The Cost Efficiency of Wild Dog Conservation in South Africa
Aside from Kruger National Park, no other suitable reserves of sufficient size exist in South Africa that will hold a viable population of wild dogs (Lycaon pictus). Consequently, conservation efforts have been focused on creating a metapopulation through a series of wild dog reintroductions into is...
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| Published in: | Conservation biology Vol. 19; no. 4; pp. 1205 - 1214 |
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| Main Authors: | , , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
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350 Main Street , Malden , MA 02148 , USA , and 9600 Garsington Road , Oxford OX4 2DQ , UK
Blackwell Publishing, Inc
01.08.2005
Blackwell Science Blackwell Blackwell Publishing Ltd |
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| ISSN: | 0888-8892, 1523-1739 |
| Online Access: | Get full text |
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| Abstract | Aside from Kruger National Park, no other suitable reserves of sufficient size exist in South Africa that will hold a viable population of wild dogs (Lycaon pictus). Consequently, conservation efforts have been focused on creating a metapopulation through a series of wild dog reintroductions into isolated fenced reserves. Additional potential exists for conserving wild dogs on private ranch land. Establishing the metapopulation was an expensive process, accounting for approximately 75% of the US$380,000 spent on wild dog conservation in South Africa during 1997-2001. The principal goal of the metapopulation project was to reduce the risk of catastrophic population decline. Now that this has been achieved, we developed a uniform cost-efficiency index to estimate the cost efficiency of current and potential future conservation strategies in South Africa. Conserving wild dogs in large protected areas was predicted to be the most cost-efficient conservation strategy (449 packs/$100,000 expenditure). Establishing the metapopulation has been less cost efficient (23 packs/$ 100,000), and expansion of the metapopulation was predicted to be even less cost efficient if predation by wild dogs results in additional costs, as is to be expected if private reserves are used for reintroductions (3-13 packs/$100,000). Because of low logistical costs, conserving wild dogs in situ on private ranch land was potentially more cost efficient than reintroducing wild dogs (14-27 packs/$100,000). We recommend that donor funding be used to reintroduce wild dogs into transfrontier parks, when they are established, to maintain the existing metapopulation and to establish conservation programs involving wild dogs on private ranch land. Investing in the expansion of the metapopulation should be limited to state-owned nature reserves willing to carry predation costs without compensation. |
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| AbstractList | Aside from Kruger National Park, no other suitable reserves of sufficient size exist in South Africa that will hold a viable population of wild dogs (Lycaon pictus). Consequently, conservation efforts have been focused on creating a metapopulation through a series of wild dog reintroductions into isolated fenced reserves. Additional potential exists for conserving wild dogs on private ranch land. Establishing the metapopulation was an expensive process, accounting for approximately 75% of the US$380,000 spent on wild dog conservation in South Africa during 1997-2001. The principal goal of the metapopulation project was to reduce the risk of catastrophic population decline. Now that this has been achieved, we developed a uniform cost-efficiency index to estimate the cost efficiency of current and potential future conservation strategies in South Africa. Conserving wild dogs in large protected areas was predicted to be the most cost-efficient conservation strategy (449 packs-$100,000 expenditure). Establishing the metapopulation has been less cost efficient (23 packs-$100,000), and expansion of the metapopulation was predicted to be even less cost efficient if predation by wild dogs results in additional costs, as is to be expected if private reserves are used for reintroductions (3-13 packs-$100,000). Because of low logistical costs, conserving wild dogs in situ on private ranch land was potentially more cost efficient than reintroducing wild dogs (14-27 packs-$100,000). We recommend that donor funding be used to reintroduce wild dogs into transfrontier parks, when they are established, to maintain the existing