Needles in the blue sea: Sub-species specificity in targeted protein biomarker analyses within the vast oceanic microbial metaproteome

Proteomics has great potential for studies of marine microbial biogeochemistry, yet high microbial diversity in many locales presents us with unique challenges. We addressed this challenge with a targeted metaproteomics workflow for NtcA and P‐II, two nitrogen regulatory proteins, and demonstrated i...

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Published in:	Proteomics (Weinheim) Vol. 15; no. 20; pp. 3521 - 3531
Main Authors:	Saito, Mak A., Dorsk, Alexander, Post, Anton F., McIlvin, Matthew R., Rappé, Michael S., DiTullio, Giacomo R., Moran, Dawn M.
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Germany Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.10.2015 Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
Subjects:	Biogeochemistry Biomarkers Cyanobacteria Gene mapping Genetic Variation Genomes Humans Metagenome Metatryp Microbiology Microorganisms MRM Needles Nitrogen Oceans and Seas Peptide mapping Peptides Phylogeny Prochlorococcus Prochlorococcus - genetics Proteins Proteome - genetics Proteomics Python Regulatory proteins Species Species Specificity Synechococcus Synechococcus - genetics Targeted metaproteomics Tryptic peptides Workflow Pacific Ocean Biomarkers MRM Microbiology Metatryp Targeted metaproteomics Cyanobacteria
ISSN:	1615-9853, 1615-9861
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Abstract	Proteomics has great potential for studies of marine microbial biogeochemistry, yet high microbial diversity in many locales presents us with unique challenges. We addressed this challenge with a targeted metaproteomics workflow for NtcA and P‐II, two nitrogen regulatory proteins, and demonstrated its application for cyanobacterial taxa within microbial samples from the Central Pacific Ocean. Using METATRYP, an open‐source Python toolkit, we examined the number of shared (redundant) tryptic peptides in representative marine microbes, with the number of tryptic peptides shared between different species typically being 1% or less. The related cyanobacteria Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus shared an average of 4.8 ± 1.9% of their tryptic peptides, while shared intraspecies peptides were higher, 13 ± 15% shared peptides between 12 Prochlorococcus genomes. An NtcA peptide was found to target multiple cyanobacteria species, whereas a P‐II peptide showed specificity to the high‐light Prochlorococcus ecotype. Distributions of NtcA and P‐II in the Central Pacific Ocean were similar except at the Equator likely due to differential nitrogen stress responses between Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus. The number of unique tryptic peptides coded for within three combined oceanic microbial metagenomes was estimated to be ∼4 × 107, 1000‐fold larger than an individual microbial proteome and 27‐fold larger than the human proteome, yet still 20 orders of magnitude lower than the peptide diversity possible in all protein space, implying that peptide mapping algorithms should be able to withstand the added level of complexity in metaproteomic samples.
AbstractList	Proteomics has great potential for studies of marine microbial biogeochemistry, yet high microbial diversity in many locales presents us with unique challenges. We addressed this challenge with a targeted metaproteomics workflow for NtcA and P‐II, two nitrogen regulatory proteins, and demonstrated its application for cyanobacterial taxa within microbial samples from the Central Pacific Ocean. Using METATRYP, an open‐source Python toolkit, we examined the number of shared (redundant) tryptic peptides in representative marine microbes, with the number of tryptic peptides shared between different species typically being 1% or less. The related cyanobacteria Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus shared an average of 4.8 ± 1.9% of their tryptic peptides, while shared intraspecies peptides were higher, 13 ± 15% shared peptides between 12 Prochlorococcus genomes. An NtcA peptide was found to target multiple cyanobacteria species, whereas a P‐II peptide showed specificity to the high‐light Prochlorococcus ecotype. Distributions of NtcA and P‐II in the Central Pacific Ocean were similar except at the Equator likely due to differential nitrogen stress responses between Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus. The number of unique tryptic peptides coded for within three combined oceanic microbial metagenomes was estimated to be ∼4 × 107, 1000‐fold larger than an individual microbial proteome and 27‐fold larger than the human proteome, yet still 20 orders of magnitude lower than the peptide diversity possible in all protein space, implying that peptide mapping algorithms should be able to withstand the added level of complexity in metaproteomic samples. Proteomics has great potential for studies of marine microbial biogeochemistry, yet high microbial diversity in many locales presents us with unique challenges. We addressed this challenge with a targeted metaproteomics workflow for NtcA and P-II, two nitrogen regulatory proteins, and