Post-traumatic stress disorder and cardiometabolic disease: improving causal inference to inform practice

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been declared ‘a life sentence’ based on evidence that the disorder leads to a host of physical health problems. Some of the strongest empirical research – in terms of methodology and findings – has shown that PTSD predicts higher risk of cardiometabolic dis...

Celý popis

Uloženo v:

Podrobná bibliografie
Vydáno v:	Psychological medicine Ročník 47; číslo 2; s. 209 - 225
Hlavní autoři:	Koenen, K. C., Sumner, J. A., Gilsanz, P., Glymour, M. M., Ratanatharathorn, A., Rimm, E. B., Roberts, A. L., Winning, A., Kubzansky, L. D.
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	angličtina
Vydáno:	Cambridge, UK Cambridge University Press 01.01.2017
Témata:	Anxiety Bipolar disorder Cardiovascular disease Cardiovascular diseases Cardiovascular Diseases - etiology Causality Criminal sentences Diabetes Diabetes mellitus Diabetes mellitus (non-insulin dependent) Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - etiology Disease Disorders Epidemiology Health problems Health risk assessment Health status Humans Inference Medical research Medicine Mental health Mortality Phenomenology Phenotypes Post traumatic stress disorder Research methodology Risk factors Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic - complications Time Trauma Traumatic stress Type 2 diabetes mellitus New York San Francisco California Vietnam United States > US Cardiovascular disease post-traumatic stress disorder diabetes causality
ISSN:	0033-2917, 1469-8978
On-line přístup:	Získat plný text
Tagy:	Přidat tag Žádné tagy, Buďte první, kdo vytvoří štítek k tomuto záznamu!

Abstract	Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been declared ‘a life sentence’ based on evidence that the disorder leads to a host of physical health problems. Some of the strongest empirical research – in terms of methodology and findings – has shown that PTSD predicts higher risk of cardiometabolic diseases, specifically cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Despite mounting evidence, PTSD is not currently acknowledged as a risk factor by cardiovascular or endocrinological medicine. This view is unlikely to change absent compelling evidence that PTSD causally contributes to cardiometabolic disease. This review suggests that with developments in methods for epidemiological research and the rapidly expanding knowledge of the behavioral and biological effects of PTSD the field is poised to provide more definitive answers to questions of causality. First, we discuss methods to improve causal inference using the observational data most often used in studies of PTSD and health, with particular reference to issues of temporality and confounding. Second, we consider recent work linking PTSD with specific behaviors and biological processes, and evaluate whether these may plausibly serve as mechanisms by which PTSD leads to cardiometabolic disease. Third, we evaluate how looking more comprehensively into the PTSD phenotype provides insight into whether specific aspects of PTSD phenomenology are particularly relevant to cardiometabolic disease. Finally, we discuss new areas of research that are feasible and could enhance understanding of the PTSD–cardiometabolic relationship, such as testing whether treatment of PTSD can halt or even reverse the cardiometabolic risk factors causally related to CVD and T2D.
AbstractList	Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been declared ‘a life sentence’ based on evidence that the disorder leads to a host of physical health problems. Some of the strongest empirical research – in terms of methodology and findings – has shown that PTSD predicts higher risk of cardiometabolic diseases, specifically cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Despite mounting evidence, PTSD is not currently acknowledged as a risk factor by cardiovascular or endocrinological medicine. This view is unlikely to change absent compelling evidence that PTSD causally contributes to cardiometabolic disease. This review suggests that with developments in methods for epidemiological research and the rapidly expanding knowledge of the behavioral and biological effects of PTSD the field is poised to provide more definitive answers to questions of causality. First, we discuss methods to improve causal inference using the observational data most often used in studies of PTSD and health, with particular reference to issues of temporality and confounding. Second, we consider recent work linking PTSD with specific behaviors and biological processes, and evaluate whether these may plausibly serve as mechanisms by which PTSD leads to cardiometabolic disease. Third, we evaluate how looking more comprehensively into the PTSD phenotype provides insight into whether specific aspects of PTSD phenomenology are particularly relevant to cardiometabolic disease. Finally, we discuss new areas of research that are feasible and could enhance understanding of the PTSD–cardiometabolic relationship, such as testing whether treatment of PTSD can halt or even reverse the cardiometabolic risk factors causally related to CVD and T2D.
Author	Sumner, J. A. Ratanatharathorn, A. Winning, A. Gilsanz, P. Koenen, K. C. Roberts, A. L. Kubzansky, L. D. Rimm, E. B. Glymour, M. M.
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: K. C. surname: Koenen fullname: Koenen, K. C. email: kkoenen@hsph.harvard.edu organization: Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA – sequence: 2 givenname: J. A. surname: Sumner fullname: Sumner, J. A. organization: Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA – sequence: 3 givenname: P. surname: Gilsanz fullname: Gilsanz, P. organization: Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA – sequence: 4 givenname: M. M. surname: Glymour fullname: Glymour, M. M. organization: Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA – sequence: 5 givenname: A. surname: Ratanatharathorn fullname: Ratanatharathorn, A. organization: Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA – sequence: 6 givenname: E. B. surname: Rimm fullname: Rimm, E. B. organization: Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Departments of Epidemiology and Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA – sequence: 7 givenname: A. L. surname: Roberts fullname: Roberts, A. L. organization: Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA – sequence: 8 givenname: A. surname: Winning fullname: Winning, A. organization: Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA – sequence: 9 givenname: L. D. surname: Kubzansky fullname: Kubzansky, L. D. organization: Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
