Diet selection of African elephant over time shows changing optimization currency

Multiple factors determine diet selection of herbivores. However, in many diet studies selection of single nutrients is studied or optimization models are developed using only one currency. In this paper, we use linear programming to explain diet selection by African elephant based on plant availabi...

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Published in:	Oikos Vol. 121; no. 12; pp. 2110 - 2120
Main Authors:	Pretorius, Y., Stigter, J. D., de Boer, W. F., van Wieren, S. E., de Jong, C. B., de Knegt, H. J., Grant, C. C., Heitkönig, I., Knox, N., Kohi, E., Mwakiwa, E., Peel, M. J. S., Skidmore, A. K., Slotow, R., van der Waal, C., van Langevelde, F., Prins, H. H. T.
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Oxford, UK Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.12.2012 Blackwell Publishing Blackwell
Subjects:	Animal and plant ecology Animal, plant and microbial ecology Animals Autoecology Biological and medical sciences complexity Diet diet study techniques Dry season Elephantidae Elephants energy energy costs energy requirements Feeding preferences food foods Forage Foraging Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology General aspects geometrical approach Herbivores linear programming Loxodonta africana mammalian herbivores national-park Nitrogen Nutrient availability Nutrient content nutrient deficiencies Nutrient deficiency Nutrients Nutritional requirements Optimization techniques phosphorus Plants quality Rainy season Rainy seasons reproduction seasonal variation Seasons Surface water Surface water availability terrestrial trees Water availability wet season Proboscidea Vertebrata Mammalia Diet Loxodonta africana Ungulata Optimization
ISSN:	0030-1299, 1600-0706
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Abstract	Multiple factors determine diet selection of herbivores. However, in many diet studies selection of single nutrients is studied or optimization models are developed using only one currency. In this paper, we use linear programming to explain diet selection by African elephant based on plant availability and nutrient and deterrent content over time. Our results indicate that elephant at our study area maximized intake of phosphorus throughout the year, possibly in response to the deficiency of this nutrient in the region. After adjusting the model to incorporate the effects of this deficiency, elephant were found to maximize nitrogen intake during the wet season and energy during the dry season. We reason that the increased energy requirements during the dry season can be explained by seasonal changes in water availability and forage abundance. As forage abundance decrease into the dry season, elephant struggle to satisfy their large absolute food requirements. Adding to this restriction is the simultaneous decrease in plant and surface water availability, which force the elephant to seek out scarce surface water sources at high energy costs. During the wet season when food becomes more abundant and energy requirements are satisfied easier, elephant aim to maximize nitrogen intake for growth and reproduction. Our study contributes to the emerging theory on understanding foraging for multiple resources.
AbstractList	Multiple factors determine diet selection of herbivores. However, in many diet studies selection of single nutrients is studied or optimization models are developed using only one currency. In this paper, we use linear programming to explain diet selection by African elephant based on plant availability and nutrient and deterrent content over time. Our results indicate that elephant at our study area maximized intake of phosphorus throughout the year, possibly in response to the deficiency of this nutrient in the region. After adjusting the model to incorporate the effects of this deficiency, elephant were found to maximize nitrogen intake during the wet season and energy during the dry season. We reason that the increased energy requirements during the dry season can be explained by seasonal changes in water availability and forage abundance. As forage abundance decrease into the dry season, elephant struggle to satisfy their large absolute food requirements. Adding to this restriction is the simultaneous decrease in plant and surface water availability, which force the elephant to seek out scarce surface water sources at high energy costs. During the wet season when food becomes more abundant and energy requirements are satisfied easier, elephant aim to maximize nitrogen intake for growth and reproduction. Our study contributes to the emerging theory on understanding foraging for multiple resources. Multiple factors determine diet selection of herbivores. However, in many diet studies selection of single nutrients is studied or optimization models are developed using only one currency. In this paper, we use linear programming to explain diet selection by African elephant based on plant availability and nutrient and deterrent content over time. Our results indicate that elephant at our study area maximized intake of phosphorus