metapopulation and to establish conservation programs involving wild dogs on private ranch land. Investing in the expansion of the metapopulation should be limited to state-owned nature reserves willing to carry predation costs without compensation.Original Abstract: Ademas del Parque Nacional Kruger, en Africa del Sur no existen otras reservas de suficiente tamano como para mantener una poblacion viable de perros salvajes (Lycaon pictus). En consecuencia, los esfuerzos de conservacion se han enfocado en la creacion de una metapoblacion por medio de una serie de reintroducciones en pequenas reservas cercadas. Hay un potencial adicional para la conservacion de perros salvajes en terrenos privados. El establecimiento de la metapoblacion fue un proceso costoso, similar to 75% de US $380,000 que fueron gastados en la conservacion de perros salvajes entre 1997 y 2001 en Africa del Sur. La meta principal del proyecto de metapoblacion fue la reduccion del riesgo de una declinacion catastrofica de la poblacion. Ya que esto se ha logrado, desarrollamos un indice de rentabilidad uniforme para estimar la rentabilidad de las actuales y potenciales estrategias de conservacion en Africa del Sur. Se predijo que la estrategia de conservacion de mas rentable (449manadas-$100,000 de gasto) era la conservacion de perros salvajes en areas protegidas grandes. El establecimiento de la metapoblacion ha sido menos rentable (23 manadas-$100,000), y se predijo que la expansion de la metapoblacion seria aun menos rentable si la depredacion por perros salvajes resulta en costos adicionales, como se esperaria si se utilizan reservas privadas para las reintroducciones (3-13 manadas-$100,000). Debido a los bajos costos de logistica, la conservacion de perros salvajes in situ en terrenos privados fue potencialmente mas rentable que reintroducir a los perros salvajes (14-27 manadas-$100,000). Recomendamos que el financiamiento de donantes sea utilizado para reintroducir perros salvajes en parque transfronterizos, cuando sean establecidos, para mantener a la metapoblacion existente y para establecer programas de conservacion que involucren a perros salvajes en terrenos privados. La inversion en la expansion de la metapoblacion debera limitarse a reservas naturales propiedad del estado que esten dispuestas a absorber los costos de la depredacion sin ser compensadas. Aside from Kruger National Park, no other suitable reserves of sufficient size exist in South Africa that will hold a viable population of wild dogs (Lycaon pictus). Consequently, conservation efforts have been focused on creating a metapopulation through a series of wild dog reintroductions into isolated fenced reserves. Additional potential exists for conserving wild dogs on private ranch land. Establishing the metapopulation was an expensive process, accounting for approximately 75% of the US$380,000 spent on wild dog conservation in South Africa during 1997‐2001. The principal goal of the metapopulation project was to reduce the risk of catastrophic population decline. Now that this has been achieved, we developed a uniform cost‐efficiency index to estimate the cost efficiency of current and potential future conservation strategies in South Africa. Conserving wild dogs in large protected areas was predicted to be the most cost‐efficient conservation strategy (449 packs/$100,000 expenditure). Establishing the metapopulation has been less cost efficient (23 packs/$100,000), and expansion of the metapopulation was predicted to be even less cost efficient if predation by wild dogs results in additional costs, as is to be expected if private reserves are used for reintroductions (3‐13 packs/$100,000). Because of low logistical costs, conserving wild dogs in situ on private ranch land was potentially more cost efficient than reintroducing wild dogs (14‐27 packs/$100,000). We recommend that donor funding be used to reintroduce wild dogs into transfrontier parks, when they are established, to maintain the existing metapopulation and to establish conservation programs involving wild dogs on private ranch land. Investing in the expansion of the metapopulation should be limited to state‐owned nature reserves willing to carry predation costs without compensation. Aside from Kruger National Park, no other suitable reserves of sufficient size exist in South Africa that will hold a viable population of wild dogs (Lycaon pictus). Consequently, conservation efforts have been focused on creating a metapopulation through a series of wild dog reintroductions into isolated fenced reserves. Additional potential exists for conserving wild dogs on private