BackLink	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27697083$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
BookMark	eNqNkU9r3DAQxUVJaDbbfoBegqGXXpxoJFuyeyuh-QOBBNKejSyPg4ItbSS50G-fWbKBkpASdBjE_N7w5s0h2_PBI2NfgB8DB31yy7mUogUNinMh2uoDW0Gl2rJpdbPHVtt2ue0fsMOU7jkHCZX4yA6EVq3mjVwxdxNSLnM0y2yys0XKEVMqBpdCHDAWxg-FNXFwYcZs-jARQ000Cb8Xbt7E8Mf5O0KWZKbC-REjeotFDttPiHOxicbSZPzE9kczJfy8q2v2--znr9OL8ur6_PL0x1Vp66rJZS17sMBbEAKkQqWEaPoKda9baEbBaz6Mxo5VLVsNmlZCQ_tLpUD2aGGUa_btaS55e1gw5W52yeI0GY9hSR00qpGVhLp6ByprehQUoV9foPdhiZ4WIaquldacXKzZ0Y5a-hmHbhPdbOLf7jlvAvQTYGNIKeLYWZcp-ODpBG7qgHfby3avLktKeKF8Hv4_jdxpzNxHN9zhP67fVD0C406yHw
CODEN	PSMDCO
CitedBy_id	crossref_primary_10_1161_CIR_0000000000000947 crossref_primary_10_1097_GME_0000000000001078 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11126_019_09632_5 crossref_primary_10_1097_GME_0000000000001036 crossref_primary_10_1002_jts_22562 crossref_primary_10_1093_aje_kwae278 crossref_primary_10_1017_S0033291718003914 crossref_primary_10_1017_S0033291719003246 crossref_primary_10_1007_s40615_021_01190_6 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_bbi_2023_09_005 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_amepre_2021_06_022 crossref_primary_10_2217_bem_2018_0002 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jpsychores_2023_111558 crossref_primary_10_1080_01612840_2023_2238091 crossref_primary_10_1097_JOM_0000000000003302 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_bbi_2017_08_022 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11920_018_0898_7 crossref_primary_10_1177_0890117120983982c crossref_primary_10_3389_fphar_2020_602447 crossref_primary_10_1161_STROKEAHA_119_026854 crossref_primary_10_3389_fphar_2022_759626 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_bbi_2017_11_013 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neubiorev_2019_03_019 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jad_2020_12_180 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jagp_2018_09_012 crossref_primary_10_3390_genes15040519 crossref_primary_10_2147_DMSO_S536015 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_cbpra_2025_03_001 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jpsychires_2018_12_001 crossref_primary_10_1177_2047487319850717 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_biopsych_2019_11_005 crossref_primary_10_1097_PSY_0000000000001304 crossref_primary_10_1002_da_23271 crossref_primary_10_1017_S0033291721000210 crossref_primary_10_1093_aje_kwab253 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41386_018_0276_5 crossref_primary_10_1161_JAHA_118_011133 crossref_primary_10_1007_s12035_018_0916_0 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_genhosppsych_2021_01_001 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jpsychores_2021_110358 crossref_primary_10_1097_JOM_0000000000003432 crossref_primary_10_1080_15427609_2025_2545656 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_sleep_2022_07_014 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jpsychires_2025_01_033 crossref_primary_10_1177_0890117120983982 crossref_primary_10_1007_s44192_025_00141_5 crossref_primary_10_1002_ajim_23271 crossref_primary_10_1097_PSY_0000000000001116 crossref_primary_10_3390_healthcare9121698 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jpsychores_2020_110128 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41598_023_38038_4 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41398_023_02542_y crossref_primary_10_1016_j_biopsych_2018_02_007 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jpsychires_2023_10_048 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jad_2022_09_117 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41380_022_01735_z crossref_primary_10_1136_bmj_l1255 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_bbih_2022_100527 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_healthplace_2020_102456 crossref_primary_10_1097_FBP_0000000000000467 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ssmmh_2025_100445 crossref_primary_10_1161_CIR_0000000000000536 crossref_primary_10_1089_whr_2022_0069 crossref_primary_10_1161_CIRCOUTCOMES_117_004572 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jpsychores_2023_111351 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_biopsycho_2023_108586 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jpsychires_2018_04_009 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12889_020_09300_5 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jpsychores_2023_111510 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41467_019_12576_w crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jpsychires_2024_06_009 crossref_primary_10_1134_S0012496619020042 crossref_primary_10_1097_JOM_0000000000002490 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12888_023_04866_x crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jpsychores_2019_109818 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11920_017_0823_5 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jpsychires_2023_01_010 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_maturitas_2021_07_014 crossref_primary_10_1001_jamanetworkopen_2019_20476 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_bbi_2022_12_012 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_biopsych_2017_06_020 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_nutres_2018_03_002 crossref_primary_10_1017_S0033291717000733 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jpsychores_2019_109776
Cites_doi	10.1002/da.22133 10.1196/annals.1364.012 10.1037/0022-006X.74.1.186 10.1016/j.exger.2014.09.012 10.1016/S0091-7435(03)00123-3 10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.10.014 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.014492 10.1186/1471-2458-14-1149 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.05.019 10.1111/j.2044-8309.1981.tb00497.x 10.1001/archinternmed.2010.356 10.1007/978-3-319-08359-9_54 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.186833 10.1007/s00213-010-1969-6 10.1007/s10865-008-9158-3 10.1007/BF02884839 10.1097/00005053-199906000-00004 10.2217/epi.11.116 10.1097/00004583-200404000-00005 10.1016/S0022-3956(02)00025-0 10.1037/a0037046 10.1097/00006842-200107000-00011 10.1371/journal.pone.0059236 10.1016/j.psym.2010.12.009 10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593 10.1007/s40572-015-0073-9 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.06.007 10.1016/j.jad.2007.08.013 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.03.004 10.1016/S0022-3999(02)00429-4 10.1093/ije/dyv341 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.10.012 10.1016/S0749-3797(98)00017-8 