Spatial predictive risk mapping of lymphatic filariasis residual hotspots in American Samoa using demographic and environmental factors

American Samoa successfully completed seven rounds of mass drug administration (MDA) for lymphatic filariasis (LF) from 2000-2006. The territory passed the school-based transmission assessment surveys in 2011 and 2015 but failed in 2016. One of the key challenges after the implementation of MDA is t...

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Published in:PLoS neglected tropical diseases Vol. 17; no. 7; p. e0010840
Main Authors: Cadavid Restrepo, Angela M., Martin, Beatris M., Fuimaono, Saipale, Clements, Archie C. A., Graves, Patricia M., Lau, Colleen L.
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: United States Public Library of Science 01.07.2023
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ISSN:1935-2735, 1935-2727, 1935-2735
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Abstract American Samoa successfully completed seven rounds of mass drug administration (MDA) for lymphatic filariasis (LF) from 2000-2006. The territory passed the school-based transmission assessment surveys in 2011 and 2015 but failed in 2016. One of the key challenges after the implementation of MDA is the identification of any residual hotspots of transmission. Based on data collected in a 2016 community survey in persons aged ≥8 years, Bayesian geostatistical models were developed for LF antigen (Ag), and Wb123, Bm14, Bm33 antibodies (Abs) to predict spatial variation in infection markers using demographic and environmental factors (including land cover, elevation, rainfall, distance to the coastline and distance to streams). In the Ag model, females had a 26.8% (95% CrI: 11.0-39.8%) lower risk of being Ag-positive than males. There was a 2.4% (95% CrI: 1.8-3.0%) increase in the odds of Ag positivity for every year of age. Also, the odds of Ag-positivity increased by 0.4% (95% CrI: 0.1-0.7%) for each 1% increase in tree cover. The models for Wb123, Bm14 and Bm33 Abs showed similar significant associations as the Ag model for sex, age and tree coverage. After accounting for the effect of covariates, the radii of the clusters were larger for Bm14 and Bm33 Abs compared to Ag and Wb123 Ab. The predictive maps showed that Ab-positivity was more widespread across the territory, while Ag-positivity was more confined to villages in the north-west of the main island. The findings may facilitate more specific targeting of post-MDA surveillance activities by prioritising those areas at higher risk of ongoing transmission.
AbstractList The Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic filariasis (LF) aims to interrupt transmission by implementing mass drug administration (MDA) of antifilarial drugs in endemic areas; and to alleviate suffering of those affected through improved morbidity management and disability prevention. Significant progress has been made in the global efforts to eliminate LF. One of the main challenges faced by most LF-endemic countries that have implemented MDA is to effectively undertake post-validation surveillance to identify residual hotspots of ongoing transmission. American Samoa conducted seven rounds of MDA for LF between 2000 and 2006. Subsequently, the territory passed transmission assessment surveys in February 2011 (TAS-1) and April 2015 (TAS-2). However, the territory failed TAS-3 in September 2016, indicating resurgence. We implemented a Bayesian geostatistical analysis to predict LF prevalence estimates for American Samoa and examined the geographical distribution of the infection using sociodemographic and environmental factors. Our observations indicate that there are still areas with high prevalence of LF in the territory, particularly in the north-west of the main island of Tutuila. Bayesian geostatistical approaches have a promising role in guiding programmatic decision making by facilitating more specific targeting of post-MDA surveillance activities and prioritising those areas at higher risk of ongoing transmission.
Background American Samoa successfully completed seven rounds of mass drug administration (MDA) for lymphatic filariasis (LF) from 2000–2006. The territory passed the school-based transmission assessment surveys in 2011 and 2015 but failed in 2016. One of the key challenges after the implementation of MDA is the identification of any residual hotspots of transmission. Method Based on data collected in a 2016 community survey in persons aged ≥8 years, Bayesian geostatistical models were developed for LF antigen (Ag), and Wb123, Bm14, Bm33 antibodies (Abs) to predict spatial variation in infection markers using demographic and environmental factors (including land cover, elevation, rainfall, distance to the coastline and distance to streams). Results In the Ag model, females had a 26.8% (95% CrI: 11.0–39.8%) lower risk of being Ag-positive than males. There was a 2.4% (95% CrI: 1.8–3.0%) increase in the odds of Ag positivity for every year of age. Also, the odds of Ag-positivity increased by 0.4% (95% CrI: 0.1–0.7%) for each 1% increase in tree cover. The models for Wb123, Bm14 and Bm33 Abs showed similar significant associations as the Ag model for sex, age and tree coverage. After accounting for the effect of covariates, the radii of the clusters were larger for Bm14 and Bm33 Abs compared to Ag and Wb123 Ab. The predictive maps showed that Ab-positivity was more widespread across the territory, while Ag-positivity was more confined to villages in the north-west of the main island. Conclusion The findings may facilitate more specific targeting of post-MDA surveillance activities by prioritising those areas at higher risk of ongoing transmission.
