Microglial subtypes: diversity within the microglial community

Microglia are brain‐resident macrophages forming the first active immune barrier in the central nervous system. They fulfill multiple functions across development and adulthood and under disease conditions. Current understanding revolves around microglia acquiring distinct phenotypes upon exposure t...

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Vydané v:	The EMBO journal Ročník 38; číslo 17; s. e101997 - n/a
Hlavní autori:	Stratoulias, Vassilis, Venero, Jose Luis, Tremblay, Marie‐Ève, Joseph, Bertrand
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	English
Vydavateľské údaje:	London Nature Publishing Group UK 02.09.2019 Springer Nature B.V John Wiley and Sons Inc
Predmet:	Animals Cell Plasticity Central nervous system Communities disease EMBO19 EMBO27 Functionals Heterogeneity homeostasis Humans Macrophages Microglia Microglia - classification Microglia - immunology Multitasking Phenotype Phenotypes Plastic properties Plasticity Review subtypes homeostasis disease microglia heterogeneity subtypes
ISSN:	0261-4189, 1460-2075, 1460-2075
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Abstract	Microglia are brain‐resident macrophages forming the first active immune barrier in the central nervous system. They fulfill multiple functions across development and adulthood and under disease conditions. Current understanding revolves around microglia acquiring distinct phenotypes upon exposure to extrinsic cues in their environment. However, emerging evidence suggests that microglia display differences in their functions that are not exclusively driven by their milieu, rather by the unique properties these cells possess. This microglial intrinsic heterogeneity has been largely overlooked, favoring the prevailing view that microglia are a single‐cell type endowed with spectacular plasticity, allowing them to acquire multiple phenotypes and thereby fulfill their numerous functions in health and disease. Here, we review the evidence that microglia might form a community of cells in which each member (or “subtype”) displays intrinsic properties and performs unique functions. Distinctive features and functional implications of several microglial subtypes are considered, across contexts of health and disease. Finally, we suggest that microglial subtype categorization shall be based on function and we propose ways for studying them. Hence, we advocate that plasticity (reaction states) and diversity (subtypes) should both be considered when studying the multitasking microglia. Graphical Abstract Bertrand Joseph and colleagues discuss the complexities and heterogeneity of the resident macrophage cells that play key roles in CNS immune responses, suggesting function‐based categorizations and ways for further studies.
AbstractList	Microglia are brain‐resident macrophages forming the first active immune barrier in the central nervous system. They fulfill multiple functions across development and adulthood and under disease conditions. Current understanding revolves around microglia acquiring distinct phenotypes upon exposure to extrinsic cues in their environment. However, emerging evidence suggests that microglia display differences in their functions that are not exclusively driven by their milieu, rather by the unique properties these cells possess. This microglial intrinsic heterogeneity has been largely overlooked, favoring the prevailing view that microglia are a single‐cell type endowed with spectacular plasticity, allowing them to acquire multiple phenotypes and thereby fulfill their numerous functions in health and disease. Here, we review the evidence that microglia might form a community of cells in which each member (or “subtype”) displays intrinsic properties and performs unique functions. Distinctive features and functional implications of several microglial subtypes are considered, across contexts of health and disease. Finally, we suggest that microglial subtype categorization shall be based on function and we propose ways for studying them. Hence, we advocate that plasticity (reaction states) and diversity (subtypes) should both be considered when studying the multitasking microglia. Microglia are brain-resident macrophages forming the first active immune barrier in the central nervous system. They fulfill multiple functions across development and adulthood and under disease conditions. Current understanding revolves around microglia acquiring distinct phenotypes upon exposure to extrinsic cues in their environment. However, emerging evidence suggests that microglia display differences in their functions that are not exclusively driven by their milieu, rather by the unique properties these cells possess. This microglial intrinsic heterogeneity has been largely overlooked, favoring the prevailing view that microglia are a single-cell type endowed with spectacular plasticity, allowing them to acquire multiple phenotypes and thereby fulfill their numerous functions in health and disease. Here, we review the evidence that microglia might form a community of cells in which each member (or "subtype") displays intrinsic properties and performs unique functions. Distinctive features and functional implications of several microglial subtypes are considered, across contexts of health and disease. Finally, we suggest that microglial subtype categorization shall be based on function and we propose ways for studying them. Hence, we advocate that plasticity (reaction states) and diversity (subtypes) should both be considered when studying the multitasking microglia.Microglia are brain-resident macrophages forming the first active immune barrier in the central nervous system. They fulfill multiple functions across development and adulthood and under disease conditions. Current understanding revolves around microglia acquiring distinct phenotypes upon exposure to extrinsic cues in their environment. However, emerging evidence suggests that microglia display differences in their functions that are not exclusively driven by their milieu, rather by the unique properties these cells possess. This microglial intrinsic heterogeneity has been largely overlooked, favoring the prevailing view that microglia are a single-cell type endowed with spectacular plasticity, allowing them to acquire multiple phenotypes and thereby fulfill their numerous functions in health and disease. Here, we review the evidence that microglia might form a community of cells in which each member (or "subtype") displays intrinsic properties and performs unique functions. Distinctive features and functional implications of several microglial subtypes are considered, across