A Focus on the Pathophysiology of Adrenomedullin Expression: Endothelitis and Organ Damage in Severe Viral and Bacterial Infections

Adrenomedullin (ADM) is a peptide hormone produced primarily in the adrenal glands, playing a crucial role in various physiological processes. As well as improving vascular integrity and decreasing vascular permeability, ADM acts as a vasodilator, positive inotrope, diuretic, natriuretic and broncho...

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Veröffentlicht in:Cells (Basel, Switzerland) Jg. 13; H. 11; S. 892
Hauptverfasser: Spoto, Silvia, Basili, Stefania, Cangemi, Roberto, Yuste, José Ramón, Lucena, Felipe, Romiti, Giulio Francesco, Raparelli, Valeria, Argemi, Josepmaria, D’Avanzo, Giorgio, Locorriere, Luciana, Masini, Francesco, Calarco, Rodolfo, Testorio, Giulia, Spiezia, Serenella, Ciccozzi, Massimo, Angeletti, Silvia
Format: Journal Article
Sprache:Englisch
Veröffentlicht: Switzerland MDPI AG 01.06.2024
MDPI
Schlagworte:
Adrenal glands
Adrenomedullin
adrenomedullin (ADM)
Adrenomedullin - metabolism
Aldosterone
Amino acids
Angiogenesis
Angiotensin
Angiotensin II
Animals
Antibiotics
Apoptosis
B cells
Bacteria
Bacterial infections
Bacterial Infections - complications
Bacterial Infections - metabolism
Biomarkers
Blood vessels
Coronaviruses
Corticosteroids
COVID-19
Cytokines
Dilatation
Diuretics
endothelitis
Health aspects
Humans
Hypoxia
Immunoregulation
Infection
Infections
Inflammation
Inflammation - pathology
Influenza
Kinases
mid-regional proadrenomedullin (MR-proADM)
Mortality
Nitric oxide
Peptides
Permeability
Physiological aspects
Physiology
Review
Sepsis
Spain
Tumor necrosis factor-TNF
United Kingdom
Vasodilators
viral infection
Viral infections
Virus Diseases - complications
Virus Diseases - metabolism
United Kingdom
Spain
endothelitis
viral infection
adrenomedullin (ADM)
biomarkers
sepsis
mid-regional proadrenomedullin (MR-proADM)
ISSN:2073-4409, 2073-4409
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Zusammenfassung:Adrenomedullin (ADM) is a peptide hormone produced primarily in the adrenal glands, playing a crucial role in various physiological processes. As well as improving vascular integrity and decreasing vascular permeability, ADM acts as a vasodilator, positive inotrope, diuretic, natriuretic and bronchodilator, antagonizing angiotensin II by inhibiting aldosterone secretion. ADM also has antihypertrophic, anti-apoptotic, antifibrotic, antioxidant, angiogenic and immunoregulatory effects and antimicrobial properties. ADM expression is upregulated by hypoxia, inflammation-inducing cytokines, viral or bacterial substances, strength of shear stress, and leakage of blood vessels. These pathological conditions are established during systemic inflammation that can result from infections, surgery, trauma/accidents or burns. The ability to rapidly identify infections and the prognostic, predictive power makes it a valuable tool in severe viral and bacterial infections burdened by high incidence and mortality. This review sheds light on the pathophysiological processes that in severe viral or bacterial infections cause endothelitis up to the development of organ damage, the resulting increase in ADM levels dosed through its more stable peptide mid-regional proadrenomedullin (MR-proADM), the most significant studies that attest to its diagnostic and prognostic accuracy in highlighting the severity of viral or bacterial infections and appropriate therapeutic insights.
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These authors contributed equally to this work.
ISSN:2073-4409
2073-4409
DOI:10.3390/cells13110892