Nighttime and daytime dark oxidation chemistry in wildfire plumes: an observation and model analysis of FIREX-AQ aircraft data

Wildfires are increasing in size across the western US, leading to increases in human smoke exposure and associated negative health impacts. The impact of biomass burning (BB) smoke, including wildfires, on regional air quality depends on emissions, transport, and chemistry, including oxidation of e...

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Veröffentlicht in:Atmospheric chemistry and physics Jg. 21; H. 21; S. 16293 - 16317
Hauptverfasser: Decker, Zachary C. J., Robinson, Michael A., Barsanti, Kelley C., Bourgeois, Ilann, Coggon, Matthew M., DiGangi, Joshua P., Diskin, Glenn S., Flocke, Frank M., Franchin, Alessandro, Fredrickson, Carley D., Gkatzelis, Georgios I., Hall, Samuel R., Halliday, Hannah, Holmes, Christopher D., Huey, L. Gregory, Lee, Young Ro, Lindaas, Jakob, Middlebrook, Ann M., Montzka, Denise D., Moore, Richard, Neuman, J. Andrew, Nowak, John B., Palm, Brett B., Peischl, Jeff, Piel, Felix, Rickly, Pamela S., Rollins, Andrew W., Ryerson, Thomas B., Schwantes, Rebecca H., Sekimoto, Kanako, Thornhill, Lee, Thornton, Joel A., Tyndall, Geoffrey S., Ullmann, Kirk, Van Rooy, Paul, Veres, Patrick R., Warneke, Carsten, Washenfelder, Rebecca A., Weinheimer, Andrew J., Wiggins, Elizabeth, Winstead, Edward, Wisthaler, Armin, Womack, Caroline, Brown, Steven S.
Format: Journal Article
Sprache:Englisch
Veröffentlicht: Katlenburg-Lindau Copernicus GmbH 08.11.2021
Copernicus Publications
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ISSN:1680-7324, 1680-7316, 1680-7324
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Abstract Wildfires are increasing in size across the western US, leading to increases in human smoke exposure and associated negative health impacts. The impact of biomass burning (BB) smoke, including wildfires, on regional air quality depends on emissions, transport, and chemistry, including oxidation of emitted BB volatile organic compounds (BBVOCs) by the hydroxyl radical (OH), nitrate radical (NO3), and ozone (O3). During the daytime, when light penetrates the plumes, BBVOCs are oxidized mainly by O3 and OH. In contrast, at night or in optically dense plumes, BBVOCs are oxidized mainly by O3 and NO3. This work focuses on the transition between daytime and nighttime oxidation, which has significant implications for the formation of secondary pollutants and loss of nitrogen oxides (NOx=NO+NO2) and has been understudied. We present wildfire plume observations made during FIREX-AQ (Fire Influence on Regional to Global Environments and Air Quality), a field campaign involving multiple aircraft, ground, satellite, and mobile platforms that took place in the United States in the summer of 2019 to study both wildfire and agricultural burning emissions and atmospheric chemistry. We use observations from two research aircraft, the NASA DC-8 and the NOAA Twin Otter, with a detailed chemical box model, including updated phenolic mechanisms, to analyze smoke sampled during midday, sunset, and nighttime. Aircraft observations suggest a range of NO3 production rates (0.1–1.5 ppbv h−1) in plumes transported during both midday and after dark. Modeled initial instantaneous reactivity toward BBVOCs for NO3, OH, and O3 is 80.1 %, 87.7 %, and 99.6 %, respectively. Initial NO3 reactivity is 10–104 times greater than typical values in forested or urban environments, and reactions with BBVOCs account for >97 % of NO3 loss in sunlit plumes (jNO2 up to 4×10-3s-1), while conventional photochemical NO3 loss through reaction with NO and photolysis are minor pathways. Alkenes and furans are mostly oxidized by OH and O3 (11 %–43 %, 54 %–88 % for alkenes; 18 %–55 %, 39 %–76 %, for furans, respectively), but phenolic oxidation is split between NO3, O3, and OH (26 %–52 %, 22 %–43 %, 16 %–33 %, respectively). Nitrate radical oxidation accounts for 26 %–52 % of phenolic chemical loss in sunset plumes and in an optically thick plume. Nitrocatechol yields varied between 33 % and 45 %, and NO3 chemistry in BB plumes emitted late in the day is responsible for 72 %–92 % (84 % in an optically thick midday plume) of nitrocatechol formation and controls nitrophenolic formation overall. As a result, overnight nitrophenolic formation pathways account for 56 %±2 % of NOx loss by sunrise the following day. In all but one overnight plume we modeled, there was remaining NOx (13 %–57 %) and BBVOCs (8 %–72 %) at sunrise.