Background American Samoa successfully completed seven rounds of mass drug administration (MDA) for lymphatic filariasis (LF) from 2000-2006. The territory passed the school-based transmission assessment surveys in 2011 and 2015 but failed in 2016. One of the key challenges after the implementation of MDA is the identification of any residual hotspots of transmission. Method Based on data collected in a 2016 community survey in persons aged [greater than or equal to]8 years, Bayesian geostatistical models were developed for LF antigen (Ag), and Wb123, Bm14, Bm33 antibodies (Abs) to predict spatial variation in infection markers using demographic and environmental factors (including land cover, elevation, rainfall, distance to the coastline and distance to streams). Results In the Ag model, females had a 26.8% (95% CrI: 11.0-39.8%) lower risk of being Ag-positive than males. There was a 2.4% (95% CrI: 1.8-3.0%) increase in the odds of Ag positivity for every year of age. Also, the odds of Ag-positivity increased by 0.4% (95% CrI: 0.1-0.7%) for each 1% increase in tree cover. The models for Wb123, Bm14 and Bm33 Abs showed similar significant associations as the Ag model for sex, age and tree coverage. After accounting for the effect of covariates, the radii of the clusters were larger for Bm14 and Bm33 Abs compared to Ag and Wb123 Ab. The predictive maps showed that Ab-positivity was more widespread across the territory, while Ag-positivity was more confined to villages in the north-west of the main island. Conclusion The findings may facilitate more specific targeting of post-MDA surveillance activities by prioritising those areas at higher risk of ongoing transmission.
Background American Samoa successfully completed seven rounds of mass drug administration (MDA) for lymphatic filariasis (LF) from 2000–2006. The territory passed the school-based transmission assessment surveys in 2011 and 2015 but failed in 2016. One of the key challenges after the implementation of MDA is the identification of any residual hotspots of transmission. Method Based on data collected in a 2016 community survey in persons aged ≥8 years, Bayesian geostatistical models were developed for LF antigen (Ag), and Wb123, Bm14, Bm33 antibodies (Abs) to predict spatial variation in infection markers using demographic and environmental factors (including land cover, elevation, rainfall, distance to the coastline and distance to streams). Results In the Ag model, females had a 26.8% (95% CrI: 11.0–39.8%) lower risk of being Ag-positive than males. There was a 2.4% (95% CrI: 1.8–3.0%) increase in the odds of Ag positivity for every year of age. Also, the odds of Ag-positivity increased by 0.4% (95% CrI: 0.1–0.7%) for each 1% increase in tree cover. The models for Wb123, Bm14 and Bm33 Abs showed similar significant associations as the Ag model for sex, age and tree coverage. After accounting for the effect of covariates, the radii of the clusters were larger for Bm14 and Bm33 Abs compared to Ag and Wb123 Ab. The predictive maps showed that Ab-positivity was more widespread across the territory, while Ag-positivity was more confined to villages in the north-west of the main island. Conclusion The findings may facilitate more specific targeting of post-MDA surveillance activities by prioritising those areas at higher risk of ongoing transmission.
