A Focus on the Pathophysiology of Adrenomedullin Expression: Endothelitis and Organ Damage in Severe Viral and Bacterial Infections

Adrenomedullin (ADM) is a peptide hormone produced primarily in the adrenal glands, playing a crucial role in various physiological processes. As well as improving vascular integrity and decreasing vascular permeability, ADM acts as a vasodilator, positive inotrope, diuretic, natriuretic and broncho...

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Vydáno v:	Cells (Basel, Switzerland) Ročník 13; číslo 11; s. 892
Hlavní autoři:	Spoto, Silvia, Basili, Stefania, Cangemi, Roberto, Yuste, José Ramón, Lucena, Felipe, Romiti, Giulio Francesco, Raparelli, Valeria, Argemi, Josepmaria, D’Avanzo, Giorgio, Locorriere, Luciana, Masini, Francesco, Calarco, Rodolfo, Testorio, Giulia, Spiezia, Serenella, Ciccozzi, Massimo, Angeletti, Silvia
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	angličtina
Vydáno:	Switzerland MDPI AG 01.06.2024 MDPI
Témata:	Adrenal glands Adrenomedullin adrenomedullin (ADM) Adrenomedullin - metabolism Aldosterone Amino acids Angiogenesis Angiotensin Angiotensin II Animals Antibiotics Apoptosis B cells Bacteria Bacterial infections Bacterial Infections - complications Bacterial Infections - metabolism Biomarkers Blood vessels Coronaviruses Corticosteroids COVID-19 Cytokines Dilatation Diuretics endothelitis Health aspects Humans Hypoxia Immunoregulation Infection Infections Inflammation Inflammation - pathology Influenza Kinases mid-regional proadrenomedullin (MR-proADM) Mortality Nitric oxide Peptides Permeability Physiological aspects Physiology Review Sepsis Spain Tumor necrosis factor-TNF United Kingdom Vasodilators viral infection Viral infections Virus Diseases - complications Virus Diseases - metabolism United Kingdom Spain endothelitis viral infection adrenomedullin (ADM) biomarkers sepsis mid-regional proadrenomedullin (MR-proADM)
ISSN:	2073-4409, 2073-4409
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Shrnutí:	Adrenomedullin (ADM) is a peptide hormone produced primarily in the adrenal glands, playing a crucial role in various physiological processes. As well as improving vascular integrity and decreasing vascular permeability, ADM acts as a vasodilator, positive inotrope, diuretic, natriuretic and bronchodilator, antagonizing angiotensin II by inhibiting aldosterone secretion. ADM also has antihypertrophic, anti-apoptotic, antifibrotic, antioxidant, angiogenic and immunoregulatory effects and antimicrobial properties. ADM expression is upregulated by hypoxia, inflammation-inducing cytokines, viral or bacterial substances, strength of shear stress, and leakage of blood vessels. These pathological conditions are established during systemic inflammation that can result from infections, surgery, trauma/accidents or burns. The ability to rapidly identify infections and the prognostic, predictive power makes it a valuable tool in severe viral and bacterial infections burdened by high incidence and mortality. This review sheds light on the pathophysiological processes that in severe viral or bacterial infections cause endothelitis up to the development of organ damage, the resulting increase in ADM levels dosed through its more stable peptide mid-regional proadrenomedullin (MR-proADM), the most significant studies that attest to its diagnostic and prognostic accuracy in highlighting the severity of viral or bacterial infections and appropriate therapeutic insights.
Bibliografie:	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 ObjectType-Review-3 content type line 23 These authors contributed equally to this work.
ISSN:	2073-4409 2073-4409
DOI:	10.3390/cells13110892