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.02.027 10.1016/S0006-3223(98)00059-6 10.1016/j.jagp.2014.12.003 10.1016/j.pcad.2013.03.004 10.1016/j.cpr.2014.03.002 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.08.021 10.1016/j.ahj.2010.02.033 10.1093/ije/29.4.722 10.1093/jnci/djt024 10.1097/PSY.0000000000000110 10.3346/jkms.2004.19.3.431 10.1017/S0033291716000817 10.1371/journal.pone.0038915 10.1016/j.jagp.2015.04.001 10.1371/journal.pone.0060991 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.2632 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.01.019 10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.10050706 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001976 10.1002/jts.20372 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.11.001 10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00309-0 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.2798 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192703 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.06.002 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.04.014 10.1097/CRD.0b013e318265343b 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.04.085 10.1161/01.CIR.0000143074.54995.7F 10.1136/bmj.b1273 10.1037/a0012591 10.1016/j.psychres.2006.12.003 10.1097/PSY.0b013e31817bccaf 10.1016/j.annepidem.2005.03.009 10.1016/j.jad.2011.02.011 10.1002/sim.6181 10.1097/00001648-200009000-00011 10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.01.003 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000229 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.12.016 10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.12881 10.1007/s11886-015-0645-1 10.1001/archpsyc.64.1.109 10.1017/S0033291706009019 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2004.03.011 10.1080/15299730802624577 10.1097/CCM.0000000000000882 10.1038/npp.2015.118 10.1196/annals.1364.027 10.1080/14622200701488418 10.1038/nrn3339 10.1093/epirev/mxu011 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009334 10.1093/ije/dyg070 10.1186/1744-859X-12-30 10.1017/S0033291711002856 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2007.09.006 10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09081247 10.1159/000354910 10.1037/0278-6133.28.1.125 10.1097/01.psy.0000221229.43272.9d 10.1002/jts.20304 10.1097/EDE.0b013e31823b5081 10.1016/j.bbi.2013.01.081 10.1016/j.bbi.2009.08.005 10.2337/dc10-0296 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2005.08.002 10.1016/j.amepre.2008.09.026 10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.10.026 10.2337/dc11-2055 10.1016/j.bbi.2011.07.232 10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.10.007 10.1016/j.jad.2010.05.005 10.1097/PSY.0b013e31815a8f6b 10.1023/A:1015992110544 10.1093/hmg/ddu332 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302342 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.4374 10.1371/annotation/0af0b6c6-ac23-4fe9-a692-f5c30a3a30b3 10.1093/jpepsy/jsv040 10.1161/01.CIR.101.14.1634 10.1016/j.amjcard.2011.02.340 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.07.015 10.1192/bjp.bp.113.143610 10.1002/ajmg.b.31212 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.10.020
ContentType	Journal Article
Copyright	Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2016
Copyright_xml	– notice: Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2016
DBID	AAYXX CITATION CGR CUY CVF ECM EIF NPM 0-V 3V. 7QJ 7QP 7QR 7RV 7TK 7X7 7XB 88E 88G 8FD 8FI 8FJ 8FK 8G5 ABUWG AFKRA ALSLI AZQEC BENPR CCPQU DWQXO FR3 FYUFA GHDGH GNUQQ GUQSH HEHIP K9. KB0 M0S M1P M2M M2O M2S MBDVC NAPCQ P64 PHGZM PHGZT PJZUB PKEHL POGQB PPXIY PQEST PQQKQ PQUKI PRINS PRQQA PSYQQ Q9U 7X8
DOI	10.1017/S0033291716002294
DatabaseName	CrossRef Medline MEDLINE MEDLINE (Ovid) MEDLINE MEDLINE PubMed ProQuest Social Sciences Premium Collection【Remote access available】 ProQuest Central (Corporate) Applied Social Sciences Index & Abstracts (ASSIA) Calcium & Calcified Tissue Abstracts Chemoreception Abstracts Nursing & Allied Health Database Neurosciences Abstracts Health & Medical Collection ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016) Medical Database (Alumni Edition) Psychology Database (Alumni) Technology Research Database Hospital Premium Collection Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition) ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016) Research Library (Alumni) ProQuest Central (Alumni) ProQuest Central UK/Ireland Social Science Premium Collection ProQuest Central Essentials - QC ProQuest Central ProQuest One Community College ProQuest Central Engineering Research Database Health Research Premium Collection Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni) ProQuest Central Student ProQuest Research Library Sociology Collection (OCUL) ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni) Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition) ProQuest Health & Medical Collection Medical Database Psychology Database Research Library ProQuest sociology Research Library (Corporate) Nursing & Allied Health Premium Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts Proquest Central Premium ProQuest One Academic ProQuest Health & Medical Research Collection ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New) ProQuest Sociology & Social Sciences Collection ProQuest One Health & Nursing ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE) ProQuest One Academic (retired) ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition ProQuest Central China ProQuest One Social Sciences ProQuest One Psychology ProQuest Central Basic MEDLINE - Academic
DatabaseTitle	CrossRef MEDLINE Medline Complete MEDLINE with Full Text PubMed MEDLINE (Ovid) ProQuest One Psychology Research Library Prep ProQuest Central Student ProQuest Central Essentials Sociology & Social Sciences Collection ProQuest Central China Health Research Premium Collection Health & Medical Research Collection Chemoreception Abstracts ProQuest Central (New) ProQuest Sociology ProQuest Medical Library (Alumni) Social Science Premium Collection ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition ProQuest Hospital Collection Sociology Collection Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni) Neurosciences Abstracts ProQuest Hospital Collection (Alumni) Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts Nursing & Allied Health Premium ProQuest Health & Medical Complete ProQuest Social Sciences Premium Collection ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition ProQuest Nursing & Allied Health Source (Alumni) Engineering Research Database ProQuest One Academic Calcium & Calcified Tissue Abstracts ProQuest One Academic (New) ProQuest Sociology & Social Sciences Collection Technology Research Database ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New) ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni) ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition) ProQuest One Community College ProQuest One Health & Nursing Research Library (Alumni Edition) Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts (ASSIA) ProQuest Central ProQuest Health & Medical Research Collection Health and Medicine Complete (Alumni Edition) ProQuest Central Korea ProQuest Research Library ProQuest Sociology Collection ProQuest One Social Sciences ProQuest Central Basic ProQuest Nursing & Allied Health Source ProQuest Psychology Journals (Alumni) ProQuest Medical Library ProQuest Psychology Journals ProQuest Central (Alumni) MEDLINE - Academic
