MTLD, vocd-D, and HD-D: A validation study of sophisticated approaches to lexical diversity assessment

The main purpose of this study was to examine the validity of the approach to lexical diversity assessment known as the measure of textual lexical diversity (MTLD). The index for this approach is calculated as the mean length of word strings that maintain a criterion level of lexical variation. To v...

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Published in:	Behavior research methods Vol. 42; no. 2; pp. 381 - 392
Main Authors:	McCarthy, Philip M., Jarvis, Scott
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	New York Springer New York 01.05.2010 Springer Nature B.V Psychonomic Society, Inc
Subjects:	Articles From the SCiP Conference Behavioral Science and Psychology Cognitive Psychology Convergent validity Data mining Discourse functions Evaluation Humans Indexes Internal validity Language Tests - statistics & numerical data Linguistics Psychology Psychology, Experimental - methods R&D Reproducibility of Results Research & development Validation studies Validity Word meaning Factor Size Latent Semantic Analysis Divergent Validity Hypergeometric Distribution Specific Language Impairment
ISSN:	1554-351X, 1554-3528, 1554-3528
Online Access:	Get full text
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Abstract	The main purpose of this study was to examine the validity of the approach to lexical diversity assessment known as the measure of textual lexical diversity (MTLD). The index for this approach is calculated as the mean length of word strings that maintain a criterion level of lexical variation. To validate the MTLD approach, we compared it against the performances of the primary competing indices in the field, which include vocd-D, TTR, Maas, Yule’s K, and an HD-D index derived directly from the hypergeometric distribution function. The comparisons involved assessments of convergent validity, divergent validity, internal validity, and incremental validity. The results of our assessments of these indices across two separate corpora suggest three major findings. First, MTLD performs well with respect to all four types of validity and is, in fact, the only index not found to vary as a function of text length. Second, HD-D is a viable alternative to the vocd-D standard. And third, three of the indices—MTLD, vocd-D (or HD-D), and Maas—appear to capture unique lexical information. We conclude by advising researchers to consider using MTLD, vocd-D (or HD-D), and Maas in their studies, rather than any single index, noting that lexical diversity can be assessed in many ways and each approach may be informative as to the construct under investigation.
AbstractList	The main purpose of this study was to examine the validity of the approach to lexical diversity assessment known as the measure of textual lexical diversity (MTLD). The index for this approach is calculated as the mean length of word strings that maintain a criterion level of lexical variation. To validate the MTLD approach, we compared it against the performances of the primary competing indices in the field, which include vocd-D, TTR, Maas, Yule's K, and an HD-D index derived directly from the hypergeometric distribution function. The comparisons involved assessments of convergent validity, divergent validity, internal validity, and incremental validity. The results of our assessments of these indices across two separate corpora suggest three major findings. First, MTLD performs well with respect to all four types of validity and is, in fact, the only index not found to vary as a function of text length. Second, HD-D is a viable alternative to the vocd-D standard. And third, three of the indices--MTLD, vocd-D (or HD-D), and Maas--appear to capture unique lexical information. We conclude by advising researchers to consider using MTLD, vocd-D (or HD-D), and Maas in their studies, rather than any single index, noting that lexical diversity can be assessed in many ways and each approach may be informative as to the construct under investigation.The main purpose of this study was to examine the validity of the approach to lexical diversity assessment known as the measure of textual lexical diversity (MTLD). The index for this approach is calculated as the mean length of word strings that maintain a criterion level of lexical variation. To validate the MTLD approach, we compared it against the performances of the primary competing indices in the field, which include vocd-D, TTR, Maas, Yule's K, and an HD-D index derived directly from the hypergeometric distribution function. The comparisons involved assessments of convergent validity, divergent validity, internal validity, and incremental validity. The results of our assessments of these indices across two separate corpora suggest three major findings. First, MTLD performs well with respect to all four types of validity and is, in fact, the only index not found to vary as a function of text length. Second, HD-D is a viable alternative to the vocd-D standard. And third, three of the indices--MTLD, vocd-D (or