Cardiorespiratory fitness measured with cardiopulmonary exercise testing and mortality in patients with cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis
•High cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) is associated with 58% lower all-cause mortality risk and 73% lower cardiovascular mortality risk compared to unfit counterparts.•Each 1 metabolic equivalent (1-MET) increase in CRF is associated with a 19% lower CVD...
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| Abstract | •High cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) is associated with 58% lower all-cause mortality risk and 73% lower cardiovascular mortality risk compared to unfit counterparts.•Each 1 metabolic equivalent (1-MET) increase in CRF is associated with a 19% lower CVD mortality risk among patients with CVD.•Coronary artery disease patients with high CRF have a 68% lower all-cause mortality risk than their unfit counterparts.•Each 1-MET increase in CRF is associated with a 17% lower all-cause mortality risk among patients with coronary artery disease.•No significant associations were found between increments of 1-MET and lower mortality risk among heart failure patients.
Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is inversely associated with mortality in apparently healthy subjects and in some clinical populations, but evidence for the association between CRF and all-cause and/or cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality in patients with established CVD is lacking. This study aimed to quantify this association.
We searched for prospective cohort studies that measured CRF with cardiopulmonary exercise testing in patients with CVD and that examined all-cause and CVD mortality with at least 6 months of follow-up. Pooled hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated using random-effect inverse-variance analyses.
Data were obtained from 21 studies and included 159,352 patients diagnosed with CVD (38.1% female). Pooled HRs for all-cause and CVD mortality comparing the highest vs. lowest category of CRF were 0.42 (95% confidence interval (95%CI): 0.28–0.61) and 0.27 (95%CI: 0.16–0.48), respectively. Pooled HRs per 1 metabolic equivalent (1-MET) increment were significant for all-cause mortality (HR = 0.81; 95%CI: 0.74–0.88) but not for CVD mortality (HR = 0.75; 95%CI: 0.48–1.18). Coronary artery disease patients with high CRF had a lower risk of all-cause mortality (HR = 0.32; 95%CI: 0.26–0.41) than did their unfit counterparts. Each 1-MET increase was associated with lower all-cause mortality risk among coronary artery disease patients (HR = 0.83; 95%CI: 0.76–0.91) but not lower among those with heart failure (HR = 0.69; 95%CI: 0.36–1.32).
A better CRF was associated with lower risk of all-cause mortality and CVD. This study supports the use of CRF as a powerful predictor of mortality in this population.
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| AbstractList | Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is inversely associated with mortality in apparently healthy subjects and in some clinical populations, but evidence for the association between CRF and all-cause and/or cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality in patients with established CVD is lacking. This study aimed to quantify this association.
We searched for prospective cohort studies that measured CRF with cardiopulmonary exercise testing in patients with CVD and that examined all-cause and CVD mortality with at least 6 months of follow-up. Pooled hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated using random-effect inverse-variance analyses.
Data were obtained from 21 studies and included 159,352 patients diagnosed with CVD (38.1% female). Pooled HRs for all-cause and CVD mortality comparing the highest vs. lowest category of CRF were 0.42 (95% confidence interval (95%CI): 0.28-0.61) and 0.27 (95%CI: 0.16-0.48), respectively. Pooled HRs per 1 metabolic equivalent (1-MET) increment were significant for all-cause mortality (HR = 0.81; 95%CI: 0.74-0.88) but not for CVD mortality (HR = 0.75; 95%CI: 0.48-1.18). Coronary artery disease patients with high CRF had a lower risk of all-cause mortality (HR = 0.32; 95%CI: 0.26-0.41) than did their unfit counterparts. Each 1-MET increase was associated with lower all-cause mortality risk among coronary artery disease patients (HR = 0.83; 95%CI: 0.76-0.91) but not lower among those with heart failure (HR = 0.69; 95%CI: 0.36-1.32).