DatabaseTitleList	MEDLINE CrossRef MEDLINE - Academic Neurosciences Abstracts ProQuest One Psychology
Database_xml	– sequence: 1 dbid: NPM name: PubMed url: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed sourceTypes: Index Database – sequence: 2 dbid: BENPR name: ProQuest Central url: https://www.proquest.com/central sourceTypes: Aggregation Database
DeliveryMethod	fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline	Medicine
DocumentTitleAlternate	K. C. Koenen et al. Post-traumatic stress disorder and cardiometabolic disease
EISSN	1469-8978
EndPage	225
ExternalDocumentID	4293980381 27697083 10_1017_S0033291716002294
Genre	Review Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Journal Article Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
GeographicLocations	New York San Francisco California Vietnam United States--US
GeographicLocations_xml	– name: New York – name: San Francisco California – name: Vietnam – name: United States--US
GrantInformation_xml	– fundername: NIMH NIH HHS grantid: R01 MH078928 – fundername: NIMH NIH HHS grantid: R01 MH101227 – fundername: NIMH NIH HHS grantid: T32 MH017119 – fundername: NCI NIH HHS grantid: UM1 CA176726 – fundername: NHLBI NIH HHS grantid: K01 HL130650 – fundername: NIMH NIH HHS grantid: R01 MH101269 – fundername: NIA NIH HHS grantid: T32 AG049663
GroupedDBID	--- -1D -1F -2P -2V -E. -~6 -~N .FH .GJ .XZ 0-V 08P 09C 09E 0E1 0R~ 123 29P 3V. 4.4 41~ 53G 5RE 5VS 6~7 74X 74Y 7RV 7X7 7~V 88E 8FI 8FJ 8G5 8R4 8R5 9M5 AAAZR AABES AABWE AACJH AAGFV AAKTX AAMNQ AARAB AASVR AATMM AAUIS AAUKB AAWTL AAYEP ABBXD ABBZL ABGDZ ABITZ ABIVO ABJNI ABKKG ABLJU ABQTM ABQWD ABROB ABTCQ ABUWG ABVFV ABVKB ABVZP ABWCF ABXAU ABZCX ABZUI ACBMC ACDLN ACETC ACGFO ACGFS ACHQT ACIMK ACIWK ACPRK ACRPL ACUIJ ACYZP ACZBM ACZUX ADAZD ADBBV ADDNB ADFEC ADFRT ADKIL ADNMO ADOVH ADOVT ADVJH AEBAK AEBPU AEHGV AEMFK AEMTW AENCP AENEX AENGE AEPLO AEYHU AEYYC AFFNX AFFUJ AFKQG AFKRA AFLOS AFLVW AFUTZ AFZFC AGABE AGJUD AGLWM AHIPN AHLTW AHMBA AHQXX AHRGI AIGNW AIHIV AIOIP AISIE AJ7 AJCYY AJPFC AJQAS AKZCZ ALIPV ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS ALSLI ALVPG ANPSP AQJOH ARABE ARALO ARZZG ASOEW ATUCA AUXHV AYIQA AZGZS AZQEC BBLKV BCGOX BENPR BESQT BGHMG BJBOZ BKEYQ BLZWO BMAJL BPHCQ BQFHP BRIRG BVXVI C0O C45 CAG CBIIA CCPQU CCQAD CCUQV CDIZJ CFAFE CFBFF CGQII CHEAL CJCSC COF CS3 DC4 DOHLZ DU5 DWQXO EBS EGQIC EJD EX3 F5P FA8 FYUFA GNUQQ GUQSH HEHIP HG- HMCUK HST HZ~ H~9 I.6 I.7 I.9 IH6 IOEEP IOO IS6 I~P J36 J38 J3A J5H JHPGK JQKCU JVRFK KAFGG KCGVB KFECR L7B L98 LHUNA LW7 M-V M1P M2M M2O M2S M7~ M8. N4W NAPCQ NEJ NIKVX NMFBF NZEOI O9- OMB OMC OMH OVD OYBOY P2P PQQKQ PROAC PSQYO PSYQQ Q2X RCA RIG ROL RR0 S6- S6U SAAAG SY4 T9M TEORI UAP UCJ UKHRP UT1 UU6 VVN WFFJZ WH7 WOW WQ3 WXU WYP YOC YZZ ZCA ZDLDU ZGI ZJOSE ZMEZD ZXP ZYDXJ ~V1 AAFWJ AAKNA AAXMD AAYXX ABXHF ACEJA AEMTJ AFFHD AGQPQ AKMAY ANOYL CITATION IPYYG PHGZM PHGZT PJZUB POGQB PPXIY PRQQA ACOZI ADPDF CGR CUY CVF ECM EIF NPM 7QJ 7QP 7QR 7TK 7XB 8FD 8FK FR3 K9. MBDVC P64 PKEHL PQEST PQUKI PRINS Q9U 7X8 PUEGO
ID	FETCH-LOGICAL-c548t-53b1c109122136e66228b4e7b7918f2050dfacf4539717001ea17136613bec1f3
IEDL.DBID	7RV
ISICitedReferencesCount	110
ISICitedReferencesURI	http://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=Summon&SrcAuth=ProQuest&DestLinkType=CitingArticles&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=000391320100003&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D
ISSN	0033-2917
IngestDate	Sun Aug 24 04:04:05 EDT 2025 Sun Nov 09 11:23:34 EST 2025 Fri Nov 21 21:44:02 EST 2025 Mon Jul 21 05:51:56 EDT 2025 Tue Nov 18 21:20:29 EST 2025 Sat Nov 29 07:48:15 EST 2025 Tue Jan 21 06:28:20 EST 2025
IsDoiOpenAccess	false
IsOpenAccess	true
IsPeerReviewed	true
IsScholarly	true
Issue	2
Keywords	Cardiovascular disease post-traumatic stress disorder diabetes causality
Language	English
License	https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms
LinkModel	DirectLink
MergedId	FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c548t-53b1c109122136e66228b4e7b7918f2050dfacf4539717001ea17136613bec1f3
Notes	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 ObjectType-Feature-3 content type line 23 ObjectType-Review-2
OpenAccessLink	https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/EDB09DA4816C0282CFE4C9C10566BE5A/S0033291716002294a.pdf/div-class-title-post-traumatic-stress-disorder-and-cardiometabolic-disease-improving-causal-inference-to-inform-practice-div.pdf
PMID	27697083
PQID	1855677071
PQPubID	35753
PageCount	17
ParticipantIDs	proquest_miscellaneous_1868343154 proquest_miscellaneous_1835353083 proquest_journals_1855677071 pubmed_primary_27697083 crossref_citationtrail_10_1017_S0033291716002294 crossref_primary_10_1017_S0033291716002294 cambridge_journals_10_1017_S0033291716002294
PublicationCentury	2000
PublicationDate	2017-01-01
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD	2017-01-01
PublicationDate_xml	– month: 01 year: 2017 text: 2017-01-01 day: 01
PublicationDecade	2010
PublicationPlace	Cambridge, UK
PublicationPlace_xml	– name: Cambridge, UK – name: England – name: Cambridge
PublicationTitle	Psychological medicine
PublicationTitleAlternate	Psychol. Med
PublicationYear	2017
Publisher	Cambridge University Press
Publisher_xml	– name: Cambridge University Press