throughout the year, possibly in response to the deficiency of this nutrient in the region. After adjusting the model to incorporate the effects of this deficiency, elephant were found to maximize nitrogen intake during the wet season and energy during the dry season. We reason that the increased energy requirements during the dry season can be explained by seasonal changes in water availability and forage abundance. As forage abundance decrease into the dry season, elephant struggle to satisfy their large absolute food requirements. Adding to this restriction is the simultaneous decrease in plant and surface water availability, which force the elephant to seek out scarce surface water sources at high energy costs. During the wet season when food becomes more abundant and energy requirements are satisfied easier, elephant aim to maximize nitrogen intake for growth and reproduction. Our study contributes to the emerging theory on understanding foraging for multiple resources Multiple factors determine diet selection of herbivores. However, in many diet studies selection of single nutrients is studied or optimization models are developed using only one currency. In this paper, we use linear programming to explain diet selection by African elephant based on plant availability and nutrient and deterrent content over time. Our results indicate that elephant at our study area maximized intake of phosphorus throughout the year, possibly in response to the deficiency of this nutrient in the region. After adjusting the model to incorporate the effects of this deficiency, elephant were found to maximize nitrogen intake during the wet season and energy during the dry season. We reason that the increased energy requirements during the dry season can be explained by seasonal changes in water availability and forage abundance. As forage abundance decrease into the dry season, elephant struggle to satisfy their large absolute food requirements. Adding to this restriction is the simultaneous decrease in plant and surface water availability, which force the elephant to seek out scarce surface water sources at high energy costs. During the wet season when food becomes more abundant and energy requirements are satisfied easier, elephant aim to maximize nitrogen intake for growth and reproduction. Our study contributes to the emerging theory on understanding foraging for multiple resources. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]
Author	de Jong, C. B. Pretorius, Y. Grant, C. C. Heitkönig, I. de Boer, W. F. Skidmore, A. K. van Wieren, S. E. de Knegt, H. J. van Langevelde, F. Prins, H. H. T. Peel, M. J. S. Slotow, R. Stigter, J. D. Kohi, E. van der Waal, C. Knox, N. Mwakiwa, E.
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Y. surname: Pretorius fullname: Pretorius, Y. – sequence: 2 givenname: J. D. surname: Stigter fullname: Stigter, J. D. – sequence: 3 givenname: W. F. surname: de Boer fullname: de Boer, W. F. – sequence: 4 givenname: S. E. surname: van Wieren fullname: van Wieren, S. E. – sequence: 5 givenname: C. B. surname: de Jong fullname: de Jong, C. B. – sequence: 6 givenname: H. J. surname: de Knegt fullname: de Knegt, H. J. – sequence: 7 givenname: C. C. surname: Grant fullname: Grant, C. C. – sequence: 8 givenname: I. surname: Heitkönig fullname: Heitkönig, I. – sequence: 9 givenname: N. surname: Knox fullname: Knox, N. – sequence: 10 givenname: E. surname: Kohi fullname: Kohi, E. – sequence: 11 givenname: E. surname: Mwakiwa fullname: Mwakiwa, E. – sequence: 12 givenname: M. J. S. surname: Peel fullname: Peel, M. J. S. – sequence: 13 givenname: A. K. surname: Skidmore fullname: Skidmore, A. K. – sequence: 14 givenname: R. surname: Slotow fullname: Slotow, R. – sequence: 15 givenname: C. surname: van der Waal fullname: van der Waal, C. – sequence: 16 givenname: F. surname: van Langevelde fullname: van Langevelde, F. – sequence: 17 givenname: H. H. T. surname: Prins fullname: Prins, H. H. T.
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Snippet	Multiple factors determine diet selection of herbivores. However, in many diet studies selection of single nutrients is studied or optimization models are...
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SubjectTerms	Animal and plant ecology Animal, plant and microbial ecology Animals Autoecology Biological and medical sciences complexity Diet diet study techniques Dry season Elephantidae Elephants energy energy costs energy requirements Feeding preferences food foods Forage Foraging Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology General aspects geometrical approach Herbivores linear programming Loxodonta africana mammalian herbivores national-park Nitrogen Nutrient availability Nutrient content nutrient deficiencies Nutrient deficiency Nutrients Nutritional requirements Optimization techniques phosphorus Plants quality Rainy season Rainy seasons reproduction seasonal variation Seasons Surface water Surface water availability terrestrial trees Water availability wet season
Title	Diet selection of African elephant over time shows changing optimization currency
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