Antimicrobial Activity of Lemongrass Essential Oil (Cymbopogon flexuosus) and Its Active Component Citral Against Dual-Species Biofilms of Staphylococcus aureus and Candida Species

Compared to mono-species biofilm, biofilms formed by cross-kingdom pathogens are more refractory to conventional antibiotics, thus complicating clinical treatment and causing significant morbidity. Lemongrass essential oil and its bioactive component citral were previously demonstrated to possess st...

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Vydáno v:	Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology Ročník 10; s. 603858
Hlavní autoři:	Gao, Shanjun, Liu, Guangzhi, Li, Jianguo, Chen, Jing, Li, Lina, Li, Zhen, Zhang, Xiulei, Zhang, Shoumin, Thorne, Rick Francis, Zhang, Shuzhen
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	angličtina
Vydáno:	Switzerland Frontiers Media SA 22.12.2020 Frontiers Media S.A
Témata:	Adhesins Antibiotics Antimicrobial activity Antimicrobial agents Biofilms Biomass Candida Candida albicans Candida tropicalis Carbohydrates Cell viability Cellular and Infection Microbiology Citral Cymbopogon flexuosus dual-species biofilms Essential oils Investigations lemongrass essential oil Microorganisms Morbidity Pathogens Peptidoglycans Quorum sensing Species Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus infections United Kingdom > UK England United States > US Candida albicans lemongrass essential oil Candida tropicalis citral Staphylococcus aureus dual-species biofilms
ISSN:	2235-2988, 2235-2988
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Abstract	Compared to mono-species biofilm, biofilms formed by cross-kingdom pathogens are more refractory to conventional antibiotics, thus complicating clinical treatment and causing significant morbidity. Lemongrass essential oil and its bioactive component citral were previously demonstrated to possess strong antimicrobial efficacy against pathogenic bacteria and fungi. However, their effects on polymicrobial biofilms remain to be determined. In this study, the efficacy of lemongrass ( Cymbopogon flexuosus ) essential oil and its bioactive part citral against dual-species biofilms formed by Staphylococcus aureus and Candida species was evaluated in vitro . Biofilm staining and viability test showed both lemongrass essential oil and citral were able to reduce biofilm biomass and cell viability of each species in the biofilm. Microscopic examinations showed these agents interfered with adhesive characteristics of each species and disrupted biofilm matrix through counteracting nucleic acids, proteins and carbohydrates in the biofilm. Moreover, transcriptional analyses indicated citral downregulated hyphal adhesins and virulent factors of Candida albicans , while also reducing expression of genes involved in quorum sensing, peptidoglycan and fatty acids biosynthesis of S. aureus . Taken together, our results demonstrate the potential of lemongrass essential oil and citral as promising agents against polymicrobial biofilms as well as the underlying mechanisms of their activity in this setting.
