A theoretical foundation for multi-scale regular vegetation patterns
Empirically validated mathematical models show that a combination of intraspecific competition between subterranean social-insect colonies and scale-dependent feedbacks between plants can explain the spatially periodic vegetation patterns observed in many landscapes, such as the Namib Desert ‘fairy...
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| Vydané v: | Nature (London) Ročník 541; číslo 7637; s. 398 - 401 |
|---|---|
| Hlavní autori: | , , , , , , |
| Médium: | Journal Article |
| Jazyk: | English |
| Vydavateľské údaje: |
London
Nature Publishing Group UK
19.01.2017
Nature Publishing Group |
| Predmet: | |
| ISSN: | 0028-0836, 1476-4687, 1476-4687 |
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| Abstract | Empirically validated mathematical models show that a combination of intraspecific competition between subterranean social-insect colonies and scale-dependent feedbacks between plants can explain the spatially periodic vegetation patterns observed in many landscapes, such as the Namib Desert ‘fairy circles’.
The many causes of fairy circles
Desert grasslands in parts of Namibia are punctuated by regularly patterned patches of bare soil known as fairy circles, the origins of which have remained unclear. Corina Tarnita, Juan Bonachela and colleagues use theoretical modelling and image analysis to show that a combination of scale-dependent feedbacks between plants and territorial competition between subterranean social-insect colonies can explain these features. They conclude that multiple mechanisms of self-organization are probably at play in ecosystems across the world.
Self-organized regular vegetation patterns are widespread
1
and thought to mediate ecosystem functions such as productivity and robustness
2
,
3
,
4
, but the mechanisms underlying their origin and maintenance remain disputed. Particularly controversial are landscapes of overdispersed (evenly spaced) elements, such as North American Mima mounds, Brazilian
murundus
, South African
heuweltjies
, and, famously, Namibian fairy circles
5
,
6
,
7
,
8
,
9
,
10
,
11
,
12
,
13
. Two competing hypotheses are currently debated. On the one hand, models of scale-dependent feedbacks, whereby plants facilitate neighbours while competing with distant individuals, can reproduce various regular patterns identified in satellite imagery
1
,
14
,
15
. Owing to deep theoretical roots and apparent generality, scale-dependent feedbacks are widely viewed as a unifying and near-universal principle of regular-pattern formation
1
,
16
,
17
despite scant empirical evidence
18
. On the other hand, many overdispersed vegetation patterns worldwide have been attributed to subterranean ecosystem engineers such as termites, ants, and rodents
3
,
4
,
7
,
19
,
20
,
21
,
22
. Although potentially consistent with territorial competition
19
,
20
,
21
,
23
,
24
, this interpretation has been challenged theoretically and empirically
11
,
17
,
24
,
25
,
26
and (unlike scale-dependent feedbacks) lacks a unifying dynamical theory, fuelling scepticism about its plausibility and generality
5
,
9
,
10
,
11
,
16
,
17
,
18
,
24
,
25
,
26
. Here we provide a general theoretical foundation for self-organization of social-insect colonies, validated using data from four continents, which demonstrates that intraspecific competition between territorial animals can generate the large-scale hexagonal regularity of these patterns. However, this mechanism is not mutually exclusive with scale-dependent feedbacks. Using Namib Desert fairy circles as a case study, we present field data showing that these landscapes exhibit multi-scale patterning—previously undocumented in this system—that cannot be explained by either mechanism in isolation. These multi-scale patterns and other emergent properties, such as enhanced resistance to and recovery from drought, instead arise from dynamic interactions in our theoretical framework, which couples both mechanisms. The potentially global extent of animal-induced regularity in vegetation—which can modulate other patterning processes in functionally important ways—emphasizes the need to integrate multiple mechanisms of ecological self-organization
27
. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Self-organized regular vegetation patterns are widespread and thought to mediate ecosystem functions such as productivity and robustness, but the mechanisms underlying their origin and maintenance remain disputed. Particularly controversial are landscapes of overdispersed (evenly spaced) elements, such as North American Mima mounds, Brazilian murundus, South African heuweltjies, and, famously, Namibian fairy circles. Two competing hypotheses are currently debated. On the one hand, models of scale-dependent feedbacks, whereby plants facilitate neighbours while competing with distant individuals, can reproduce various regular patterns identified in satellite imagery. Owing to deep theoretical roots and apparent generality, scale-dependent feedbacks are widely viewed as a unifying and near-universal principle of regular-pattern formation despite scant empirical evidence. On the other hand, many overdispersed vegetation patterns worldwide have been attributed to subterranean ecosystem engineers such as termites, ants, and rodents. Although potentially consistent with territorial competition, this interpretation has been challenged theoretically and empirically and (unlike scale-dependent feedbacks) lacks a unifying dynamical theory, fuelling scepticism about its plausibility and generality. Here we provide a general theoretical foundation for self-organization of social-insect colonies, validated using data from four continents, which demonstrates that intraspecific competition between territorial animals can generate the large-scale hexagonal regularity of these patterns. However, this mechanism is not mutually exclusive with scale-dependent feedbacks. Using Namib Desert fairy circles as a case study, we present field data showing that these landscapes exhibit multi-scale patterning-previously undocumented in this system-that cannot be explained by either mechanism in isolation. These multi-scale patterns and other emergent properties, such as enhanced resistance to and recovery from drought, instead arise from dynamic interactions in our theoretical framework, which couples both mechanisms. The potentially global extent of animal-induced regularity in vegetation-which can modulate other patterning processes in functionally important ways-emphasizes the need to integrate multiple mechanisms of ecological self-organization.Self-organized regular vegetation patterns are widespread and thought to mediate ecosystem functions such as productivity and robustness, but the mechanisms underlying their origin and maintenance remain disputed. Particularly controversial are landscapes of overdispersed (evenly spaced) elements, such as North American Mima mounds, Brazilian murundus, South African heuweltjies, and, famously, Namibian fairy circles. Two competing hypotheses are currently debated. On the one hand, models of scale-dependent feedbacks, whereby plants facilitate neighbours while competing with distant individuals, can reproduce various regular patterns identified in satellite imagery. Owing to deep theoretical roots and apparent generality, scale-dependent feedbacks are widely viewed as a unifying and near-universal principle of regular-pattern formation despite scant empirical evidence. On the other hand, many overdispersed vegetation patterns worldwide have been attributed to subterranean ecosystem engineers such as termites, ants, and rodents. Although potentially consistent with territorial competition, this interpretation has been challenged theoretically and empirically and (unlike scale-dependent feedbacks) lacks a unifying dynamical theory, fuelling scepticism about its plausibility and generality. Here we provide a general theoretical foundation for self-organization of social-insect colonies, validated using data from four continents, which demonstrates that intraspecific competition between territorial animals can generate the large-scale hexagonal regularity of these patterns. However, this mechanism is not mutually exclusive with scale-dependent feedbacks. Using Namib Desert fairy circles as a case study, we present field data showing that these landscapes exhibit multi-scale patterning-previously undocumented in this system-that cannot be explained by either mechanism in isolation. These multi-scale patterns and other emergent properties, such as enhanced resistance to and recovery from drought, instead arise from dynamic interactions in our theoretical framework, which couples both mechanisms. The potentially global extent of animal-induced regularity in vegetation-which can modulate other patterning processes in functionally important ways-emphasizes the need to integrate multiple mechanisms of ecological self-organization. Empirically validated mathematical models show that a combination of intraspecific competition between subterranean social-insect colonies and scale-dependent feedbacks between plants can explain the spatially periodic vegetation patterns observed in many landscapes, such as the Namib Desert ‘fairy circles’. The many causes of fairy circles Desert grasslands in parts of Namibia are punctuated by regularly patterned patches of bare soil known as fairy circles, the origins of which have remained unclear. Corina Tarnita, Juan Bonachela and colleagues use theoretical modelling and image analysis to show that a combination of scale-dependent feedbacks between plants and territorial competition between subterranean social-insect colonies can