AbstractList Wildfires are increasing in size across the western US, leading to increases in human smoke exposure and associated negative health impacts. The impact of biomass burning (BB) smoke, including wildfires, on regional air quality depends on emissions, transport, and chemistry, including oxidation of emitted BB volatile organic compounds (BBVOCs) by the hydroxyl radical (OH), nitrate radical ( NO3 ), and ozone ( O3 ). During the daytime, when light penetrates the plumes, BBVOCs are oxidized mainly by O3 and OH. In contrast, at night or in optically dense plumes, BBVOCs are oxidized mainly by O3 and NO3 . This work focuses on the transition between daytime and nighttime oxidation, which has significant implications for the formation of secondary pollutants and loss of nitrogen oxides ( NO x= NO + NO 2 <svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="85pt" height="13pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="f0add4bbe2151ecfa7cd944e28fa7e9e"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-21-16293-2021-ie00001.svg" width="85pt" height="13pt" src="acp-21-16293-2021-ie00001.png"/></svg:svg> ) and has been understudied. We present wildfire plume observations made during FIREX-AQ (Fire Influence on Regional to Global Environments and Air Quality), a field campaign involving multiple aircraft, ground, satellite, and mobile platforms that took place in the United States in the summer of 2019 to study both wildfire and agricultural burning emissions and atmospheric chemistry. We use observations from two research aircraft, the NASA DC-8 and the NOAA Twin Otter, with a detailed chemical box model, including updated phenolic mechanisms, to analyze smoke sampled during midday, sunset, and nighttime. Aircraft observations suggest a range of NO3 production rates (0.1–1.5  ppbv h−1 ) in plumes transported during both midday and after dark. Modeled initial instantaneous reactivity toward BBVOCs for NO3 , OH, and O3 is 80.1 %, 87.7 %, and 99.6 %, respectively. Initial NO3 reactivity is 10– 104 times greater than typical values in forested or urban environments, and reactions with BBVOCs account for >97  % of NO3 loss in sunlit plumes ( jNO2 up to 4 × 10 - 3 s - 1 <svg:svg xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="59pt" height="14pt" class="svg-formula" dspmath="mathimg" md5hash="75fd83c3fc1e7202c7ef5bff89e9ecd3"><svg:image xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="acp-21-16293-2021-ie00002.svg" width="59pt" height="14pt" src="acp-21-16293-2021-ie00002.png"/></svg:svg> ), while conventional photochemical NO3 loss through reaction with NO and photolysis are minor pathways. Alkenes and furans are mostly oxidized by OH and O3 (11 %–43 %, 54 %–88 % for alkenes; 18 %–55 %, 39 %–76 %, for furans, respectively), but phenolic oxidation is split between NO3 , O3 , and OH (26 %–52 %, 22 %–43 %, 16 %–33 %, respectively). Nitrate radical oxidation accounts for 26 %–52 % of phenolic chemical loss in sunset plumes and in an optically thick plume. Nitrocatechol yields varied between 33 % and 45 %, and NO3 chemistry in BB plumes emitted late in the day is responsible for 72 %–92 % (84 % in an optically thick midday plume) of nitrocatechol formation and controls nitrophenolic formation overall. As a result, overnight nitrophenolic formation pathways account for 56 %±2 % of NOx loss by sunrise the following day. In all but one overnight plume we modeled, there was remaining NOx (13 %–57 %) and BBVOCs (8 %–72 %) at sunrise.
Wildfires are increasing in size across the western US, leading to increases in human smoke exposure and associated negative health impacts. The impact of biomass burning (BB) smoke, including wildfires, on regional air quality depends on emissions, transport, and chemistry, including oxidation of emitted BB volatile organic compounds (BBVOCs) by the hydroxyl radical (OH), nitrate radical (NO3), and ozone (O3). During the daytime, when light penetrates the plumes, BBVOCs are oxidized mainly by O3 and OH. In contrast, at night or in optically dense plumes, BBVOCs are oxidized mainly by O3 and NO3. This work focuses on the transition between daytime and nighttime oxidation, which has significant implications for the formation of secondary pollutants and loss of nitrogen oxides (NOx=NO+NO2) and has been understudied. We present wildfire plume observations made during FIREX-AQ (Fire Influence on Regional to Global Environments and Air Quality), a field campaign involving multiple aircraft, ground, satellite, and mobile platforms that took place in the United States in the summer of 2019 to study both wildfire and agricultural burning emissions and atmospheric chemistry. We use observations from two research aircraft, the NASA DC-8 and the NOAA Twin Otter, with a detailed chemical box model, including updated phenolic mechanisms, to analyze smoke sampled during midday, sunset, and nighttime. Aircraft observations suggest a range of NO3 production rates (0.1–1.5 ppbv h−1) in plumes transported during both midday and after dark. Modeled initial instantaneous reactivity toward BBVOCs for NO3, OH, and O3 is 80.1 %, 87.7 %, and 99.6 %, respectively. Initial NO3 reactivity is 10–104 times greater than typical values in forested or urban environments, and reactions with BBVOCs account for >97 % of NO3 loss in sunlit plumes (jNO2 up to 4×10-3s-1), while conventional photochemical NO3 loss through reaction with NO and photolysis are minor pathways. Alkenes and furans are mostly oxidized by OH and O3 (11 %–43 %, 54 %–88 % for alkenes; 18 %–55 %, 39 %–76 %, for furans, respectively), but phenolic oxidation is split between NO3, O3, and OH (26 %–52 %, 22 %–43 %, 16 %–33 %, respectively). Nitrate radical oxidation accounts for 26 %–52 % of phenolic chemical loss in sunset plumes and in an optically thick plume. Nitrocatechol yields varied between 33 % and 45 %, and NO3 chemistry in BB plumes emitted late in the day is responsible for 72 %–92 % (84 % in an optically thick midday plume) of nitrocatechol formation and controls nitrophenolic formation overall. As a result, overnight nitrophenolic formation pathways account for 56 %±2 % of NOx loss by sunrise the following day. In all but one overnight plume we modeled, there was remaining NOx (13 %–57 %) and BBVOCs (8 %–72 %) at sunrise.