HD-D), and Maas--appear to capture unique lexical information. We conclude by advising researchers to consider using MTLD, vocd-D (or HD-D), and Maas in their studies, rather than any single index, noting that lexical diversity can be assessed in many ways and each approach may be informative as to the construct under investigation. The main purpose of this study was to examine the validity of the approach to lexical diversity assessment known as the measure of textual lexical diversity (MTLD). The index for this approach is calculated as the mean length of word strings that maintain a criterion level of lexical variation. To validate the MTLD approach, we compared it against the performances of the primary competing indices in the field, which include vocd-D, TTR, Maas, Yule’s K, and an HD-D index derived directly from the hypergeometric distribution function. The comparisons involved assessments of convergent validity, divergent validity, internal validity, and incremental validity. The results of our assessments of these indices across two separate corpora suggest three major findings. First, MTLD performs well with respect to all four types of validity and is, in fact, the only index not found to vary as a function of text length. Second, HD-D is a viable alternative to the vocd-D standard. And third, three of the indices—MTLD, vocd-D (or HD-D), and Maas—appear to capture unique lexical information. We conclude by advising researchers to consider using MTLD, vocd-D (or HD-D), and Maas in their studies, rather than any single index, noting that lexical diversity can be assessed in many ways and each approach may be informative as to the construct under investigation. The main purpose of this study was to examine the validity of the approach to lexical diversity assessment known as the measure of textual lexical diversity (MTLD). The index for this approach is calculated as the mean length of word strings that maintain a criterion level of lexical variation. To validate the MTLD approach, we compared it against the performances of the primary competing indices in the field, which include vocd-D, TTR, Maas, Yule's K, and an HD-D index derived directly from the hypergeometric distribution function. The comparisons involved assessments of convergent validity, divergent validity, internal validity, and incremental validity. The results of our assessments of these indices across two separate corpora suggest three major findings. First, MTLD performs well with respect to all four types of validity and is, in fact, the only index not found to vary as a function of text length. Second, HD-D is a viable alternative to the vocd-D standard. And third, three of the indices-MTLD, vocd-D (or HD-D), and Maas-appear to capture unique lexical information. We conclude by advising researchers to consider using MTLD, vocd-D (or HD-D), and Maas in their studies, rather than any single index, noting that lexical diversity can be assessed in many ways and each approach may be informative as to the construct under investigation. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]
Author	Jarvis, Scott McCarthy, Philip M.
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Philip M. surname: McCarthy fullname: McCarthy, Philip M. email: pmmccrth@memphis.edu organization: Department of English, University of Memphis – sequence: 2 givenname: Scott surname: Jarvis fullname: Jarvis, Scott organization: Ohio University
BackLink	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20479170$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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References_xml	– reference: Van DijkT. A.KintschW.Strategies of discourse comprehension1983New YorkAcademic Press – reference: LincolnY. S.GubaE. G.Naturalistic inquiry1985Beverly Hills, CASage10.1016/0147-1767(85)90062-8 – reference: JarvisS.Short texts, best fitting curves, and new measures of lexical diversityLanguage Testing200219578410.1191/0265532202lt220oa – reference: McKeeG.MalvernD.RichardsB.Measuring vocabulary diversity using dedicated softwareLiterary & Linguistic Computing20001532333710.1093/llc/15.3.323 – reference: OlneyA. M.DragomirR.MihalceaR.Latent semantic grammar induction: Context, projectivity, and prior distributionsProceedings of TextGraphs-2: Graph-based algorithms for natural language processing2007Rochester, NYAssociation for Computational Linguistics4552 – reference: OwenA. J.LeonardL. 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SubjectTerms	Articles From the SCiP Conference Behavioral Science and Psychology Cognitive Psychology Convergent validity Data mining Discourse functions Evaluation Humans Indexes Internal validity Language Tests - statistics & numerical data Linguistics Psychology Psychology, Experimental - methods R&D Reproducibility of Results Research & development Validation studies Validity Word meaning
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Title	MTLD, vocd-D, and HD-D: A validation study of sophisticated approaches to lexical diversity assessment
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