ranch land. Establishing the metapopulation was an expensive process, accounting for approximately 75% of the US$380,000 spent on wild dog conservation in South Africa during 1997-2001. The principal goal of the metapopulation project was to reduce the risk of catastrophic population decline. Now that this has been achieved, we developed a uniform cost-efficiency index to estimate the cost efficiency of current and potential future conservation strategies in South Africa. Conserving wild dogs in large protected areas was predicted to be the most cost-efficient conservation strategy (449 packs/$100,000 expenditure). Establishing the metapopulation has been less cost efficient (23 packs/$100,000), and expansion of the metapopulation was predicted to be even less cost efficient if predation by wild dogs results in additional costs, as is to be expected if private reserves are used for reintroductions (3-13 packs/$100,000). Because of low logistical costs, conserving wild dogs in situ on private ranch land was potentially more cost efficient than reintroducing wild dogs (14-27 packs/$100,000). We recommend that donor funding be used to reintroduce wild dogs into transfrontier parks, when they are established, to maintain the existing metapopulation and to establish conservation programs involving wild dogs on private ranch land. Investing in the expansion of the metapopulation should be limited to state-owned nature reserves willing to carry predation costs without compensation. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] : Aside from Kruger National Park, no other suitable reserves of sufficient size exist in South Africa that will hold a viable population of wild dogs (Lycaon pictus). Consequently, conservation efforts have been focused on creating a metapopulation through a series of wild dog reintroductions into isolated fenced reserves. Additional potential exists for conserving wild dogs on private ranch land. Establishing the metapopulation was an expensive process, accounting for approximately 75% of the US$380,000 spent on wild dog conservation in South Africa during 1997‐2001. The principal goal of the metapopulation project was to reduce the risk of catastrophic population decline. Now that this has been achieved, we developed a uniform cost‐efficiency index to estimate the cost efficiency of current and potential future conservation strategies in South Africa. Conserving wild dogs in large protected areas was predicted to be the most cost‐efficient conservation strategy (449 packs/$100,000 expenditure). Establishing the metapopulation has been less cost efficient (23 packs/$100,000), and expansion of the metapopulation was predicted to be even less cost efficient if predation by wild dogs results in additional costs, as is to be expected if private reserves are used for reintroductions (3‐13 packs/$100,000). Because of low logistical costs, conserving wild dogs in situ on private ranch land was potentially more cost efficient than reintroducing wild dogs (14‐27 packs/$100,000). We recommend that donor funding be used to reintroduce wild dogs into transfrontier parks, when they are established, to maintain the existing metapopulation and to establish conservation programs involving wild dogs on private ranch land. Investing in the expansion of the metapopulation should be limited to state‐owned nature reserves willing to carry predation costs without compensation. Resumen: Además del Parque Nacional Kruger, en África del Sur no existen otras reservas de suficiente tamaño como para mantener una población viable de perros salvajes (Lycaon pictus). En consecuencia, los esfuerzos de conservación se han enfocado en la creación de una metapoblación por medio de una serie de reintroducciones en pequeñas reservas cercadas. Hay un potencial adicional para la conservación de perros salvajes en terrenos privados. El establecimiento de la metapoblación fue un proceso costoso, ∼75% de US $380,000 que fueron gastados en la conservación de perros salvajes entre 1997 y 2001 en África del Sur. La meta principal del proyecto de metapoblación fue la reducción del riesgo de una declinación catastrófica de la población. Ya que esto se ha logrado, desarrollamos un índice de rentabilidad uniforme para estimar la rentabilidad de las actuales y potenciales estrategias de conservación en África del Sur. Se predijo que la estrategia de conservación de más rentable (449manadas/$100,000 de gasto) era la conservación de perros salvajes en áreas protegidas grandes. El establecimiento de la metapoblación ha sido menos rentable (23 manadas/$100,000), y se predijo que la expansión