explain these features. They conclude that multiple mechanisms of self-organization are probably at play in ecosystems across the world. Self-organized regular vegetation patterns are widespread 1 and thought to mediate ecosystem functions such as productivity and robustness 2 , 3 , 4 , but the mechanisms underlying their origin and maintenance remain disputed. Particularly controversial are landscapes of overdispersed (evenly spaced) elements, such as North American Mima mounds, Brazilian murundus , South African heuweltjies , and, famously, Namibian fairy circles 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 . Two competing hypotheses are currently debated. On the one hand, models of scale-dependent feedbacks, whereby plants facilitate neighbours while competing with distant individuals, can reproduce various regular patterns identified in satellite imagery 1 , 14 , 15 . Owing to deep theoretical roots and apparent generality, scale-dependent feedbacks are widely viewed as a unifying and near-universal principle of regular-pattern formation 1 , 16 , 17 despite scant empirical evidence 18 . On the other hand, many overdispersed vegetation patterns worldwide have been attributed to subterranean ecosystem engineers such as termites, ants, and rodents 3 , 4 , 7 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 . Although potentially consistent with territorial competition 19 , 20 , 21 , 23 , 24 , this interpretation has been challenged theoretically and empirically 11 , 17 , 24 , 25 , 26 and (unlike scale-dependent feedbacks) lacks a unifying dynamical theory, fuelling scepticism about its plausibility and generality 5 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 24 , 25 , 26 . Here we provide a general theoretical foundation for self-organization of social-insect colonies, validated using data from four continents, which demonstrates that intraspecific competition between territorial animals can generate the large-scale hexagonal regularity of these patterns. However, this mechanism is not mutually exclusive with scale-dependent feedbacks. Using Namib Desert fairy circles as a case study, we present field data showing that these landscapes exhibit multi-scale patterning—previously undocumented in this system—that cannot be explained by either mechanism in isolation. These multi-scale patterns and other emergent properties, such as enhanced resistance to and recovery from drought, instead arise from dynamic interactions in our theoretical framework, which couples both mechanisms. The potentially global extent of animal-induced regularity in vegetation—which can modulate other patterning processes in functionally important ways—emphasizes the need to integrate multiple mechanisms of ecological self-organization 27 . Self-organized regular vegetation patterns are widespread1 and thought to mediate ecosystem functions such as productivity and robustness2-4, but the mechanisms underlying their origin and maintenance remain disputed. Particularly controversial are landscapes of overdispersed (evenly spaced) elements, such as North American Mima mounds, Brazilian murundus, South African heuweltjies, and, famously, Namibian fairy circles5-13. Two competing hypotheses are currently debated. On the one hand, models of scale-dependent feedbacks, whereby plants facilitate neighbours while competing with distant individuals, can reproduce various regular patterns identified in satellite imagery1,14,15. Owing to deep theoretical roots and apparent generality, scale-dependent feedbacks are widely viewed as a unifying and near-universal principle of regular-pattern formation1,16,17 despite scant empirical evidence18. On the other hand, many overdispersed vegetation patterns worldwide have been attributed to subterranean ecosystem engineers such as termites, ants, and rodents3,4,7,19-22. Although potentially consistent with territorial competition19-21,23,24, this interpretation has been challenged theoretically and empirically11 ,17,24-26 and (unlike scale-dependent feedbacks) lacks a unifying dynamical theory, fuelling scepticism about its plausibility and generality5,9-11,16-18,24-26. Here we provide a general theoretical foundation for self-organization of social-insect colonies, validated using data from four continents, which demonstrates that intraspecific competition between territorial animals can generate the large-scale hexagonal regularity of these patterns. However, this mechanism is not mutually exclusive with scale-dependent feedbacks. Using Namib Desert fairy circles as a case study, we present field data showing that these landscapes exhibit multi-scale patterning-previously undocumented in this system-that cannot be explained by either mechanism in isolation. These multi-scale patterns and other emergent properties, such as enhanced resistance to and recovery from drought, instead