A better CRF was associated with lower risk of all-cause mortality and CVD. This study supports the use of CRF as a powerful predictor of mortality in this population. Background: Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is inversely associated with mortality in apparently healthy subjects and in some clinical populations, but evidence for the association between CRF and all-cause and/or cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality in patients with established CVD is lacking. This study aimed to quantify this association. Methods: We searched for prospective cohort studies that measured CRF with cardiopulmonary exercise testing in patients with CVD and that examined all-cause and CVD mortality with at least 6 months of follow-up. Pooled hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated using random-effect inverse-variance analyses. Results: Data were obtained from 21 studies and included 159,352 patients diagnosed with CVD (38.1% female). Pooled HRs for all-cause and CVD mortality comparing the highest vs. lowest category of CRF were 0.42 (95% confidence interval (95%CI): 0.28–0.61) and 0.27 (95%CI: 0.16–0.48), respectively. Pooled HRs per 1 metabolic equivalent (1-MET) increment were significant for all-cause mortality (HR = 0.81; 95%CI: 0.74–0.88) but not for CVD mortality (HR = 0.75; 95%CI: 0.48–1.18). Coronary artery disease patients with high CRF had a lower risk of all-cause mortality (HR = 0.32; 95%CI: 0.26–0.41) than did their unfit counterparts. Each 1-MET increase was associated with lower all-cause mortality risk among coronary artery disease patients (HR = 0.83; 95%CI: 0.76–0.91) but not lower among those with heart failure (HR = 0.69; 95%CI: 0.36–1.32). Conclusion: A better CRF was associated with lower risk of all-cause mortality and CVD. This study supports the use of CRF as a powerful predictor of mortality in this population. Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is inversely associated with mortality in apparently healthy subjects and in some clinical populations, but evidence for the association between CRF and all-cause and/or cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality in patients with established CVD is lacking. This study aimed to quantify this association.BACKGROUNDCardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is inversely associated with mortality in apparently healthy subjects and in some clinical populations, but evidence for the association between CRF and all-cause and/or cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality in patients with established CVD is lacking. This study aimed to quantify this association.We searched for prospective cohort studies that measured CRF with cardiopulmonary exercise testing in patients with CVD and that examined all-cause and CVD mortality with at least 6 months of follow-up. Pooled hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated using random-effect inverse-variance analyses.METHODSWe searched for prospective cohort studies that measured CRF with cardiopulmonary exercise testing in patients with CVD and that examined all-cause and CVD mortality with at least 6 months of follow-up. Pooled hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated using random-effect inverse-variance analyses.Data were obtained from 21 studies and included 159,352 patients diagnosed with CVD (38.1% female). Pooled HRs for all-cause and CVD mortality comparing the highest vs. lowest category of CRF were 0.42 (95% confidence interval (95%CI): 0.28-0.61) and 0.27 (95%CI: 0.16-0.48), respectively. Pooled HRs per 1 metabolic equivalent (1-MET) increment were significant for all-cause mortality (HR = 0.81; 95%CI: 0.74-0.88) but not for CVD mortality (HR = 0.75; 95%CI: 0.48-1.18). Coronary artery disease patients with high CRF had a lower risk of all-cause mortality (HR = 0.32; 95%CI: 0.26-0.41) than did their unfit counterparts. Each 1-MET increase was associated with lower all-cause mortality risk among coronary artery disease patients (HR = 0.83; 95%CI: 0.76-0.91) but not lower among those with heart failure (HR = 0.69; 95%CI: 0.36-1.32).RESULTSData were obtained from 21 studies and included 159,352 patients diagnosed with CVD (38.1% female). Pooled HRs for all-cause and CVD mortality comparing the highest vs. lowest category of CRF were 0.42 (95% confidence interval (95%CI): 0.28-0.61) and 0.27 (95%CI: 0.16-0.48), respectively. Pooled HRs per 1 metabolic equivalent (1-MET) increment were significant for all-cause mortality (HR = 0.81; 95%CI: 0.74-0.88) but not for CVD mortality (HR = 0.75; 95%CI: 0.48-1.18). Coronary artery disease patients with high CRF had a lower risk of all-cause mortality (HR = 0.32; 95%CI: 0.26-0.41) than did their unfit counterparts. Each 1-MET increase was associated with lower all-cause mortality risk among coronary artery disease patients (HR = 0.83; 95%CI: 0.76-0.91) but not lower among those with heart failure (HR = 0.69; 95%CI: 0.36-1.32).A better CRF was associated with lower risk of all-cause mortality and CVD. This study supports the use of CRF as a powerful predictor of mortality in this population.CONCLUSIONA better CRF was associated with lower risk of all-cause mortality and CVD. This study supports the use of CRF as a powerful predictor of mortality in this population. • High cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) is associated with 58% lower all-cause mortality risk and 73% lower cardiovascular mortality risk compared to unfit counterparts. • Each 1 metabolic equivalent (1-MET) increase in CRF is associated with