de la metapoblación sería aun menos rentable si la depredación por perros salvajes resulta en costos adicionales, como se esperaría si se utilizan reservas privadas para las reintroducciones (3‐13 manadas/$100,000). Debido a los bajos costos de logística, la conservación de perros salvajes in situ en terrenos privados fue potencialmente más rentable que reintroducir a los perros salvajes (14‐27 manadas/$100,000). Recomendamos que el financiamiento de donantes sea utilizado para reintroducir perros salvajes en parque transfronterizos, cuando sean establecidos, para mantener a la metapoblación existente y para establecer programas de conservación que involucren a perros salvajes en terrenos privados. La inversión en la expansión de la metapoblación deberá limitarse a reservas naturales propiedad del estado que estén dispuestas a absorber los costos de la depredación sin ser compensadas. |
| Author | ALEXANDER, R. MILLS, M.G.L. DU TOIT, J. T. LINDSEY, P. A. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: P. A. surname: LINDSEY fullname: LINDSEY, P. A. email: palindsey@earth.co.zw organization: Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa – sequence: 2 givenname: R. surname: ALEXANDER fullname: ALEXANDER, R. organization: Department of Environmental Studies, Sweet Briar College, Sweet Briar, VA 24595, U.S.A – sequence: 3 givenname: J. T. surname: DU TOIT fullname: DU TOIT, J. T. organization: Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa – sequence: 4 givenname: M.G.L. surname: MILLS fullname: MILLS, M.G.L. organization: Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa |
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| Keywords | Fissipedia Carnivora Costs Metapopulation Extensive rearing game ranching Population structure Canis familiaris Reintroduction Vertebrata Lycaon pictus Mammalia Game donor funding Environmental protection |
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71 start-page: 1 year: 2001 ident: e_1_2_6_34_1 article-title: Food requirements of wild animals: predictive equations for free living mammals, reptiles and birds publication-title: Nutrition Abstracts and Reviews – volume-title: The mammals of the southern African subregion year: 1990 ident: e_1_2_6_38_1 – volume: 26 start-page: 817 year: 1998 ident: e_1_2_6_27_1 article-title: Estimated costs of maintaining a recovered wolf population in agricultural regions of Minnesota publication-title: Wildlife Society Bulletin – ident: e_1_2_6_8_1 doi: 10.1007/BF00345312 – volume-title: South African National Parks Board report year: 2000 ident: e_1_2_6_12_1 – ident: e_1_2_6_35_1 – volume-title: South African National Parks report year: 1995 ident: e_1_2_6_41_1 – ident: e_1_2_6_10_1 doi: 10.1515/9780691207001 – start-page: 96 volume-title: Developments in game ranching and wildlife utilisation in east and southern Africa year: 1991 ident: e_1_2_6_11_1 – ident: e_1_2_6_18_1 doi: 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| Snippet | Aside from Kruger National Park, no other suitable reserves of sufficient size exist in South Africa that will hold a viable population of wild dogs (Lycaon... : Aside from Kruger National Park, no other suitable reserves of sufficient size exist in South Africa that will hold a viable population of wild dogs (Lycaon... Aside from Kruger National Park, no other suitable reserves of sufficient size exist in South Africa that will hold a viable population of wild dogs ( Lycaon... |
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| SubjectTerms | Animal, plant and microbial ecology Applied ecology Biological and medical sciences Conservation conservation areas Conservation biology conservation programs Conservation, protection and management of environment and wildlife Cost benefit analysis Cost efficiency Cost estimates crianza de especies cinegéticas Dogs donor funding financiamiento de donantes Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology funding game ranching Habitat conservation Lycaon pictus Mammalia metapoblación metapopulation Metapopulation ecology Metapopulations National parks Nature conservation Nature reserves Parks, reserves, wildlife conservation. Endangered species: population survey and restocking Population decline population dynamics predation Protected areas Ranches ranching reintroducción reintroduction risk Risk reduction South Africa Vertebrates: general zoology, morphology, phylogeny, systematics, cytogenetics, geographical distribution Wildlife conservation |
| Title | The Cost Efficiency of Wild Dog Conservation in South Africa |
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