Insights Into Emissions and Exposures From Use of Industrial-Scale Additive Manufacturing Machines
Emerging reports suggest the potential for adverse health effects from exposure to emissions from some additive manufacturing (AM) processes. There is a paucity of real-world data on emissions from AM machines in industrial workplaces and personal exposures among AM operators. Airborne particle and...
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| Published in: | Safety and health at work Vol. 10; no. 2; pp. 229 - 236 |
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
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Korea (South)
Elsevier B.V
01.06.2019
Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute Elsevier 한국산업안전보건공단 산업안전보건연구원 |
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| ISSN: | 2093-7911, 2093-7997 |
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| Abstract | Emerging reports suggest the potential for adverse health effects from exposure to emissions from some additive manufacturing (AM) processes. There is a paucity of real-world data on emissions from AM machines in industrial workplaces and personal exposures among AM operators.
Airborne particle and organic chemical emissions and personal exposures were characterized using real-time and time-integrated sampling techniques in four manufacturing facilities using industrial-scale material extrusion and material jetting AM processes.
Using a condensation nuclei counter, number-based particle emission rates (ERs) (number/min) from material extrusion AM machines ranged from 4.1 × 1010 (Ultem filament) to 2.2 × 1011 [acrylonitrile butadiene styrene and polycarbonate filaments). For these same machines, total volatile organic compound ERs (μg/min) ranged from 1.9 × 104 (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene and polycarbonate) to 9.4 × 104 (Ultem). For the material jetting machines, the number-based particle ER was higher when the lid was open (2.3 × 1010 number/min) than when the lid was closed (1.5–5.5 × 109 number/min); total volatile organic compound ERs were similar regardless of the lid position. Low levels of acetone, benzene, toluene, and m,p-xylene were common to both AM processes. Carbonyl compounds were detected; however, none were specifically attributed to the AM processes. Personal exposures to metals (aluminum and iron) and eight volatile organic compounds were all below National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)-recommended exposure levels.
Industrial-scale AM machines using thermoplastics and resins released particles and organic vapors into workplace air. More research is needed to understand factors influencing real-world industrial-scale AM process emissions and exposures. |
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| AbstractList | Emerging reports suggest the potential for adverse health effects from exposure to emissions from some additive manufacturing (AM) processes. There is a paucity of real-world data on emissions from AM machines in industrial workplaces and personal exposures among AM operators.BACKGROUNDEmerging reports suggest the potential for adverse health effects from exposure to emissions from some additive manufacturing (AM) processes. There is a paucity of real-world data on emissions from AM machines in industrial workplaces and personal exposures among AM operators.Airborne particle and organic chemical emissions and personal exposures were characterized using real-time and time-integrated sampling techniques in four manufacturing facilities using industrial-scale material extrusion and material jetting AM processes.METHODSAirborne particle and organic chemical emissions and personal exposures were characterized using real-time and time-integrated sampling techniques in four manufacturing facilities using industrial-scale material extrusion and material jetting AM processes.Using a condensation nuclei counter, number-based particle emission rates (ERs) (number/min) from material extrusion AM machines ranged from 4.1 × 1010 (Ultem filament) to 2.2 × 1011 [acrylonitrile butadiene styrene and polycarbonate filaments). For these same machines, total volatile organic compound ERs (μg/min) ranged from 1.9 × 104 (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene and polycarbonate) to 9.4 × 104 (Ultem). For the material jetting machines, the number-based particle ER was higher when the lid was open (2.3 × 1010 number/min) than when the lid was closed (1.5-5.5 × 109 number/min); total volatile organic compound ERs were similar regardless of the lid position. Low levels of acetone, benzene, toluene, and m,p-xylene were common to both AM processes. Carbonyl compounds were detected; however, none were specifically attributed to the AM processes. Personal exposures to metals (aluminum and iron) and eight volatile organic compounds were all below National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)-recommended exposure levels.RESULTSUsing a condensation nuclei counter, number-based particle emission rates (ERs) (number/min) from material extrusion AM machines ranged from 4.1 × 1010 (Ultem filament) to 2.2 × 1011 [acrylonitrile butadiene styrene and polycarbonate filaments). For these same machines, total volatile organic compound ERs (μg/min) ranged from 1.9 × 104 (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene and polycarbonate) to 9.4 × 104 (Ultem). For the material jetting machines, the number-based particle ER was higher when the lid was open (2.3 × 1010 number/min) than when the lid was closed (1.5-5.5 × 109 number/min); total volatile organic compound ERs were similar regardless of the lid position. Low levels of acetone, benzene, toluene, and m,p-xylene were common to both AM processes. Carbonyl compounds were detected; however, none were specifically attributed to the AM processes. Personal exposures to metals (aluminum and iron) and eight volatile organic compounds were all below National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)-recommended