a 19% lower CVD mortality risk among patients with CVD. • Coronary artery disease patients with high CRF have a 68% lower all-cause mortality risk than their unfit counterparts. • Each 1-MET increase in CRF is associated with a 17% lower all-cause mortality risk among patients with coronary artery disease. • No significant associations were found between increments of 1-MET and lower mortality risk among heart failure patients. Image, graphical abstract Background:Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is inversely associated with mortality in apparently healthy subjects and in some clinical popula-tions,but evidence for the association between CRF and all-cause and/or cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality in patients with established CVD is lacking.This study aimed to quantify this association.Methods:We searched for prospective cohort studies that measured CRF with cardiopulmonary exercise testing in patients with CVD and that examined all-cause and CVD mortality with at least 6 months of follow-up.Pooled hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated using random-effect inverse-variance analyses.Results:Data were obtained from 21 studies and included 159,352 patients diagnosed with CVD (38.1％ female).Pooled HRs for all-cause and CVD mortality comparing the highest vs.lowest category of CRF were 0.42 (95％ confidence interval (95％CI):0.28-0.61) and 0.27 (95％CI:0.16-0.48),respectively.Pooled HRs per 1 metabolic equivalent (1-MET) increment were significant for all-cause mortality (HR=0.81;95％CI:0.74-0.88) but not for CVD mortality (HR=0.75;95％CI:0.48-1.18).Coronary artery disease patients with high CRF had a lower risk of all-cause mortality(HR=0.32;95％CI:0.26-0.41) than did their unfit counterparts.Each 1-MET increase was associated with lower all-cause mortality risk among coronary artery disease patients (HR =0.83;95％CI:0.76-0.91) but not lower among those with heart failure (HR =0.69;95％CI:0.36-1.32).Conclusion:A better CRF was associated with lower risk of all-cause mortality and CVD.This study supports the use of CRF as a powerful pre-dictor of mortality in this population. •High cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) is associated with 58% lower all-cause mortality risk and 73% lower cardiovascular mortality risk compared to unfit counterparts.•Each 1 metabolic equivalent (1-MET) increase in CRF is associated with a 19% lower CVD mortality risk among patients with CVD.•Coronary artery disease patients with high CRF have a 68% lower all-cause mortality risk than their unfit counterparts.•Each 1-MET increase in CRF is associated with a 17% lower all-cause mortality risk among patients with coronary artery disease.•No significant associations were found between increments of 1-MET and lower mortality risk among heart failure patients. Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is inversely associated with mortality in apparently healthy subjects and in some clinical populations, but evidence for the association between CRF and all-cause and/or cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality in patients with established CVD is lacking. This study aimed to quantify this association. We searched for prospective cohort studies that measured CRF with cardiopulmonary exercise testing in patients with CVD and that examined all-cause and CVD mortality with at least 6 months of follow-up. Pooled hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated using random-effect inverse-variance analyses. Data were obtained from 21 studies and included 159,352 patients diagnosed with CVD (38.1% female). Pooled HRs for all-cause and CVD mortality comparing the highest vs. lowest category of CRF were 0.42 (95% confidence interval (95%CI): 0.28–0.61) and 0.27 (95%CI: 0.16–0.48), respectively. Pooled HRs per 1 metabolic equivalent (1-MET) increment were significant for all-cause mortality (HR = 0.81; 95%CI: 0.74–0.88) but not for CVD mortality (HR = 0.75; 95%CI: 0.48–1.18). Coronary artery disease patients with high CRF had a lower risk of all-cause mortality (HR = 0.32; 95%CI: 0.26–0.41) than did their unfit counterparts. Each 1-MET increase was associated with lower all-cause mortality risk among coronary artery disease patients (HR = 0.83; 95%CI: 0.76–0.91) but not lower among those with heart failure (HR = 0.69; 95%CI: 0.36–1.32). A better CRF was associated with lower risk of all-cause mortality and CVD. This study supports the use of CRF as a powerful predictor of mortality in this population. [Display omitted] |
| Author | Izquierdo, Mikel Calatayud, Joaquín Núñez, Julio Ramírez-Vélez, Robinson García-Hermoso, Antonio Ezzatvar, Yasmin |
| AuthorAffiliation | Exercise Intervention for Health Research Group (EXINH-RG),Department of Physiotherapy,Universitat de València,Valencia 46010,Spain%Navarrabiomed,Navarra Hospital Complex (CHN),Public University of Navarra (UPNA),Navarra Medical Research Institute (IdiSNA),Pamplona 31008,Spain;CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES),Instituto de Salud Carlos Ⅲ,Madrid 28029,Spain%Department of Cardiology,Valencia University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute (INCLIVA),Valencia 46010,Spain;CIBER in Cardiovascular Diseases (CIBERCV),Madrid 28029,Spain%Navarrabiomed,Navarra Hospital Complex (CHN),Public University of Navarra (UPNA),Navarra Medical Research Institute (IdiSNA),Pamplona 31008,Spain;CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES),Instituto de Salud Carlos Ⅲ,Madrid 28029,Spain;Sciences of Physical Activity,Sports and Health School