demonstrated its application for cyanobacterial taxa within microbial samples from the Central Pacific Ocean. Using METATRYP, an open-source Python toolkit, we examined the number of shared (redundant) tryptic peptides in representative marine microbes, with the number of tryptic peptides shared between different species typically being 1% or less. The related cyanobacteria Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus shared an average of 4.8 plus or minus 1.9% of their tryptic peptides, while shared intraspecies peptides were higher, 13 plus or minus 15% shared peptides between 12 Prochlorococcus genomes. An NtcA peptide was found to target multiple cyanobacteria species, whereas a P-II peptide showed specificity to the high-light Prochlorococcus ecotype. Distributions of NtcA and P-II in the Central Pacific Ocean were similar except at the Equator likely due to differential nitrogen stress responses between Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus. The number of unique tryptic peptides coded for within three combined oceanic microbial metagenomes was estimated to be 4 10 super(7), 1000-fold larger than an individual microbial proteome and 27-fold larger than the human proteome, yet still 20 orders of magnitude lower than the peptide diversity possible in all protein space, implying that peptide mapping algorithms should be able to withstand the added level of complexity in metaproteomic samples. Proteomics has great potential for studies of marine microbial biogeochemistry, yet high microbial diversity in many locales presents us with unique challenges. We addressed this challenge with a targeted metaproteomics workflow for NtcA and P-II, two nitrogen regulatory proteins, and demonstrated its application for cyanobacterial taxa within microbial samples from the Central Pacific Ocean. Using METATRYP, an open-source Python toolkit, we examined the number of shared (redundant) tryptic peptides in representative marine microbes, with the number of tryptic peptides shared between different species typically being 1% or less. The related cyanobacteria Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus shared an average of 4.8 ± 1.9% of their tryptic peptides, while shared intraspecies peptides were higher, 13 ± 15% shared peptides between 12 Prochlorococcus genomes. An NtcA peptide was found to target multiple cyanobacteria species, whereas a P-II peptide showed specificity to the high-light Prochlorococcus ecotype. Distributions of NtcA and P-II in the Central Pacific Ocean were similar except at the Equator likely due to differential nitrogen stress responses between Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus. The number of unique tryptic peptides coded for within three combined oceanic microbial metagenomes was estimated to be ∼4 × 10(7) , 1000-fold larger than an individual microbial proteome and 27-fold larger than the human proteome, yet still 20 orders of magnitude lower than the peptide diversity possible in all protein space, implying that peptide mapping algorithms should be able to withstand the added level of complexity in metaproteomic samples.
Author	Dorsk, Alexander Moran, Dawn M. Rappé, Michael S. Saito, Mak A. Post, Anton F. McIlvin, Matthew R. DiTullio, Giacomo R.
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Mak A. surname: Saito fullname: Saito, Mak A. email: msaito@whoi.edu organization: Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, MA, Woods Hole, USA – sequence: 2 givenname: Alexander surname: Dorsk fullname: Dorsk, Alexander organization: Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, MA, Woods Hole, USA – sequence: 3 givenname: Anton F. surname: Post fullname: Post, Anton F. organization: Coastal Resources Center, URI Graduate School of Oceanography, RI, Narragansett, USA – sequence: 4 givenname: Matthew R. surname: McIlvin fullname: McIlvin, Matthew R. organization: Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, MA, Woods Hole, USA – sequence: 5 givenname: Michael S. surname: Rappé fullname: Rappé, Michael S. organization: Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, SOEST, University of Hawaii, HI, Kaneohe, USA – sequence: 6 givenname: Giacomo R. surname: DiTullio fullname: DiTullio, Giacomo R. organization: Grice Marine Laboratory, College of Charleston, South Carolina, USA – sequence: 7 givenname: Dawn M. surname: Moran fullname: Moran, Dawn M. organization: Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, MA, Woods Hole, USA
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SubjectTerms	Biogeochemistry Biomarkers Cyanobacteria Gene mapping Genetic Variation Genomes Humans Metagenome Metatryp Microbiology Microorganisms MRM Needles Nitrogen Oceans and Seas Peptide mapping Peptides Phylogeny Prochlorococcus Prochlorococcus - genetics Proteins Proteome - genetics Proteomics Python Regulatory proteins Species Species Specificity Synechococcus Synechococcus - genetics Targeted metaproteomics Tryptic peptides Workflow
Title	Needles in the blue sea: Sub-species specificity in targeted protein biomarker analyses within the vast oceanic microbial metaproteome
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