References	Yehuda 2006; 1071 Godfrey, Lindamer, Mostoufi, Afari 2013; 12 Gradus, Farkas, Svensson, Ehrenstein, Lash, Milstein, Adler, Sørensen 2015; 5 Plantinga, Bremner, Miller, Jones, Veledar, Goldberg, Vaccarino 2013; 30 Chapman, Mills, Slade, McFarlane, Bryant, Creamer, Silove, Teesson 2012; 42 Robins, Hernán, Brumback 2000; 11 Dennis, Watkins, Calhoun, Oddone, Sherwood, Dennis, Rissling, Beckham 2014; 76 Pan, Lucas, Sun, van Dam, Franco, Manson, Willett, Ascherio, Hu 2010; 170 Passos, Vasconcelos-Moreno, Costa, Kunz, Brietzke, Quevedo, Salum, Magalhaes, Kapczinski, Kauer-Sant'Anna 2015; 2 Matthews, Schott, Bromberger, Cyranowski, Everson-Rose, Sowers 2010; 24 Ahmadi, Hajsadeghi, Mirshkarlo, Budoff, Yehuda, Ebrahimi 2011; 108 Hall, Hoerster, Yancy 2015; 37 Gooding, Milliren, Austin, Sheridan, McLaughlin 2016; 41 Kubzansky, Bordelois, Jun, Roberts, Cerda, Bluestone, Koenen 2014; 71 Lohr, Palmer, Eidt, Aailaboyina, Mausbach, Wolkowitz, Thorp, Jeste 2015; 23 Kibler 2009; 10 Levine, Levine, Levine 2014; 127 Cohen, Deblinger, Mannarino, Steer 2004; 43 Giacco, Matanov, Priebe 2013; 8 Spitzer, Barnow, Völzke, Wallaschofski, John, Freyberger, Löwe, Grabe 2010; 44 Cloitre, Stovall-McClough, Nooner, Zorbas, Cherry, Jackson, Gan, Petkova 2010; 167 Vin-Raviv, Hillyer, Hershman, Galea, Leoce, Bovbjerg, Kushi, Kroenke, Lamerato, Ambrosone, Valdimorsdottir, Jandorf, Mandelblat, Tsai, Neugut 2013; 105 Chwastiak, Rosenheck, Kazis 2011; 52 Lefkowitz, Rockman, Koch 2000; 101 Maia, Marmar, Mendlowicz, Metzler, Nobrega, Peres, Coutinho, Volchan, Figueira 2008; 107 Goldstein, Carnethon, Matthews, McIntyre, Miller, Raghuveer, Stoney, Wasiak, McCrindle 2015; 132 van der Velden, Kleber, Koenen 2008; 94 Mustapic, Maihofer, Mahata, Chen, Baker, O'Connor, Nievergelt 2014; 23 Wolf, Bovin, Green, Mitchell, Stoop, Barretto, Jackson, Lee, Fang, Trachtenberg, Rosen, Keane, Marx 2016; 46 Logue, Amstadter, Baker, Duncan, Koenen, Liberzon, Miller, Morey, Nievergelt, Ressler 2015; 40 Dong, Giles, Felitti, Dube, Williams, Chapman, Anda 2004; 110 Dudley, Li, Kobor, Kippin, Bredy 2011; 35 Scherrer, Chrusciel, Zeringue, Garfield, Hauptman, Lustman, Freedland, Carney, Bucholz, Owen 2010; 159 Edmondson, Cohen 2013; 55 Von Känel, Hepp, Buddeberg, Keel, Mica, Aschbacher, Schnyder 2006; 68 Koenen, Stellman, Sommer, Stellman 2008; 21 Kagan, Leskin, Haas, Wilkins, Foy 1999; 45 Seckl, Meaney 2006; 1071 Schnurr, Spiro 1999; 187 Buckley, Kaloupek 2001; 63 Wentworth, Stein, Redwine, Xue, Taub, Clopton, Nayak, Maisel 2013; 21 Blechert, Michael, Grossman, Lajtman, Wilhelm 2007; 69 Boscarino 2008; 70 Eraly, Nievergelt, Maihofer, Barkauskas, Biswas, Agorastos, O'Connor, Baker 2014; 71 Fu, McFall, Saxon, Beckham, Carmody, Baker, Joseph 2007; 9 Kubzansky, Koenen, Jones, Eaton 2009; 28 Shah, Lampert, Goldberg, Veledar, Bremner, Vaccarino 2013; 73 Winning, Glymour, McCormick, Gilsanz, Kubzansky 2015; 66 Gill, Vythilingam, Page 2008; 21 Sadeh, Miller, Wolf, Harknes 2015; 31 Roberts, Agnew-Blais, Spiegelman, Kubzansky, Mason, Galea, Hu, Rich-Edwards, Koenen 2015; 72 de Kloet, Vermetten, Geuze, Kavelaars, Heijnen, Westenberg 2006; 40 Smith, Conneely, Kilaru, Mercer, Weiss, Bradley, Tang, Gillespie, Cubells, Ressler 2011 Grant, Beck, Marques, Palyo, Clapp 2008; 117 Harpaz-Rotem, Tsai, Pietrzak, Hoff 2014; 49 Pan, Keum, Okereke, Sun, Kivimaki, Rubin, Hu 2012; 35 Klungel, Martens, Psaty, Grobbee, Sullivan, Stricker, Leufkens, de Boer 2004; 57 van Zuiden, Geuze, Willemen, Vermetten, Maas, Amarouchi, Kavelaars, Heijnen 2012; 71 Abboud, Harwani, Chapleau 2012; 59 Kessler, Berglund, Demler, Jin, Merikangas, Walters 2005; 62 Prins, Abbasi, Wong, Vaez, Nolte, Franceschini, Stuart, Guterriez Achury, Mistry, Bradfield, Valdes, Bras, Shatunov, Lu, Han, Raychaudhuri, Bevan, Mayes, Tsoi, Evangelou, Nair, Grant, Polychronakos, Radstake, van Heel, Dunstan, Wood, Al-Chalabi, Dehghan, Hakonarson, Markus, Elder, Knight, Arking, Spector, Koeleman, van Duijn, Martin, Morris, Weersma, Wijmenga, Munroe, Perry, Pouget, Jamshidi, Snieder, Alizadeh 2016; 13 von Känel, Hepp, Traber, Kraemer, Mica, Keel, Mausbach, Schnyder 2008; 158 Boscarino 2006; 16 El-Gabalawy, Mackenzie, Pietrzak, Sareen 2014; 60 Pace, Wingenfeld, Schmidt, Meinlschmidt, Hellhammer, Heim 2012; 26 Zoellner, Pruitt, Farach, Jun 2014; 31 Tsigos, Chrousos 2002; 53 Sledjeski, Speisman, Dierker 2008; 31 Kubzansky, Koenen, Spiro, Vokonas, Sparrow 2007; 64 Dube, Felitti, Dong, Giles, Anda 2003; 37 Koenen, Hitsman, Lyons, Stroud, Niaura, McCaffery, Goldberg, Eisen, True, Tsuang 2006; 74 Schnurr, Spiro, Vielhauer, Findler, Hamblen 2002; 8 Jordan, Miller-Archie, Cone, Morabia, Stellman 2011; 53 Armour, Tsai, Durham, Charak, Biehn, Elhai, Pietrzak 2015; 61 Perkonigg, Owashi, Stein, Kirschbaum, Wittchen 2009; 36 Vandenbroucke, Broadbent, Pearce 2016 Roy, Foraker, Girton, Mansfield 2015; 105 Tchetgen Tchetgen 2014; 33 Chen, Pan, Li, Lin, Chen, Lee, Tsai, Hsu, Huang, Tsai 2015; 206 Ehlert 2013; 38 Tchetgen Tchetgen, Glymour, Shpitser, Weuve 2012; 23 Parker, Sricharoenchai, Raparla, Schneck, Bienvenu, Needham 2015; 43 Abrams, Manstead 1981; 20 LeardMann, Smith, Smith, Wells, Ryan 2009; 338 Beristianos, Yaffe, Cohen, Byers 2016; 24 Koenen, Moffitt, Poulton, Martin, Caspi 2007; 37 Pitman, Rasmusson, Koenen, Shin, Orr, Gilbertson, Milad, Liberzon 2012; 13 Scott, McGee, Wells, Oakley Browne 2008; 64 Kronish, Lin, Cohen, Voils, Edmondson 2014; 174 Elhai, Biehn, Armour, Klopper, Frueh, Palmieri 2011; 25 Sumner, Kubzansky, Elkind, Roberts, Agnew-Blais, Chen, Cerdá, Rexrode, Rich-Edwards, Spiegelman 2015; 132 Felitti, Anda, Nordenberg, Williamson, Spitz, Edwards, Koss, Marks 1998; 14 van Zuiden, Geuze, Willemen, Vermetten, Maas, Heijnen, Kavelaars 2011; 168 Lloyd-Jones, Hong, Labarthe, Mozaffarian, Appel, Van Horn, Greenlund, Daniels, Nichol, Tomaselli 2010; 121 Santiago, Ursano, Gray, Pynoos, Spiegel, Lewis-Fernandez, Friedman, Fullerton 2013; 8 Thayer, Brosschot 2005; 30 Baker, Nievergelt, O'Connor 2012; 62 Forbes, Parslow, Creamer, O'Donnell, Bryant, McFarlane, Silove, Shalev 2010; 127 Karlovic, Buljan, Martinac, Marcinko 2004; 19 Vaccarino, Goldberg, Magruder, Forsberg, Friedman, Litz, Heagerty, Huang, Gleason, Smith 2014; 56 Pole, Neylan, Otte, Henn-Hasse, Metzler, Marmar 2009; 65 Su, Jimenez, Roberts, Loucks 2015; 17 Vaccarino, Goldberg, Rooks, Shah, Veledar, Faber, Votaw, Forsberg, Bremner 2013; 62 Forbes, Lockwood, Elhai, Creamer, O'Donnell, Bryant, McFarlane, Silove 2011; 132 Leskin, Woodward, Young, Sheikh 2002; 36 Suglia, Clark, Boynton-Jarrett, Kressin, Koenen 2014; 14 Edmondson, Richardson, Falzon, Davidson, Mills, Neria 2012; 7 Yehuda, Flory, Pratchett, Buxbaum, Ising, Holsboer 2010; 212 Smith, Ebrahim 2003; 32 Galatzer-Levy, Ankri, Freedman, Israeli-Shalev, Roitman, Gilad, Shalev 2013; 8 Morina, Wicherts, Lobbrecht, Priebe 2014; 34 Bedi, Arora 2007; 99 Lowe, Walsh, Uddin, Galea, Koenen 2014; 123 Boyko, Jacobson, Smith, Ryan, Hooper, Amoroso, Gackstetter, Barrett-Connor, Smith 2010; 33 von Känel, Abbas, Schmid, Saner, Haeberli, Stutz, Begré 2010; 44 Greenland 2000; 29 Boscarino, Chang 1999; 21 Rusiecki, Chen, Srikantan, Zhang, Yan, Polin, Baccarelli 2012; 4 Schaefer, Caspi, Belsky, Harrington, Houts, Israel, Levine, Sugden, Williams, Poulton, Moffit 2015 S0033291716002294_ref76 S0033291716002294_ref75 S0033291716002294_ref74 S0033291716002294_ref73 S0033291716002294_ref110 S0033291716002294_ref79 S0033291716002294_ref111 S0033291716002294_ref112 S0033291716002294_ref78 S0033291716002294_ref113 