SWE). Furthermore, years with a lower SWE correlated with an earlier start of spring. For three years, 2005, 2006, and 2007, we used observations of stable hydrogen isotopes (δD) of snow vs. rain, and extracted xylem water from the three dominant tree species, lodgepole pine, Engelmann spruce, and subalpine fir, to show that the trees relied heavily on snow melt water even late into the growing season. By mid‐August, 57% to 68% of xylem water reflected the isotopic signature of snow melt. By coupling the isotopic water measurements with an ecosystem model, SIPNET, we found that annual forest carbon uptake was highly dependent on snow water, which decreases in abundance during years with longer growing seasons. Once again, for the 3 years 2005, 2006, and 2007, annual gross primary productivity, which was derived as an optimized parameter from the SIPNET model was estimated to be 67% 77%, and 71% dependent on snow melt water, respectively. Past studies have shown that the mean winter snow pack in mountain ecosystems of the Western US has been declining for decades and is correlated with positive winter temperature anomalies. Since climate change models predict continuation of winter warming and reduced snow in mountains of the Western US, the strength of the forest carbon sink is likely to decline further. As global temperatures increase, the potential for longer growing seasons to enhance the terrestrial carbon sink has been proposed as a mechanism to reduce the rate of further warming. At the Niwot Ridge AmeriFlux site, a subalpine forest in the Colorado Rocky Mountains, we used a 9-year record (1999-2007) of continuous eddy flux observations to show that longer growing season length (GSL) actually resulted in less annual CO₂ uptake. Years with a longer GSL were correlated with a shallower snow pack, as measured using snow water equivalent (SWE). Furthermore, years with a lower SWE correlated with an earlier start of spring. For three years, 2005, 2006, and 2007, we used observations of stable hydrogen isotopes (δD) of snow vs. rain, and extracted xylem water from the three dominant tree species, lodgepole pine, Engelmann spruce, and subalpine fir, to show that the trees relied heavily on snow melt water even late into the growing season. By mid-August, 57% to 68% of xylem water reflected the isotopic signature of snow melt. By coupling the isotopic water measurements with an ecosystem model, SIPNET, we found that annual forest carbon uptake was highly dependent on snow water, which decreases in abundance during years with longer growing seasons. Once again, for the 3 years 2005, 2006, and 2007, annual gross primary productivity, which was derived as an optimized parameter from the SIPNET model was estimated to be 67% 77%, and 71% dependent on snow melt water, respectively. Past studies have shown that the mean winter snow pack in mountain ecosystems of the Western US has been declining for decades and is correlated with positive winter temperature anomalies. Since climate change models predict continuation of winter warming and reduced snow in mountains of the Western US, the strength of the forest carbon sink is likely to decline further. As global temperatures increase, the potential for longer growing seasons to enhance the terrestrial carbon sink has been proposed as a mechanism to reduce the rate of further warming. At the Niwot Ridge AmeriFlux site, a subalpine forest in the Colorado Rocky Mountains, we used a 9‐year record (1999–2007) of continuous eddy flux observations to show that longer growing season length (GSL) actually resulted in less annual CO 2 uptake. Years with a longer GSL were correlated with a shallower snow pack, as measured using snow water equivalent (SWE). Furthermore, years with a lower SWE correlated with an earlier start of spring. For three years, 2005, 2006, and 2007, we used observations of stable hydrogen isotopes ( δ D) of snow vs. rain, and extracted xylem water from the three dominant tree species, lodgepole pine, Engelmann spruce, and subalpine fir, to show that the trees relied heavily on snow melt water even late into the growing season. By mid‐August, 57% to 68% of xylem water reflected the isotopic signature of snow melt. By coupling the isotopic water measurements with an ecosystem model, SIPNET, we found that annual forest carbon uptake was highly dependent on snow water, which decreases in abundance during years with longer growing seasons. Once