University of Santiago of Chile (USACH),Santiago 71783-5,Chile |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: Exercise Intervention for Health Research Group (EXINH-RG),Department of Physiotherapy,Universitat de València,Valencia 46010,Spain%Navarrabiomed,Navarra Hospital Complex (CHN),Public University of Navarra (UPNA),Navarra Medical Research Institute (IdiSNA),Pamplona 31008,Spain;CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES),Instituto de Salud Carlos Ⅲ,Madrid 28029,Spain%Department of Cardiology,Valencia University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute (INCLIVA),Valencia 46010,Spain;CIBER in Cardiovascular Diseases (CIBERCV),Madrid 28029,Spain%Navarrabiomed,Navarra Hospital Complex (CHN),Public University of Navarra (UPNA),Navarra Medical Research Institute (IdiSNA),Pamplona 31008,Spain;CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES),Instituto de Salud Carlos Ⅲ,Madrid 28029,Spain;Sciences of Physical Activity,Sports and Health School University of Santiago of Chile (USACH),Santiago 71783-5,Chile |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Yasmin surname: Ezzatvar fullname: Ezzatvar, Yasmin organization: Exercise Intervention for Health Research Group (EXINH-RG), Department of Physiotherapy, Universitat de València, Valencia 46010, Spain – sequence: 2 givenname: Mikel surname: Izquierdo fullname: Izquierdo, Mikel organization: Navarrabiomed, Navarra Hospital Complex (CHN), Public University of Navarra (UPNA), Navarra Medical Research Institute (IdiSNA), Pamplona 31008, Spain – sequence: 3 givenname: Julio surname: Núñez fullname: Núñez, Julio organization: Department of Cardiology, Valencia University Hospital, Biomedical Research Institute (INCLIVA), Valencia 46010, Spain – sequence: 4 givenname: Joaquín surname: Calatayud fullname: Calatayud, Joaquín organization: Exercise Intervention for Health Research Group (EXINH-RG), Department of Physiotherapy, Universitat de València, Valencia 46010, Spain – sequence: 5 givenname: Robinson surname: Ramírez-Vélez fullname: Ramírez-Vélez, Robinson organization: Navarrabiomed, Navarra Hospital Complex (CHN), Public University of Navarra (UPNA), Navarra Medical Research Institute (IdiSNA), Pamplona 31008, Spain – sequence: 6 givenname: Antonio surname: García-Hermoso fullname: García-Hermoso, Antonio email: antonio.garciah@unavarra.es organization: Navarrabiomed, Navarra Hospital Complex (CHN), Public University of Navarra (UPNA), Navarra Medical Research Institute (IdiSNA), Pamplona 31008, Spain |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34198003$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| ISSN | 2095-2546 2213-2961 |
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| Issue | 6 |
| Keywords | Heart failure Cardiopulmonary fitness Exercise capacity Coronary artery disease Survival |
| Language | English |
| License | This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license. Copyright © 2021. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). |
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| PublicationTitle | Journal of sport and health science |
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| PublicationYear | 2021 |
| Publisher | Elsevier B.V CIBER in Cardiovascular Diseases (CIBERCV),Madrid 28029,Spain%Navarrabiomed,Navarra Hospital Complex (CHN),Public University of Navarra (UPNA),Navarra Medical Research Institute (IdiSNA),Pamplona 31008,Spain CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES),Instituto de Salud Carlos Ⅲ,Madrid 28029,Spain%Department of Cardiology,Valencia University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute (INCLIVA),Valencia 46010,Spain Sciences of Physical Activity,Sports and Health School University of Santiago of Chile (USACH),Santiago 71783-5,Chile Exercise Intervention for Health Research Group (EXINH-RG),Department of Physiotherapy,Universitat de València,Valencia 46010,Spain%Navarrabiomed,Navarra Hospital Complex (CHN),Public University of Navarra (UPNA),Navarra Medical Research Institute (IdiSNA),Pamplona 31008,Spain CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES),Instituto de Salud Carlos Ⅲ,Madrid 28029,Spain Shanghai University of Sport Elsevier |
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| Snippet | •High cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) is associated with 58% lower all-cause mortality risk and 73% lower... Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is inversely associated with mortality in apparently healthy subjects and in some clinical populations, but evidence for the... Background:Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is inversely associated with mortality in apparently healthy subjects and in some clinical popula-tions,but evidence... • High cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) is associated with 58% lower all-cause mortality risk and 73% lower... Background: Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is inversely associated with mortality in apparently healthy subjects and in some clinical populations, but... |
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| SubjectTerms | Cardiopulmonary fitness Cardiorespiratory Fitness Cardiovascular Diseases Coronary artery disease Exercise capacity Exercise Test Female Heart failure Humans Male Prospective Studies Review Survival |
| Title | Cardiorespiratory fitness measured with cardiopulmonary exercise testing and mortality in patients with cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis |
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