arise from dynamic interactions in our theoretical framework, which couples both mechanisms. The potentially global extent of animal-induced regularity in vegetation-which can modulate other patterning processes in functionally important ways- emphasizes the need to integrate multiple mechanisms of ecological self-organization27. Self-organized regular vegetation patterns are widespread and thought to mediate ecosystem functions such as productivity and robustness, but the mechanisms underlying their origin and maintenance remain disputed. Particularly controversial are landscapes of overdispersed (evenly spaced) elements, such as North American Mima mounds, Brazilian murundus, South African heuweltjies, and, famously, Namibian fairy circles. Two competing hypotheses are currently debated. On the one hand, models of scale-dependent feedbacks, whereby plants facilitate neighbours while competing with distant individuals, can reproduce various regular patterns identified in satellite imagery. Owing to deep theoretical roots and apparent generality, scale-dependent feedbacks are widely viewed as a unifying and near-universal principle of regular-pattern formation despite scant empirical evidence. On the other hand, many overdispersed vegetation patterns worldwide have been attributed to subterranean ecosystem engineers such as termites, ants, and rodents. Although potentially consistent with territorial competition, this interpretation has been challenged theoretically and empirically and (unlike scale-dependent feedbacks) lacks a unifying dynamical theory, fuelling scepticism about its plausibility and generality. Here we provide a general theoretical foundation for self-organization of social-insect colonies, validated using data from four continents, which demonstrates that intraspecific competition between territorial animals can generate the large-scale hexagonal regularity of these patterns. However, this mechanism is not mutually exclusive with scale-dependent feedbacks. Using Namib Desert fairy circles as a case study, we present field data showing that these landscapes exhibit multi-scale patterning-previously undocumented in this system-that cannot be explained by either mechanism in isolation. These multi-scale patterns and other emergent properties, such as enhanced resistance to and recovery from drought, instead arise from dynamic interactions in our theoretical framework, which couples both mechanisms. The potentially global extent of animal-induced regularity in vegetation-which can modulate other patterning processes in functionally important ways-emphasizes the need to integrate multiple mechanisms of ecological self-organization. |
| Audience | Academic |
| Author | Long, Ryan A. Pringle, Robert M. Bonachela, Juan A. Coverdale, Tyler C. Tarnita, Corina E. Sheffer, Efrat Guyton, Jennifer A. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Corina E. surname: Tarnita fullname: Tarnita, Corina E. email: ctarnita@princeton.edu organization: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Mpala Research Center – sequence: 2 givenname: Juan A. surname: Bonachela fullname: Bonachela, Juan A. email: juan.bonachela@strath.ac.uk organization: Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Marine Population Modelling Group, University of Strathclyde – sequence: 3 givenname: Efrat surname: Sheffer fullname: Sheffer, Efrat organization: The Robert H. Smith Institute for Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Faculty of Agriculture, Hebrew University of Jerusalem – sequence: 4 givenname: Jennifer A. surname: Guyton fullname: Guyton, Jennifer A. organization: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University – sequence: 5 givenname: Tyler C. surname: Coverdale fullname: Coverdale, Tyler C. organization: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University – sequence: 6 givenname: Ryan A. surname: Long fullname: Long, Ryan A. organization: Department of Fish and Wildlife Services, University of Idaho – sequence: 7 givenname: Robert M. surname: Pringle fullname: Pringle, Robert M. organization: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Mpala Research Center |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28102267$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature. All rights reserved. 2017 COPYRIGHT 2017 Nature Publishing Group Copyright Nature Publishing Group Jan 19, 2017 |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature. All rights reserved. 2017 – notice: COPYRIGHT 2017 Nature Publishing Group – notice: Copyright Nature Publishing Group Jan 19, 2017 |
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| DOI | 10.1038/nature20801 |
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| Title | A theoretical foundation for multi-scale regular vegetation patterns |
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