again, for the 3 years 2005, 2006, and 2007, annual gross primary productivity, which was derived as an optimized parameter from the SIPNET model was estimated to be 67% 77%, and 71% dependent on snow melt water, respectively. Past studies have shown that the mean winter snow pack in mountain ecosystems of the Western US has been declining for decades and is correlated with positive winter temperature anomalies. Since climate change models predict continuation of winter warming and reduced snow in mountains of the Western US, the strength of the forest carbon sink is likely to decline further. AbstractAs global temperatures increase, the potential for longer growing seasons to enhance the terrestrial carbon sink has been proposed as a mechanism to reduce the rate of further warming. At the Niwot Ridge AmeriFlux site, a subalpine forest in the Colorado Rocky Mountains, we used a 9-year record (1999-2007) of continuous eddy flux observations to show that longer growing season length (GSL) actually resulted in less annual CO2 uptake. Years with a longer GSL were correlated with a shallower snow pack, as measured using snow water equivalent (SWE). Furthermore, years with a lower SWE correlated with an earlier start of spring. For three years, 2005, 2006, and 2007, we used observations of stable hydrogen isotopes (dD) of snow vs. rain, and extracted xylem water from the three dominant tree species, lodgepole pine, Engelmann spruce, and subalpine fir, to show that the trees relied heavily on snow melt water even late into the growing season. By mid-August, 57% to 68% of xylem water reflected the isotopic signature of snow melt. By coupling the isotopic water measurements with an ecosystem model, SIPNET, we found that annual forest carbon uptake was highly dependent on snow water, which decreases in abundance during years with longer growing seasons. Once again, for the 3 years 2005, 2006, and 2007, annual gross primary productivity, which was derived as an optimized parameter from the SIPNET model was estimated to be 67% 77%, and 71% dependent on snow melt water, respectively. Past studies have shown that the mean winter snow pack in mountain ecosystems of the Western US has been declining for decades and is correlated with positive winter temperature anomalies. Since climate change models predict continuation of winter warming and reduced snow in mountains of the Western US, the strength of the forest carbon sink is likely to decline further. As global temperatures increase, the potential for longer growing seasons to enhance the terrestrial carbon sink has been proposed as a mechanism to reduce the rate of further warming. At the Niwot Ridge AmeriFlux site, a subalpine forest in the Colorado Rocky Mountains, we used a 9-year record (1999-2007) of continuous eddy flux observations to show that longer growing season length (GSL) actually resulted in less annual CO2 uptake. Years with a longer GSL were correlated with a shallower snow pack, as measured using snow water equivalent (SWE). Furthermore, years with a lower SWE correlated with an earlier start of spring. For three years, 2005, 2006, and 2007, we used observations of stable hydrogen isotopes (δD) of snow vs. rain, and extracted xylem water from the three dominant tree species, lodgepole pine, Engelmann spruce, and subalpine fir, to show that the trees relied heavily on snow melt water even late into the growing season. By mid-August, 57% to 68% of xylem water reflected the isotopic signature of snow melt. By coupling the isotopic water measurements with an ecosystem model, SIPNET, we found that annual forest carbon uptake was highly dependent on snow water, which decreases in abundance during years with longer growing seasons. Once again, for the 3 years 2005, 2006, and 2007, annual gross primary productivity, which was derived as an optimized parameter from the SIPNET model was estimated to be 67% 77%, and 71% dependent on snow melt water, respectively. Past studies have shown that the mean winter snow pack in mountain ecosystems of the Western US has been declining for decades and is correlated with positive winter temperature anomalies. Since climate change models predict continuation of winter warming and reduced snow in mountains of the Western US, the strength of the forest carbon sink is likely to decline further. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]
Author	MONSON, RUSSELL K. HU, JIA MOORE, DAVID J. P. BURNS, SEAN P.