American Samoa successfully completed seven rounds of mass drug administration (MDA) for lymphatic filariasis (LF) from 2000-2006. The territory passed the school-based transmission assessment surveys in 2011 and 2015 but failed in 2016. One of the key challenges after the implementation of MDA is the identification of any residual hotspots of transmission. Based on data collected in a 2016 community survey in persons aged ≥8 years, Bayesian geostatistical models were developed for LF antigen (Ag), and Wb123, Bm14, Bm33 antibodies (Abs) to predict spatial variation in infection markers using demographic and environmental factors (including land cover, elevation, rainfall, distance to the coastline and distance to streams). In the Ag model, females had a 26.8% (95% CrI: 11.0-39.8%) lower risk of being Ag-positive than males. There was a 2.4% (95% CrI: 1.8-3.0%) increase in the odds of Ag positivity for every year of age. Also, the odds of Ag-positivity increased by 0.4% (95% CrI: 0.1-0.7%) for each 1% increase in tree cover. The models for Wb123, Bm14 and Bm33 Abs showed similar significant associations as the Ag model for sex, age and tree coverage. After accounting for the effect of covariates, the radii of the clusters were larger for Bm14 and Bm33 Abs compared to Ag and Wb123 Ab. The predictive maps showed that Ab-positivity was more widespread across the territory, while Ag-positivity was more confined to villages in the north-west of the main island. The findings may facilitate more specific targeting of post-MDA surveillance activities by prioritising those areas at higher risk of ongoing transmission.
American Samoa successfully completed seven rounds of mass drug administration (MDA) for lymphatic filariasis (LF) from 2000-2006. The territory passed the school-based transmission assessment surveys in 2011 and 2015 but failed in 2016. One of the key challenges after the implementation of MDA is the identification of any residual hotspots of transmission. Based on data collected in a 2016 community survey in persons aged [greater than or equal to]8 years, Bayesian geostatistical models were developed for LF antigen (Ag), and Wb123, Bm14, Bm33 antibodies (Abs) to predict spatial variation in infection markers using demographic and environmental factors (including land cover, elevation, rainfall, distance to the coastline and distance to streams). In the Ag model, females had a 26.8% (95% CrI: 11.0-39.8%) lower risk of being Ag-positive than males. There was a 2.4% (95% CrI: 1.8-3.0%) increase in the odds of Ag positivity for every year of age. Also, the odds of Ag-positivity increased by 0.4% (95% CrI: 0.1-0.7%) for each 1% increase in tree cover. The models for Wb123, Bm14 and Bm33 Abs showed similar significant associations as the Ag model for sex, age and tree coverage. After accounting for the effect of covariates, the radii of the clusters were larger for Bm14 and Bm33 Abs compared to Ag and Wb123 Ab. The predictive maps showed that Ab-positivity was more widespread across the territory, while Ag-positivity was more confined to villages in the north-west of the main island. The findings may facilitate more specific targeting of post-MDA surveillance activities by prioritising those areas at higher risk of ongoing transmission.
American Samoa successfully completed seven rounds of mass drug administration (MDA) for lymphatic filariasis (LF) from 2000-2006. The territory passed the school-based transmission assessment surveys in 2011 and 2015 but failed in 2016. One of the key challenges after the implementation of MDA is the identification of any residual hotspots of transmission.BACKGROUNDAmerican Samoa successfully completed seven rounds of mass drug administration (MDA) for lymphatic filariasis (LF) from 2000-2006. The territory passed the school-based transmission assessment surveys in 2011 and 2015 but failed in 2016. One of the key challenges after the implementation of MDA is the identification of any residual hotspots of transmission.Based on data collected in a 2016 community survey in persons aged ≥8 years, Bayesian geostatistical models were developed for LF antigen (Ag), and Wb123, Bm14, Bm33 antibodies (Abs) to predict spatial variation in infection markers using demographic and environmental factors (including land cover, elevation, rainfall, distance to the coastline and distance to streams).METHODBased on data collected in a 2016 community survey in persons aged ≥8 years, Bayesian geostatistical models were developed for LF antigen (Ag), and Wb123, Bm14, Bm33 antibodies (Abs) to predict spatial variation in infection markers using demographic and environmental factors (including land cover, elevation, rainfall, distance to the coastline and distance to streams).In the Ag model, females had a 26.8% (95% CrI: 11.0-39.8%) lower risk of being Ag-positive than males. There was a 2.4% (95% CrI: 1.8-3.0%) increase in the odds of Ag positivity for every year of age. Also, the odds of Ag-positivity increased by 0.4% (95% CrI: 0.1-0.7%) for each 1% increase in tree cover. The models for Wb123, Bm14 and Bm33 Abs showed similar significant associations as the Ag model for sex, age and tree coverage. After accounting for the effect