Wildfires are increasing in size across the western US, leading to increases in human smoke exposure and associated negative health impacts. The impact of biomass burning (BB) smoke, including wildfires, on regional air quality depends on emissions, transport, and chemistry, including oxidation of emitted BB volatile organic compounds (BBVOCs) by the hydroxyl radical (OH), nitrate radical (NO3), and ozone (O3). During the daytime, when light penetrates the plumes, BBVOCs are oxidized mainly byO3 and OH. In contrast, at night or in optically dense plumes, BBVOCs are oxidized mainly by O3 and NO3. This work focuses on the transition between daytime and nighttime oxidation, which has significant implications for the formation of secondary pollutants and loss of nitrogen oxides (NOx=NO+NO2) and has been understudied. We present wildfire plume observations made during FIREX-AQ (Fire Influence on Regional to Global Environments and Air Quality), a field campaign involving multiple aircraft, ground, satellite, and mobile platforms that took place in the United States in the summer of 2019 to study both wildfire and agricultural burning emissions and atmospheric chemistry. We use observations from two research aircraft, the NASA DC-8 and the NOAA Twin Otter, with a detailed chemical box model, including updated phenolic mechanisms, to analyze smoke sampled during midday, sunset, and nighttime. Aircraft observations suggest a range of NO3 production rates (0.1–1.5 ppbvh-1) in plumes transported during both midday and after dark. Modeled initial instantaneous reactivity toward BBVOCs for NO3, OH, and O3 is 80.1 %, 87.7 %, and 99.6 %, respectively. Initial NO3 reactivity is 10–104 times greater than typical values in forested or urban environments, and reactions with BBVOCs account for >97 % of NO3 loss in sunlit plumes (jNO2 up to 4×10-3s-1), while conventional photochemical NO3 loss through reaction with NO and photolysis are minor pathways. Alkenes and furans are mostly oxidized by OH and O3 (11 %–43 %, 54 %–88 % for alkenes; 18 %–55 %, 39 %–76 %, for furans, respectively), but phenolic oxidation is split betweenNO3, O3, and OH (26 %–52 %, 22 %–43 %, 16 %–33 %, respectively). Nitrate radical oxidation accounts for 26 %–52 % of phenolic chemical loss in sunset plumes and in an optically thick plume. Nitrocatechol yields varied between 33 % and 45 %, and NO3 chemistry in BB plumes emitted late in the day is responsible for 72 %–92 % (84 % in an optically thick midday plume) of nitrocatechol formation and controls nitrophenolic formation overall. As a result, overnight nitrophenolic formation pathways account for 56%±2% ofNOx loss by sunrise the following day. In all but one overnight plume we modeled, there was remaining NOx (13 %–57 %) and BBVOCs (8 %–72 %) at sunrise.
