Cognitive Maps: Encoding and Decoding Information
The experiences of learning a city by direct experience or navigating through it and studying a map of it provide people with different types of spatial information. Navigation is thought to provide procedural knowledge, which is stored as verbal coding, and map reading is thought to provide survey...
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| Published in: | Annals of the Association of American Geographers Vol. 79; no. 1; pp. 101 - 124 |
|---|---|
| Main Author: | |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Oxford, UK
Taylor & Francis Group
01.03.1989
Association of American Geographers Blackwell Publishing Ltd Taylor & Francis Ltd |
| Subjects: | |
| ISSN: | 0004-5608, 2469-4452, 1467-8306, 2469-4460 |
| Online Access: | Get full text |
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| Abstract | The experiences of learning a city by direct experience or navigating through it and studying a map of it provide people with different types of spatial information. Navigation is thought to provide procedural knowledge, which is stored as verbal coding, and map reading is thought to provide survey knowledge, which is stored as imagery coding. Subjects who learned a city primarily through years of navigation and subjects who learned a city by studying a cartographic map for several minutes were asked to perform the simple experimental task of locating familiar landmarks relative to reference points. Distortions in the cognitive maps of subjects were analyzed to determine significant differences in patterns of distance and direction errors. Patterns of absolute distortion are explained by theories related to the use of alignment and rotation heuristics for encoding information and an implicit scaling process for decoding information. Subjects who learned the city from studying a cartographic map were significantly more accurate and faster at performing the experimental task than subjects who learned the city through direct experience or navigation. Both groups were significantly more accurate when making their judgments with centrally located reference points than with peripherally located reference points. These results provide knowledge of processes used in cognitive mapping and the distortions caused by these processes. Ultimately such studies lead to an understanding of spatial decision-making and behavior. |
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| AbstractList | The experiences of learning a city by direct experience or navigating through it and studying a map of it provide people with different types of spatial information. Navigation is thought to provide procedural knowledge, which is stored as verbal coding, and map reading is thought to provide survey knowledge, which is stored as imagery coding. Subjects who learned a city primarily through years of navigation and subjects who learned a city by studying a cartographic map for several minutes were asked to perform the simple experimental task of locating familiar landmarks relative to reference points. Distortions in the cognitive maps of subjects were analyzed to determine significant differences in patterns of distance and direction errors. Patterns of absolute distortion are explained by theories related to the use of alignment and rotation heuristics for encoding information and an implicit scaling process for decoding information. Subjects who learned the city from studying a cartographic map were significantly more accurate and faster at performing the experimental task than subjects who learned the city through direct experience or navigation. Both groups were significantly more accurate when making their judgments with centrally located reference points than with peripherally located reference points. These results provide knowledge of processes used in cognitive mapping and the distortions caused by these processes. Ultimately such studies lead to an understanding of spatial decision-making and behavior. A study examined the differences in encoding and decoding information about a city depending on whether the information was acquired through direct experience traveling around the city or acquired by surveying a cartographic map for several minutes. Results provide clues of processes used in cognitive mapping and distortions caused by these processes. |
| Author | Lloyd, Robert |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Robert surname: Lloyd fullname: Lloyd, Robert |
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| Cites_doi | 10.1037//0278-7393.12.2.182 10.1016/0010-0285(86)90016-2 10.3758/BF03213468 10.1111/j.1467-8306.1987.tb00153.x 10.1037//0278-7393.6.1.13 10.1037//0096-1523.7.2.309 10.3138/L601-Q58N-8241-82PR 10.3758/BF03197683 10.1016/0010-0285(81)90019-0 10.1016/0010-0285(82)90019-6 10.1037//0096-1523.3.4.622 10.1111/j.0033-0124.1982.00313.x 10.1016/0010-0285(78)90006-3 10.1177/0013916579114007 10.3758/BF03213464 10.1111/j.0033-0124.1984.00326.x 10.1016/0010-0285(82)90013-5 10.1080/14640747908400714 10.1559/152304085783914659 10.1111/j.1467-8306.1982.tb01843.x 10.1016/0010-0285(81)90016-5 10.1177/0013916584166003 |
| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | Copyright Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 1989 Copyright 1989 Association of American Geographers Tous droits réservés © Prodig - Bibliographie Géographique Internationale (BGI), 1992 Copyright Blackwell Publishers Inc. Mar 1989 |
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| DOI | 10.1111/j.1467-8306.1989.tb00253.x |
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| Keywords | Spatial behaviour Cognitive process Error Perception Urban area Cognitive space Location |
| Language | English |
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| Snippet | The experiences of learning a city by direct experience or navigating through it and studying a map of it provide people with different types of spatial... A study examined the differences in encoding and decoding information about a city depending on whether the information was acquired through direct experience... |
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| SubjectTerms | absolute distortion Behaviour and perception Bgi / Prodig Cartography Cities Cognition Cognition & reasoning cognitive map Cognitive mapping Coordinate systems Decoding Downtowns Encoding Encoding (Cognitive process) Error rates Geodetic position Human geography Information Landmarks Mapping Memory Navigation Population geography and social geography procedural knowledge reference points relative distortion Social research survey knowledge |
| Title | Cognitive Maps: Encoding and Decoding Information |
| URI | https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1989.tb00253.x https://www.jstor.org/stable/2563857 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111%2Fj.1467-8306.1989.tb00253.x https://www.proquest.com/docview/1296245358 https://www.proquest.com/docview/208082714 |
| Volume | 79 |
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