AbstractList	Compared to mono-species biofilm, biofilms formed by cross-kingdom pathogens are more refractory to conventional antibiotics, thus complicating clinical treatment and causing significant morbidity. Lemongrass essential oil and its bioactive component citral were previously demonstrated to possess strong antimicrobial efficacy against pathogenic bacteria and fungi. However, their effects on polymicrobial biofilms remain to be determined. In this study, the efficacy of lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) essential oil and its bioactive part citral against dual-species biofilms formed by Staphylococcus aureus and Candida species was evaluated in vitro. Biofilm staining and viability test showed both lemongrass essential oil and citral were able to reduce biofilm biomass and cell viability of each species in the biofilm. Microscopic examinations showed these agents interfered with adhesive characteristics of each species and disrupted biofilm matrix through counteracting nucleic acids, proteins and carbohydrates in the biofilm. Moreover, transcriptional analyses indicated citral downregulated hyphal adhesins and virulent factors of Candida albicans, while also reducing expression of genes involved in quorum sensing, peptidoglycan and fatty acids biosynthesis of S. aureus. Taken together, our results demonstrate the potential of lemongrass essential oil and citral as promising agents against polymicrobial biofilms as well as the underlying mechanisms of their activity in this setting. Compared to mono-species biofilm, biofilms formed by cross-kingdom pathogens are more refractory to conventional antibiotics, thus complicating clinical treatment and causing significant morbidity. Lemongrass essential oil and its bioactive component citral were previously demonstrated to possess strong antimicrobial efficacy against pathogenic bacteria and fungi. However, their effects on polymicrobial biofilms remain to be determined. In this study, the efficacy of lemongrass ( ) essential oil and its bioactive part citral against dual-species biofilms formed by and species was evaluated . Biofilm staining and viability test showed both lemongrass essential oil and citral were able to reduce biofilm biomass and cell viability of each species in the biofilm. Microscopic examinations showed these agents interfered with adhesive characteristics of each species and disrupted biofilm matrix through counteracting nucleic acids, proteins and carbohydrates in the biofilm. Moreover, transcriptional analyses indicated citral downregulated hyphal adhesins and virulent factors of , while also reducing expression of genes involved in quorum sensing, peptidoglycan and fatty acids biosynthesis of . Taken together, our results demonstrate the potential of lemongrass essential oil and citral as promising agents against polymicrobial biofilms as well as the underlying mechanisms of their activity in this setting. Compared to mono-species biofilm, biofilms formed by cross-kingdom pathogens are more refractory to conventional antibiotics, thus complicating clinical treatment and causing significant morbidity. Lemongrass essential oil and its bioactive component citral were previously demonstrated to possess strong antimicrobial efficacy against pathogenic bacteria and fungi. However, their effects on polymicrobial biofilms remain to be determined. In this study, the efficacy of lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) essential oil and its bioactive part citral against dual-species biofilms formed by Staphylococcus aureus and Candida species was evaluated in vitro. Biofilm staining and viability test showed both lemongrass essential oil and citral were able to reduce biofilm biomass and cell viability of each species in the biofilm. Microscopic examinations showed these agents interfered with adhesive characteristics of each species and disrupted biofilm matrix through counteracting nucleic acids, proteins and carbohydrates in the biofilm. Moreover, transcriptional analyses indicated citral downregulated hyphal adhesins and virulent factors of Candida albicans, while also reducing expression of genes involved in quorum sensing, peptidoglycan and fatty acids biosynthesis of S. aureus. Taken together, our results demonstrate the potential of lemongrass essential oil and citral as promising agents against polymicrobial biofilms as well as the underlying mechanisms of their activity in this setting.Compared to mono-species biofilm, biofilms formed by cross-kingdom pathogens are more refractory to conventional antibiotics, thus complicating clinical treatment and causing significant morbidity. Lemongrass essential oil and its bioactive component citral were previously demonstrated to possess strong antimicrobial efficacy against pathogenic bacteria and fungi. However, their effects on polymicrobial biofilms remain to be determined. In this study, the efficacy of lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) essential oil and its bioactive part citral against dual-species biofilms formed by Staphylococcus aureus and Candida species was evaluated in vitro. Biofilm staining and viability test showed both lemongrass essential oil and citral were able to reduce biofilm biomass and cell viability of each species in the biofilm. Microscopic examinations showed these agents interfered with adhesive characteristics of each species and disrupted biofilm matrix through counteracting nucleic acids, proteins and carbohydrates in the biofilm. Moreover, transcriptional analyses indicated citral downregulated hyphal adhesins and virulent factors of Candida albicans, while also reducing expression of genes involved in quorum sensing, peptidoglycan and fatty acids biosynthesis of S. aureus. Taken together, our results demonstrate the potential of lemongrass essential oil and citral as promising agents against polymicrobial biofilms as well as the underlying mechanisms of their activity in this setting. Compared to mono-species biofilm, biofilms formed by cross-kingdom pathogens are more refractory to conventional antibiotics, thus complicating clinical treatment and causing significant morbidity. Lemongrass essential oil and its bioactive component citral were previously demonstrated to possess strong antimicrobial efficacy against pathogenic bacteria and fungi. However, their effects on polymicrobial biofilms remain to be determined. In this study, the efficacy of lemongrass ( Cymbopogon flexuosus ) essential oil and its bioactive part citral against dual-species biofilms formed by Staphylococcus aureus and Candida species was evaluated in vitro . Biofilm staining and viability test showed both lemongrass essential oil and citral were able to reduce biofilm biomass and cell viability of each species in the biofilm. Microscopic examinations showed these agents interfered with adhesive characteristics of each species and disrupted biofilm matrix through counteracting nucleic acids, proteins and carbohydrates in the biofilm. Moreover, transcriptional analyses indicated citral downregulated hyphal adhesins and virulent factors of Candida albicans , while also reducing expression of genes involved in quorum sensing, peptidoglycan and fatty acids biosynthesis of S. aureus . Taken together, our results demonstrate the potential of lemongrass essential oil and citral as promising agents against polymicrobial biofilms as well as the underlying mechanisms of their activity in this setting.