S0033291716002294_ref77 S0033291716002294_ref103 S0033291716002294_ref1 S0033291716002294_ref104 S0033291716002294_ref105 S0033291716002294_ref2 S0033291716002294_ref106 S0033291716002294_ref3 S0033291716002294_ref72 S0033291716002294_ref107 S0033291716002294_ref71 S0033291716002294_ref108 S0033291716002294_ref70 S0033291716002294_ref109 S0033291716002294_ref87 S0033291716002294_ref86 S0033291716002294_ref85 S0033291716002294_ref84 S0033291716002294_ref120 S0033291716002294_ref121 S0033291716002294_ref122 S0033291716002294_ref123 S0033291716002294_ref89 S0033291716002294_ref124 S0033291716002294_ref114 S0033291716002294_ref115 S0033291716002294_ref116 S0033291716002294_ref117 S0033291716002294_ref83 S0033291716002294_ref118 S0033291716002294_ref119 S0033291716002294_ref82 S0033291716002294_ref81 S0033291716002294_ref80 Brouwers (S0033291716002294_ref14) 2016 S0033291716002294_ref59 S0033291716002294_ref54 S0033291716002294_ref53 S0033291716002294_ref52 S0033291716002294_ref51 S0033291716002294_ref58 S0033291716002294_ref57 S0033291716002294_ref56 S0033291716002294_ref55 S0033291716002294_ref50 Seckl (S0033291716002294_ref93) 2007 S0033291716002294_ref8 S0033291716002294_ref65 S0033291716002294_ref9 S0033291716002294_ref64 S0033291716002294_ref63 S0033291716002294_ref62 S0033291716002294_ref69 S0033291716002294_ref4 S0033291716002294_ref5 S0033291716002294_ref68 S0033291716002294_ref6 S0033291716002294_ref67 S0033291716002294_ref66 S0033291716002294_ref61 S0033291716002294_ref60 S0033291716002294_ref39 S0033291716002294_ref38 S0033291716002294_ref37 S0033291716002294_ref32 S0033291716002294_ref31 S0033291716002294_ref30 S0033291716002294_ref36 S0033291716002294_ref35 S0033291716002294_ref34 S0033291716002294_ref33 S0033291716002294_ref49 S0033291716002294_ref48 Schaefer (S0033291716002294_ref88) 2015 Bedi (S0033291716002294_ref7) 2007; 99 S0033291716002294_ref43 S0033291716002294_ref42 S0033291716002294_ref41 S0033291716002294_ref40 S0033291716002294_ref47 S0033291716002294_ref46 S0033291716002294_ref45 S0033291716002294_ref44 S0033291716002294_ref18 S0033291716002294_ref17 S0033291716002294_ref16 S0033291716002294_ref15 S0033291716002294_ref19 S0033291716002294_ref10 S0033291716002294_ref98 S0033291716002294_ref97 S0033291716002294_ref96 S0033291716002294_ref95 S0033291716002294_ref13 S0033291716002294_ref12 S0033291716002294_ref99 S0033291716002294_ref11 S0033291716002294_ref90 S0033291716002294_ref94 S0033291716002294_ref92 S0033291716002294_ref91 S0033291716002294_ref29 S0033291716002294_ref28 S0033291716002294_ref27 S0033291716002294_ref26 S0033291716002294_ref21 S0033291716002294_ref20 S0033291716002294_ref25 S0033291716002294_ref24 S0033291716002294_ref100 S0033291716002294_ref101 S0033291716002294_ref23 S0033291716002294_ref102 S0033291716002294_ref22
References_xml	– volume: 38 start-page: 1850 year: 2013 end-page: 1857 article-title: Enduring psychobiological effects of childhood adversity publication-title: Psychoneuroendocrinology – volume: 23 start-page: 132 year: 2012 end-page: 137 article-title: Rejoinder: to weight or not to weight?: On the relation between inverse-probability weighting and principal stratification for truncation by death publication-title: Epidemiology – volume: 43 start-page: 1121 year: 2015 end-page: 1129 article-title: Posttraumatic stress disorder in critical illness survivors: a metaanalysis publication-title: Critical Care Medicine – volume: 46 start-page: 2215 year: 2016 end-page: 2226 article-title: Longitudinal associations between post-traumatic stress disorder and metabolic syndrome severity publication-title: Psychological Medicine – volume: 1071 start-page: 137 year: 2006 end-page: 166 article-title: Advances in understanding neuroendocrine alterations in PTSD and their therapeutic implications publication-title: Annals of the New York Academy of Science – volume: 65 start-page: 235 year: 2009 end-page: 240 article-title: Prospective prediction of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms using fear potentiated auditory startle responses publication-title: Biological Psychiatry – volume: 30 start-page: 125 year: 2013 end-page: 132 article-title: Association between posttraumatic stress disorder and inflammation: a twin study publication-title: Brain, Behavior, and Immunity – volume: 41 start-page: 5 year: 2016 end-page: 14 article-title: Child abuse, resting blood pressure, and blood pressure reactivity to psychosocial stress publication-title: Journal of Pediatric Psychology – volume: 31 start-page: 20 year: 2015 end-page: 27 article-title: Negative emotionality and disconstraint influence PTSD symptom course via exposure to new major adverse life events publication-title: Journal of Anxiety Disorders – volume: 212 start-page: 405 year: 2010 end-page: 417 article-title: Putative biological mechanisms for the association between early life adversity and the subsequent development of PTSD publication-title: Psychopharmacology – volume: 35 start-page: 1544 year: 2011 end-page: 1551 article-title: Epigenetic mechanisms mediating vulnerability and resilience to psychiatric disorders publication-title: Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews – volume: 7 year: 2012 article-title: Posttraumatic stress disorder prevalence and risk of recurrence in acute coronary syndrome patients: a meta-analytic review publication-title: PLOS ONE – volume: 31 start-page: 97 year: 2014 end-page: 106 article-title: Understanding heterogeneity in PTSD: fear, dysphoria, and distress publication-title: Depression and Anxiety – volume: 64 start-page: 109 year: 2007 end-page: 116 article-title: Prospective study of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and coronary heart disease in the Normative Aging Study publication-title: Archives of General Psychiatry – volume: 21 start-page: 16 year: 2013 end-page: 22 article-title: Post-traumatic stress disorder: a fast track to premature cardiovascular disease? publication-title: Cardiology in Review – volume: 10 start-page: 135 year: 2009 end-page: 150 article-title: Posttraumatic stress and cardiovascular disease risk publication-title: Journal of Trauma and Dissociation – volume: 101 start-page: 1634 year: 2000 end-page: 1637 article-title: Catecholamines, cardiac β-adrenergic receptors, and heart failure publication-title: Circulation – volume: 8 year: 2013 article-title: A systematic review of PTSD prevalence and trajectories in DSM-5 defined trauma exposed populations: intentional and non-intentional traumatic events publication-title: PLOS ONE – volume: 36 start-page: 1 year: 2009 end-page: 8 article-title: Posttraumatic stress disorder and obesity: evidence for a risk association publication-title: American Journal of Preventive Medicine – volume: 42 start-page: 