exposure levels.Industrial-scale AM machines using thermoplastics and resins released particles and organic vapors into workplace air. More research is needed to understand factors influencing real-world industrial-scale AM process emissions and exposures.CONCLUSIONIndustrial-scale AM machines using thermoplastics and resins released particles and organic vapors into workplace air. More research is needed to understand factors influencing real-world industrial-scale AM process emissions and exposures. Emerging reports suggest the potential for adverse health effects from exposure to emissions from some additive manufacturing (AM) processes. There is a paucity of real-world data on emissions from AM machines in industrial workplaces and personal exposures among AM operators. Airborne particle and organic chemical emissions and personal exposures were characterized using real-time and time-integrated sampling techniques in four manufacturing facilities using industrial-scale material extrusion and material jetting AM processes. Using a condensation nuclei counter, number-based particle emission rates (ERs) (number/min) from material extrusion AM machines ranged from 4.1 × 1010 (Ultem filament) to 2.2 × 1011 [acrylonitrile butadiene styrene and polycarbonate filaments). For these same machines, total volatile organic compound ERs (μg/min) ranged from 1.9 × 104 (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene and polycarbonate) to 9.4 × 104 (Ultem). For the material jetting machines, the number-based particle ER was higher when the lid was open (2.3 × 1010 number/min) than when the lid was closed (1.5–5.5 × 109 number/min); total volatile organic compound ERs were similar regardless of the lid position. Low levels of acetone, benzene, toluene, and m,p-xylene were common to both AM processes. Carbonyl compounds were detected; however, none were specifically attributed to the AM processes. Personal exposures to metals (aluminum and iron) and eight volatile organic compounds were all below National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)-recommended exposure levels. Industrial-scale AM machines using thermoplastics and resins released particles and organic vapors into workplace air. More research is needed to understand factors influencing real-world industrial-scale AM process emissions and exposures. Background: Emerging reports suggest the potential for adverse health effects from exposure to emissions from some additive manufacturing (AM) processes. There is a paucity of real-world data on emissions from AM machines in industrial workplaces and personal exposures among AM operators. Methods: Airborne particle and organic chemical emissions and personal exposures were characterized using real-time and time-integrated sampling techniques in four manufacturing facilities using industrial-scale material extrusion and material jetting AM processes. Results: Using a condensation nuclei counter, number-based particle emission rates (ERs) (number/min) from material extrusion AM machines ranged from 4.1 1010 (Ultem filament) to 2.2 1011 [acrylonitrile butadiene styrene and polycarbonate filaments). For these same machines, total volatile organic compound ERs (mg/min) ranged from 1.9 104 (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene and polycarbonate) to 9.4 104 (Ultem). For the material jetting machines, the number-based particle ER was higher when the lid was open (2.3 1010 number/min) than when the lid was closed (1.5e5.5 109 number/min); total volatile organic compound ERs were similar regardless of the lid position. Low levels of acetone, benzene, toluene, and m,p-xylene were common to both AM processes. Carbonyl compounds were detected; however, none were specifically attributed to the AM processes. Personal exposures to metals (aluminum and iron) and eight volatile organic compounds were all below National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)-recommended exposure levels. Conclusion: Industrial-scale AM machines using thermoplastics and resins released particles and organic vapors into workplace air. More research is needed to understand factors influencing real-world industrial- scale AM process emissions and exposures. KCI Citation Count: 0 Background: Emerging reports suggest the potential for adverse health effects from exposure to emissions from some additive manufacturing (AM) processes. There is a paucity of real-world data on emissions from AM machines in industrial workplaces and personal exposures among AM operators. Methods: Airborne particle and organic chemical emissions and personal exposures were characterized using real-time and time-integrated sampling techniques in four manufacturing facilities using industrial-scale material extrusion and material jetting AM processes. Results: Using a condensation nuclei counter, number-based particle emission rates (ERs) (number/min) from material extrusion AM machines ranged from 4.1 × 1010 (Ultem filament) to 2.2 × 1011 [acrylonitrile butadiene styrene and polycarbonate filaments). For these same machines, total volatile organic compound ERs (μg/min) ranged from 1.9 × 104 (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene and polycarbonate) to 9.4 × 104 (Ultem). For the material jetting machines, the number-based particle ER was higher when the lid was open (2.3 × 1010 number/min) than when the lid was closed (1.5–5.5 × 109 number/min); total volatile organic compound ERs were similar regardless of the lid position. Low levels of acetone, benzene, toluene, and m,p-xylene were common to both AM processes. Carbonyl compounds were detected; however, none were specifically attributed to the AM processes. Personal exposures to metals (aluminum and iron) and eight volatile organic compounds were all below National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)-recommended exposure levels. Conclusion: Industrial-scale AM machines using thermoplastics and resins released particles and organic vapors into workplace