Author	Li, Lina Li, Zhen Zhang, Xiulei Thorne, Rick Francis Zhang, Shuzhen Li, Jianguo Zhang, Shoumin Liu, Guangzhi Gao, Shanjun Chen, Jing
AuthorAffiliation	3 Translational Research Institute of Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , China 4 Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , China 5 School of Environmental & Life Sciences, University of Newcastle , Newcastle, NSW , Australia 1 Microbiome Laboratory, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , China 2 Department of Dermatology, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , China
AuthorAffiliation_xml	– name: 4 Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , China – name: 2 Department of Dermatology, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , China – name: 3 Translational Research Institute of Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , China – name: 5 School of Environmental & Life Sciences, University of Newcastle , Newcastle, NSW , Australia – name: 1 Microbiome Laboratory, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , China
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Shanjun surname: Gao fullname: Gao, Shanjun – sequence: 2 givenname: Guangzhi surname: Liu fullname: Liu, Guangzhi – sequence: 3 givenname: Jianguo surname: Li fullname: Li, Jianguo – sequence: 4 givenname: Jing surname: Chen fullname: Chen, Jing – sequence: 5 givenname: Lina surname: Li fullname: Li, Lina – sequence: 6 givenname: Zhen surname: Li fullname: Li, Zhen – sequence: 7 givenname: Xiulei surname: Zhang fullname: Zhang, Xiulei – sequence: 8 givenname: Shoumin surname: Zhang fullname: Zhang, Shoumin – sequence: 9 givenname: Rick Francis surname: Thorne fullname: Thorne, Rick Francis – sequence: 10 givenname: Shuzhen surname: Zhang fullname: Zhang, Shuzhen
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Keywords	Candida albicans lemongrass essential oil Candida tropicalis citral Staphylococcus aureus dual-species biofilms
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Notes	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 content type line 23 Edited by: Regina Helena Pires, University of Franca, Brazil Reviewed by: Jill R. Blankenship, University of Nebraska Omaha, United States; Shunmugiah Karutha Pandian, Alagappa University, India This article was submitted to Fungal Pathogenesis, a section of the journal Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology
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SubjectTerms	Adhesins Antibiotics Antimicrobial activity Antimicrobial agents Biofilms Biomass Candida Candida albicans Candida tropicalis Carbohydrates Cell viability Cellular and Infection Microbiology Citral Cymbopogon flexuosus dual-species biofilms Essential oils Investigations lemongrass essential oil Microorganisms Morbidity Pathogens Peptidoglycans Quorum sensing Species Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus infections
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Title	Antimicrobial Activity of Lemongrass Essential Oil (Cymbopogon flexuosus) and Its Active Component Citral Against Dual-Species Biofilms of Staphylococcus aureus and Candida Species
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