1695 year: 2012 end-page: 1703 article-title: Remission from post-traumatic stress disorder in the general population publication-title: Psychological Medicine – volume: 73 start-page: 1103 year: 2013 end-page: 1110 article-title: Posttraumatic stress disorder and impaired autonomic modulation in male twins publication-title: Biological Psychiatry – volume: 34 start-page: 249 year: 2014 end-page: 255 article-title: Remission from post-traumatic stress disorder in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of long term outcome studies publication-title: Clinical Psychology Review – volume: 23 start-page: 6375 year: 2014 end-page: 6384 article-title: The catecholamine biosynthetic enzyme dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH): first genome-wide search positions trait-determining variants acting additively in the proximal promoter publication-title: Human Molecular Genetics – volume: 94 start-page: 267 year: 2008 end-page: 271 article-title: Smoking predicts posttraumatic stress symptoms among rescue workers: a prospective study of ambulance personnel involved in the Enschede Fireworks Disaster publication-title: Drug and Alcohol Dependence – volume: 132 start-page: 251 year: 2015 end-page: 259 article-title: Trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms predict onset of cardiovascular events in women publication-title: Circulation – volume: 21 start-page: 530 year: 2008 end-page: 539 article-title: Low cortisol, high DHEA, and high levels of stimulated TNFα, and IL-6 in women with PTSD publication-title: Journal of Traumatic Stress – volume: 5 year: 2015 article-title: Associations between stress disorders and cardiovascular disease events in the Danish population publication-title: BMJ Open – volume: 108 start-page: 29 year: 2011 end-page: 33 article-title: Post-traumatic stress disorder, coronary atherosclerosis, and mortality publication-title: American Journal of Cardiology – volume: 71 start-page: 423 year: 2014 end-page: 431 article-title: Assessment of plasma C-reactive protein as a biomarker of posttraumatic stress disorder risk publication-title: JAMA Psychiatry – volume: 9 start-page: 1071 year: 2007 end-page: 1084 article-title: Post-traumatic stress disorder and smoking: a systematic review publication-title: Nicotine and Tobacco Research – volume: 13 start-page: 769 year: 2012 end-page: 787 article-title: Biological studies of post-traumatic stress disorder publication-title: Nature Reviews Neuroscience – volume: 33 start-page: 3601 year: 2014 end-page: 3628 article-title: Identification and estimation of survivor average causal effects publication-title: Statistics in Medicine – volume: 16 start-page: 248 year: 2006 end-page: 256 article-title: Posttraumatic stress disorder and mortality among U.S. Army veterans 30 years after military service publication-title: Annals of Epidemiology – volume: 49 start-page: 31 year: 2014 end-page: 36 article-title: The dimensional structure of posttraumatic stress symptomatology in 323 903 US veterans publication-title: Journal of Psychiatric Research – volume: 107 start-page: 259 year: 2008 end-page: 263 article-title: Abnormal serum lipid profile in Brazilian police officers with post-traumatic stress disorder publication-title: Journal of Affective Disorders – volume: 71 start-page: 44 year: 2014 end-page: 51 article-title: The weight of traumatic stress: a prospective study of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and weight status in women publication-title: JAMA Psychiatry – volume: 121 start-page: 586 year: 2010 end-page: 613 article-title: Defining and setting national goals for cardiovascular health promotion and disease reduction: the American Heart Association's strategic impact goal through 2020 and beyond publication-title: Circulation – year: 2016 article-title: Causality and causal inference in epidemiology: the need for a pluralistic approach publication-title: International Journal of Epidemiology – volume: 338 start-page: b1273 year: 2009 article-title: Baseline self reported functional health and vulnerability to post-traumatic stress disorder after combat deployment: prospective US military cohort study publication-title: BMJ – volume: 174 start-page: 468 year: 2014 end-page: 470 article-title: Posttraumatic stress disorder and medication nonadherence in patients with uncontrolled hypertension publication-title: JAMA Internal Medicine – volume: 23 start-page: 709 year: 2015 end-page: 725 article-title: Is post-traumatic stress disorder associated with premature senescence? A review of the literature publication-title: American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry – volume: 8 start-page: 175 year: 2002 end-page: 187 article-title: Trauma in the lives of older men: findings from the Normative Aging Study publication-title: Journal of Clinical Geropsychology – volume: 40 start-page: 2287 year: 2015 end-page: 2297 article-title: The Psychiatric Genomics Consortium Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Workgroup: posttraumatic stress disorder enters the age of large-scale genomic collaboration publication-title: Neuropsychopharmacology – volume: 30 start-page: 1050 year: 2005 end-page: 1058 article-title: Psychosomatics and psychopathology: looking up and down from the brain publication-title: Psychoneuroendocrinology – volume: 2 start-page: 1002 year: 2015 end-page: 1012 article-title: Inflammatory markers in post-traumatic stress disorder: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression publication-title: Lancet Psychiatry – start-page: 700 year: 2011 end-page: 708. article-title: Differential immune system DNA methylation and cytokine regulation in post-traumatic stress disorder publication-title: American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics – volume: 14 start-page: 1149 year: 2014 article-title: Child maltreatment and hypertension in young adulthood publication-title: BMC Public Health – volume: 19 start-page: 431 year: 2004 end-page: 436 article-title: Serum lipid concentrations in Croatian veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder comorbid with major depressive disorder, or major depressive disorder publication-title: Journal of Korean Medical Science – volume: 17 start-page: 88. year: 2015 article-title: The role of adverse childhood experiences in cardiovascular disease risk: a review with emphasis on plausible mechanisms publication-title: Current Cardiology Reports – volume: 37 start-page: 181 year: 2007 end-page: 192 article-title: Early childhood factors associated with the development of post-traumatic stress disorder: results from a longitudinal birth cohort publication-title: Psychological Medicine – volume: 12 start-page: 30 year: 2013 