of covariates, the radii of the clusters were larger for Bm14 and Bm33 Abs compared to Ag and Wb123 Ab. The predictive maps showed that Ab-positivity was more widespread across the territory, while Ag-positivity was more confined to villages in the north-west of the main island.RESULTSIn the Ag model, females had a 26.8% (95% CrI: 11.0-39.8%) lower risk of being Ag-positive than males. There was a 2.4% (95% CrI: 1.8-3.0%) increase in the odds of Ag positivity for every year of age. Also, the odds of Ag-positivity increased by 0.4% (95% CrI: 0.1-0.7%) for each 1% increase in tree cover. The models for Wb123, Bm14 and Bm33 Abs showed similar significant associations as the Ag model for sex, age and tree coverage. After accounting for the effect of covariates, the radii of the clusters were larger for Bm14 and Bm33 Abs compared to Ag and Wb123 Ab. The predictive maps showed that Ab-positivity was more widespread across the territory, while Ag-positivity was more confined to villages in the north-west of the main island.The findings may facilitate more specific targeting of post-MDA surveillance activities by prioritising those areas at higher risk of ongoing transmission.CONCLUSIONThe findings may facilitate more specific targeting of post-MDA surveillance activities by prioritising those areas at higher risk of ongoing transmission.
Audience Academic
Author Martin, Beatris M.
Clements, Archie C. A.
Lau, Colleen L.
Cadavid Restrepo, Angela M.
Fuimaono, Saipale
Graves, Patricia M.
AuthorAffiliation 1 School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
2 American Samoa Department of Health, Pago Pago, American Samoa
4 College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
3 Curtin School of Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
University of Florida, UNITED STATES
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: 4 College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
– name: University of Florida, UNITED STATES
– name: 3 Curtin School of Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
– name: 1 School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
– name: 2 American Samoa Department of Health, Pago Pago, American Samoa
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BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37486947$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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ContentType Journal Article
Copyright Copyright: © 2023 Cadavid Restrepo et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
COPYRIGHT 2023 Public Library of Science
2023 Cadavid Restrepo et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
2023 Cadavid Restrepo et al 2023 Cadavid Restrepo et al
Copyright_xml – notice: Copyright: © 2023 Cadavid Restrepo et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
– notice: COPYRIGHT 2023 Public Library of Science
– notice: 2023 Cadavid Restrepo et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
– notice: 2023 Cadavid Restrepo et al 2023 Cadavid Restrepo et al
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License Copyright: © 2023 Cadavid Restrepo et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
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SSID ssj0059581
Score 2.4297142
Snippet American Samoa successfully completed seven rounds of mass drug administration (MDA) for lymphatic filariasis (LF) from 2000-2006. The territory passed the...
Background American Samoa successfully completed seven rounds of mass drug administration (MDA) for lymphatic filariasis (LF) from 2000-2006. The territory...
Background American Samoa successfully completed seven rounds of mass drug administration (MDA) for lymphatic filariasis (LF) from 2000–2006. The territory...
The Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic filariasis (LF) aims to interrupt transmission by implementing mass drug administration (MDA) of antifilarial drugs...
Background American Samoa successfully completed seven rounds of mass drug administration (MDA) for lymphatic filariasis (LF) from 2000–2006. The territory...
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StartPage e0010840
SubjectTerms Antibodies
Antigens
Bayesian analysis
Biology and Life Sciences
Control
Demographics
Demography
Disease hot spots
Distance
Distribution
Earth Sciences
Elephantiasis
Environmental factors
Filariasis
Geostatistics
Health aspects
Hot spots
Households
Infections
Islands
Land cover
Land use
Mathematical models
Medical research
Medicine and Health Sciences
Medicine, Experimental
Metadata
People and places
Population
Probability theory
Public health
Rainfall
Risk
Sample size
Sociodemographics
Spatial variations
Surveillance
Surveys
Towns
Transmission
Tropical diseases
Vector-borne diseases
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Title Spatial predictive risk mapping of lymphatic filariasis residual hotspots in American Samoa using demographic and environmental factors
URI https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37486947
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC10399813
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010840
Volume 17
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