Wildfires are increasing in size across the western US, leading to increases in human smoke exposure and associated negative health impacts. The impact of biomass burning (BB) smoke, including wildfires, on regional air quality depends on emissions, transport, and chemistry, including oxidation of emitted BB volatile organic compounds (BBVOCs) by the hydroxyl radical (OH), nitrate radical (NO.sub.3 ), and ozone (O.sub.3). During the daytime, when light penetrates the plumes, BBVOCs are oxidized mainly by O.sub.3 and OH. In contrast, at night or in optically dense plumes, BBVOCs are oxidized mainly by O.sub.3 and NO.sub.3 . This work focuses on the transition between daytime and nighttime oxidation, which has significant implications for the formation of secondary pollutants and loss of nitrogen oxides (NOx=NO+NO2) and has been understudied. We present wildfire plume observations made during FIREX-AQ (Fire Influence on Regional to Global Environments and Air Quality), a field campaign involving multiple aircraft, ground, satellite, and mobile platforms that took place in the United States in the summer of 2019 to study both wildfire and agricultural burning emissions and atmospheric chemistry. We use observations from two research aircraft, the NASA DC-8 and the NOAA Twin Otter, with a detailed chemical box model, including updated phenolic mechanisms, to analyze smoke sampled during midday, sunset, and nighttime. Aircraft observations suggest a range of NO.sub.3 production rates (0.1-1.5 ppbv h.sup.-1) in plumes transported during both midday and after dark. Modeled initial instantaneous reactivity toward BBVOCs for NO.sub.3, OH, and O.sub.3 is 80.1 %, 87.7 %, and 99.6 %, respectively. Initial NO.sub.3 reactivity is 10-10.sup.4 times greater than typical values in forested or urban environments, and reactions with BBVOCs account for 97 % of NO.sub.3 loss in sunlit plumes (jNO.sub.2 up to 4x10-3s-1), while conventional photochemical NO.sub.3 loss through reaction with NO and photolysis are minor pathways. Alkenes and furans are mostly oxidized by OH and O.sub.3 (11 %-43 %, 54 %-88 % for alkenes; 18 %-55 %, 39 %-76 %, for furans, respectively), but phenolic oxidation is split between NO.sub.3, O.sub.3, and OH (26 %-52 %, 22 %-43 %, 16 %-33 %, respectively). Nitrate radical oxidation accounts for 26 %-52 % of phenolic chemical loss in sunset plumes and in an optically thick plume. Nitrocatechol yields varied between 33 % and 45 %, and NO.sub.3 chemistry in BB plumes emitted late in the day is responsible for 72 %-92 % (84 % in an optically thick midday plume) of nitrocatechol formation and controls nitrophenolic formation overall. As a result, overnight nitrophenolic formation pathways account for 56 %±2 % of NO.sub.x loss by sunrise the following day. In all but one overnight plume we modeled, there was remaining NO.sub.x (13 %-57 %) and BBVOCs (8 %-72 %) at sunrise.
Audience Academic
Author Lee, Young Ro
Gkatzelis, Georgios I.
Rickly, Pamela S.
Decker, Zachary C. J.
Palm, Brett B.
Warneke, Carsten
Wiggins, Elizabeth
Rollins, Andrew W.
Winstead, Edward
Neuman, J. Andrew
Diskin, Glenn S.
Womack, Caroline
Moore, Richard
Hall, Samuel R.
Van Rooy, Paul
Middlebrook, Ann M.
Ullmann, Kirk
Robinson, Michael A.
Barsanti, Kelley C.
Thornton, Joel A.
Wisthaler, Armin
DiGangi, Joshua P.
Thornhill, Lee
Schwantes, Rebecca H.
Sekimoto, Kanako
Ryerson, Thomas B.
Halliday, Hannah
Bourgeois, Ilann
Lindaas, Jakob
Montzka, Denise D.
Piel, Felix
Weinheimer, Andrew J.
Fredrickson, Carley D.
Tyndall, Geoffrey S.
Washenfelder, Rebecca A.
Nowak, John B.
Veres, Patrick R.
Franchin, Alessandro
Brown, Steven S.
Peischl, Jeff
Flocke, Frank M.
Holmes, Christopher D.
Coggon, Matthew M.
Huey, L. Gregory
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Snippet Wildfires are increasing in size across the western US, leading to increases in human smoke exposure and associated negative health impacts. The impact of...
Wildfires are increasing in size across the western US, leading to increases in human smoke exposure and associated negative health impacts. The impact of...
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SourceType Open Website
Aggregation Database
Enrichment Source
Index Database
StartPage 16293
SubjectTerms Aerosols
Air quality
Aircraft
Aircraft observations
Alkenes
Atmospheric chemistry
Biomass
Biomass burning
Burning
Chemistry
Climate change
Daytime
Emissions
Fire plumes
Flying-machines
Furans
Hydroxyl radicals
Investigations
Mobile platforms
Modelling
Night
Night-time
Nighttime
Nitrates
Nitrogen compounds
Nitrogen dioxide
Nitrogen oxide
Nitrogen oxides
Organic compounds
Oxidation
Oxidation-reduction reaction
Ozone
Pesticides
Phenolic compounds
Phenols
Photochemical reactions
Photochemicals
Photochemistry
Photolysis
Plumes
Pollutants
Research aircraft
Smoke
Sunrise
Sunset
Urban environments
VOCs
Volatile organic compounds
Wildfires
Work platforms
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Title Nighttime and daytime dark oxidation chemistry in wildfire plumes: an observation and model analysis of FIREX-AQ aircraft data
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