air. More research is needed to understand factors influencing real-world industrial-scale AM process emissions and exposures. Keywords: Additive manufacturing, Material extrusion, Material jetting, Ultrafine particles, Volatile organic compounds Emerging reports suggest the potential for adverse health effects from exposure to emissions from some additive manufacturing (AM) processes. There is a paucity of real-world data on emissions from AM machines in industrial workplaces and personal exposures among AM operators. Airborne particle and organic chemical emissions and personal exposures were characterized using real-time and time-integrated sampling techniques in four manufacturing facilities using industrial-scale material extrusion and material jetting AM processes. Using a condensation nuclei counter, number-based particle emission rates (ERs) (number/min) from material extrusion AM machines ranged from 4.1 × 10 (Ultem filament) to 2.2 × 10 [acrylonitrile butadiene styrene and polycarbonate filaments). For these same machines, total volatile organic compound ERs (μg/min) ranged from 1.9 × 10 (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene and polycarbonate) to 9.4 × 10 (Ultem). For the material jetting machines, the number-based particle ER was higher when the lid was open (2.3 × 10 number/min) than when the lid was closed (1.5-5.5 × 10 number/min); total volatile organic compound ERs were similar regardless of the lid position. Low levels of acetone, benzene, toluene, and -xylene were common to both AM processes. Carbonyl compounds were detected; however, none were specifically attributed to the AM processes. Personal exposures to metals (aluminum and iron) and eight volatile organic compounds were all below National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)-recommended exposure levels. Industrial-scale AM machines using thermoplastics and resins released particles and organic vapors into workplace air. More research is needed to understand factors influencing real-world industrial-scale AM process emissions and exposures. |
| Author | Martin, S.B. Duling, M.G. du Preez, S. Knepp, A.K. Hammond, D.R. Johnson, A.R. Ham, J.E. du Plessis, J.L. Wells, J.R. de Beer, D.J. Bowers, L.N. Stefaniak, A.B. LeBouf, R.F. |
| AuthorAffiliation | 1 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA 2 North-West University, Occupational Hygiene and Health Research Initiative, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa 4 North-West University, Technology and Innovation Support Office, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa 3 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH, 45213, USA |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 3 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH, 45213, USA – name: 1 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA – name: 2 North-West University, Occupational Hygiene and Health Research Initiative, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa – name: 4 North-West University, Technology and Innovation Support Office, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: A.B. surname: Stefaniak fullname: Stefaniak, A.B. email: AStefaniak@cdc.gov organization: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA – sequence: 2 givenname: A.R. orcidid: 0000-0003-2102-9614 surname: Johnson fullname: Johnson, A.R. email: AJohnson13@cdc.gov organization: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA – sequence: 3 givenname: S. orcidid: 0000-0002-7468-3874 surname: du Preez fullname: du Preez, S. email: dupreezsonette@nwu.ac.za organization: North-West University, Occupational Hygiene and Health Research Initiative, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa – sequence: 4 givenname: D.R. surname: Hammond fullname: Hammond, D.R. email: DHammond@cdc.gov organization: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH, 45213, USA – sequence: 5 givenname: J.R. surname: Wells fullname: Wells, J.R. email: RWells@cdc.gov organization: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA – sequence: 6 givenname: J.E. surname: Ham fullname: Ham, J.E. email: JHam1@cdc.gov organization: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA – sequence: 7 givenname: R.F. surname: LeBouf fullname: LeBouf, R.F. email: RLebouf@cdc.gov organization: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA – sequence: 8 givenname: S.B. surname: Martin fullname: Martin, S.B. email: SMartin1@cdc.gov organization: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA – sequence: 9 givenname: M.G. surname: Duling fullname: Duling, M.G. email: MDuling@cdc.gov organization: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA – sequence: 10 givenname: L.N. surname: Bowers fullname: Bowers, L.N. email: LBowers@cdc.gov organization: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA – sequence: 11 givenname: A.K. surname: Knepp fullname: Knepp, A.K. email: AKnepp@cdc.gov organization: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA – sequence: 12 givenname: D.J. surname: de Beer fullname: de Beer, D.J. email: Deon.deBeer@nwu.ac.za organization: North-West University, Technology and Innovation Support Office, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa – sequence: 13 givenname: J.L. surname: du Plessis fullname: du Plessis, J.L. email: Johan.DuPlessis@nwu.ac.za organization: North-West University, Occupational Hygiene and Health Research Initiative, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa |
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| Keywords | Volatile organic compounds Material extrusion Material jetting Ultrafine particles Additive manufacturing |
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| SubjectTerms | Additive manufacturing Material extrusion Material jetting Original Ultrafine particles Volatile organic compounds 예방의학 |
| Title | Insights Into Emissions and Exposures From Use of Industrial-Scale Additive Manufacturing Machines |
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