contexts of health and disease. Finally, we suggest that microglial subtype categorization shall be based on function and we propose ways for studying them. Hence, we advocate that plasticity (reaction states) and diversity (subtypes) should both be considered when studying the multitasking microglia. Microglia are brain‐resident macrophages forming the first active immune barrier in the central nervous system. They fulfill multiple functions across development and adulthood and under disease conditions. Current understanding revolves around microglia acquiring distinct phenotypes upon exposure to extrinsic cues in their environment. However, emerging evidence suggests that microglia display differences in their functions that are not exclusively driven by their milieu, rather by the unique properties these cells possess. This microglial intrinsic heterogeneity has been largely overlooked, favoring the prevailing view that microglia are a single‐cell type endowed with spectacular plasticity, allowing them to acquire multiple phenotypes and thereby fulfill their numerous functions in health and disease. Here, we review the evidence that microglia might form a community of cells in which each member (or “subtype”) displays intrinsic properties and performs unique functions. Distinctive features and functional implications of several microglial subtypes are considered, across contexts of health and disease. Finally, we suggest that microglial subtype categorization shall be based on function and we propose ways for studying them. Hence, we advocate that plasticity (reaction states) and diversity (subtypes) should both be considered when studying the multitasking microglia. Bertrand Joseph and colleagues discuss the complexities and heterogeneity of the resident macrophage cells that play key roles in CNS immune responses, suggesting function‐based categorizations and ways for further studies. Microglia are brain‐resident macrophages forming the first active immune barrier in the central nervous system. They fulfill multiple functions across development and adulthood and under disease conditions. Current understanding revolves around microglia acquiring distinct phenotypes upon exposure to extrinsic cues in their environment. However, emerging evidence suggests that microglia display differences in their functions that are not exclusively driven by their milieu, rather by the unique properties these cells possess. This microglial intrinsic heterogeneity has been largely overlooked, favoring the prevailing view that microglia are a single‐cell type endowed with spectacular plasticity, allowing them to acquire multiple phenotypes and thereby fulfill their numerous functions in health and disease. Here, we review the evidence that microglia might form a community of cells in which each member (or “subtype”) displays intrinsic properties and performs unique functions. Distinctive features and functional implications of several microglial subtypes are considered, across contexts of health and disease. Finally, we suggest that microglial subtype categorization shall be based on function and we propose ways for studying them. Hence, we advocate that plasticity (reaction states) and diversity (subtypes) should both be considered when studying the multitasking microglia. Graphical Abstract Bertrand Joseph and colleagues discuss the complexities and heterogeneity of the resident macrophage cells that play key roles in CNS immune responses, suggesting function‐based categorizations and ways for further studies.
Author	Stratoulias, Vassilis Venero, Jose Luis Joseph, Bertrand Tremblay, Marie‐Ève
AuthorAffiliation	4 Department of Molecular Medicine Université Laval Quebec QC Canada 2 Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular Facultad de Farmacia Universidad de Sevilla Sevilla Spain 3 Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla‐Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla Sevilla Spain 1 Toxicology Unit Institute of Environmental Medicine Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden 5 Axe Neurosciences Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec‐Université Laval Quebec QC Canada
AuthorAffiliation_xml	– name: 2 Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular Facultad de Farmacia Universidad de Sevilla Sevilla Spain – name: 1 Toxicology Unit Institute of Environmental Medicine Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden – name: 5 Axe Neurosciences Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec‐Université Laval Quebec QC Canada – name: 3 Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla‐Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla Sevilla Spain – name: 4 Department of Molecular Medicine Université Laval Quebec QC Canada
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Vassilis orcidid: 0000-0002-9724-6589 surname: Stratoulias fullname: Stratoulias, Vassilis organization: Toxicology Unit, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet – sequence: 2 givenname: Jose Luis surname: Venero fullname: Venero, Jose Luis organization: Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla‐Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla – sequence: 3 givenname: Marie‐Ève surname: Tremblay fullname: Tremblay, Marie‐Ève organization: Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec‐Université Laval – sequence: 4 givenname: Bertrand orcidid: 0000-0001-5655-9979 surname: Joseph fullname: Joseph, Bertrand email: bertrand.joseph@ki.se organization: Toxicology Unit, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet
BackLink	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31373067$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed http://kipublications.ki.se/Default.aspx?queryparsed=id:141888391$$DView record from Swedish Publication Index (Karolinska Institutet)
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Snippet	Microglia are brain‐resident macrophages forming the first active immune barrier in the central nervous system. They fulfill multiple functions across... Microglia are brain-resident macrophages forming the first active immune barrier in the central nervous system. They fulfill multiple functions across...
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SubjectTerms	Animals Cell Plasticity Central nervous system Communities disease EMBO19 EMBO27 Functionals Heterogeneity homeostasis Humans Macrophages Microglia Microglia - classification Microglia - immunology Multitasking Phenotype Phenotypes Plastic properties Plasticity Review subtypes
Title	Microglial subtypes: diversity within the microglial community
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