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 fullname: HU, JIA – sequence: 2 fullname: MOORE, DAVID J.P – sequence: 3 fullname: BURNS, SEAN P – sequence: 4 fullname: MONSON, RUSSELL K
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Keywords	Productivity Forests Primary productivity Growing season Biogeochemical cycle isotope net ecosystem productivity Picea engelmannii Carbon sequestration SIPNET Dynamical climatology Carbon cycle Subalpine forests Climate change growing season length Ecosystem Global change Gymnospermae Coniferales Spermatophyta Isotopes subalpine forest
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References_xml	– reference: Monson RK, Sparks JP, Rosenstiel TN et al. (2005) Climatic influences on net ecosystem CO2 exchange during the transition from wintertime carbon source to springtime carbon sink in a high-elevation, subalpine forest. Oecologia, 146, 130-147. – reference: Monson RK, Turnipseed AA, Sparks JP, Harley PC, Scott-Denton LE, Sparks K, Huxman TE (2002) Carbon sequestration in a high-elevation, subalpine forest. Global Change Biology, 8, 459-478. – reference: Kueppers LM, Harte J (2005) Subalpine forest carbon cycling: short- and long-term influence of climate and species. Ecological Applications, 15, 1984-1999. – reference: Myneni RB, Keeling CD, Tucker CJ, Asrar G, Nemani RR (1997) Increased plant growth in the northern high latitudes from 1981 to 1991. Nature, 386, 698-702. – reference: Aber JD, Federer CA (1992) A generalized, lumped-parameter model of photosynthesis, evapotranspiration and net primary production in temperate and boreal forest ecosystems. Oecologia, 92, 463-474. – reference: Griffis TJ, Black TA, Morgenstern K et al. (2003) Ecophysiological controls on the carbon balances of three southern boreal forests. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 117, 53-71. – reference: Villalba R, Veblen TT, Ogden J (1994) Climatic influences on the growth of sub-alpine trees in the Colorado front range. Ecology, 75, 1450-1462. – reference: Schimel D, Melillo J, Tian HQ et al. (2000) Contribution of increasing CO2 and climate to carbon storage by ecosystems in the United States. Science, 287, 2004-2006. – reference: Goulden ML, Munger JW, Fan SM, Daube BC, Wofsy SC (1996) Exchange of carbon dioxide by a deciduous forest: response to interannual climate variability. Science, 271, 1576-1578. – reference: Cramer W, Bondeau A, Woodward FI et al. (2001) Global response of terrestrial ecosystem structure and function to CO2 and climate change: results from six dynamic global vegetation models. Global Change Biology, 7, 357-373. – reference: Van Mantgem PJ, Stephenson NL, Byrne JC et al. (2009) Widespread increase of tree mortality rates in the Western United States. Science, 323, 521-524. – reference: Braswell BH, Sacks WJ, Linder E, Schimel DS (2005) Estimating diurnal to annual ecosystem parameters by synthesis of a carbon flux model with eddy covariance net ecosystem exchange observations. Global Change Biology, 11, 335-355. – reference: Turnipseed AA, Blanken PD, Anderson DE, Monson RK (2002) Energy budget above a high-elevation subalpine forest in complex topography. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 110, 177-201. – reference: Craig H (1961) Isotopic variations in meteoric waters. Science, 133, 1702-1703. – reference: Aber JD, Ollinger SV, Federer CA et al. (1995) Predicting the effects of climate change on water yield and forest production in the northeastern United States. Climate Research, 5, 207-222. – reference: Valentini R, Matteucci G, Dolman AJ et al. 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Snippet	As global temperatures increase, the potential for longer growing seasons to enhance the terrestrial carbon sink has been proposed as a mechanism to reduce the... AbstractAs global temperatures increase, the potential for longer growing seasons to enhance the terrestrial carbon sink has been proposed as a mechanism to...
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SubjectTerms	Abies lasiocarpa Biological and medical sciences carbon Carbon dioxide Carbon sequestration Carbon sinks Climate change Climate change models Climatology. Bioclimatology. Climate change Colorado Coniferous trees Dominant species Earth, ocean, space Ecosystem models Ecosystem studies Ecosystems eddy covariance Exact sciences and technology External geophysics Forestry Forests Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology General forest ecology Generalities. Production, biomass. Quality of wood and forest products. General forest ecology Global temperatures Global warming Growing season growing season length hydrogen Hydrogen isotopes isotope isotopes melting Meltwater Meteorology Mountain ecosystems Mountains net ecosystem productivity Picea engelmannii Pine trees Pinus contorta var. latifolia Plant species primary productivity Rain Rocky Mountain region SIPNET snow Snow-water equivalent Snowmelt Snowpack Spring subalpine forest temperature trees Winter xylem
Title	Longer growing seasons lead to less carbon sequestration by a subalpine forest
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