article-title: Posttraumatic stress disorder and health: a preliminary study of group differences in health and health behaviors publication-title: Annals of General Psychiatry – year: 2015 article-title: Early-life intelligence predicts midlife biological age publication-title: Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences – volume: 62 start-page: 970 year: 2013 end-page: 978 article-title: Post-traumatic stress disorder and incidence of coronary heart disease: a twin study publication-title: Journal of the American College of Cardiology – volume: 132 start-page: 965 year: 2015 end-page: 986 article-title: Major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder predispose youth to accelerated atherosclerosis and early cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association publication-title: Circulation – volume: 187 start-page: 353 year: 1999 end-page: 359 article-title: Combat disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, and health behaviors as predictors of self-reported physical health in older veterans publication-title: Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease – volume: 62 start-page: 663 year: 2012 end-page: 673 article-title: Biomarkers of PTSD: neuropeptides and immune signaling publication-title: Neuropharmacology – volume: 72 start-page: 203 year: 2015 end-page: 210 article-title: Posttraumatic stress disorder and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in a sample of women: a 22-year longitudinal study publication-title: JAMA Psychiatry – volume: 167 start-page: 915 year: 2010 end-page: 924 article-title: Treatment for PTSD related to childhood abuse: a randomized controlled trial publication-title: American Journal of Psychiatry – volume: 44 start-page: 15 year: 2010 end-page: 21 article-title: Association of posttraumatic stress disorder with low-grade elevation of C-reactive protein: evidence from the general population publication-title: Journal of Psychiatric Research – volume: 105 start-page: 563 year: 2013 end-page: 572 article-title: Racial disparities in posttraumatic stress after diagnosis of localized breast cancer: the BQUAL study publication-title: Journal of the National Cancer Institute – volume: 35 start-page: 1171 year: 2012 end-page: 1180 article-title: Bidirectional association between depression and metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies publication-title: Diabetes Care – volume: 33 start-page: 1771 year: 2010 end-page: 1777 article-title: Risk of diabetes in U.S. military service members in relation to combat deployment and mental health publication-title: Diabetes Care – volume: 21 start-page: 227 year: 1999 end-page: 234 article-title: Electrocardiogram abnormalities among men with stress-related psychiatric disorders: implications for coronary heart disease and clinical research publication-title: Annals of Behavioral Medicine – volume: 105, start-page: 757 year: 2015 end-page: 763 article-title: Posttraumatic stress disorder and incident heart failure among a community-based sample of US veterans publication-title: American Journal of Public Health – volume: 8 year: 2013 article-title: Early PTSD symptom trajectories: persistence, recovery, and response to treatment: results from the Jerusalem Trauma Outreach and Prevention Study (J-TOPS) publication-title: PLOS ONE – volume: 159 start-page: 772 year: 2010 end-page: 779 article-title: Anxiety disorders increase risk for incident myocardial infarction in depressed and nondepressed Veterans Administration patients publication-title: American Heart Journal – volume: 53 start-page: 865 year: 2002 end-page: 871 article-title: Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, neuroendocrine factors and stress publication-title: Journal of Psychosomatic Research – volume: 36 start-page: 449 year: 2002 end-page: 452 article-title: Effects of comorbid diagnoses on sleep disturbance in PTSD publication-title: Journal of Psychiatric Research – volume: 32 start-page: 1 year: 2003 end-page: 22 article-title: ‘Mendelian randomization’: can genetic epidemiology contribute to understanding environmental determinants of disease? publication-title: International Journal of Epidemiology – volume: 99 start-page: 642 year: 2007 end-page: 649 article-title: Cardiovascular manifestations of posttraumatic stress disorder publication-title: Journal of the National Medical Association – volume: 45 start-page: 374 year: 1999 end-page: 377 article-title: Elevated lipid levels in Vietnam veterans with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder publication-title: Biological Psychiatry – volume: 37 start-page: 268 year: 2003 end-page: 277 article-title: The impact of adverse childhood experiences on health problems: evidence from four birth cohorts dating back to 1900 publication-title: Preventive Medicine – volume: 44 start-page: 956 year: 2010 end-page: 963 article-title: Momentary stress moderates procoagulant reactivity to a trauma-specific interview in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder caused by myocardial infarction publication-title: Journal of Psychiatric Research – volume: 74 start-page: 186 year: 2006 article-title: Posttraumatic stress disorder and late-onset smoking in the Vietnam era twin registry publication-title: Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology – volume: 28 start-page: 125 year: 2009 end-page: 130 article-title: A prospective study of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and coronary heart disease in women publication-title: Health Psychology – volume: 56 start-page: 158 year: 2014 end-page: 164 article-title: Posttraumatic stress disorder and incidence of type-2 diabetes: a prospective twin study publication-title: Journal of Psychiatric Research – volume: 69 start-page: 935 year: 2007 end-page: 943 article-title: Autonomic and respiratory characteristics of posttraumatic stress disorder and panic disorder publication-title: Psychosomatic Medicine – volume: 132 start-page: 165 year: 2011 end-page: 172 article-title: An examination of the structure of posttraumatic stress disorder in relation to the anxiety and depressive disorders publication-title: Journal of Affective Disorders – volume: 123 start-page: 533 year: 2014 end-page: 544 article-title: Bidirectional relationships between trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress: a longitudinal study of Detroit residents publication-title: Journal of Abnormal Psychology – volume: 43 start-page: 393 year: 2004 end-page: 402 article-title: A multisite, randomized controlled trial for children with sexual abuse-related PTSD symptoms publication-title: Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry – volume: 57 start-page: 1223 year: 2004 end-page: 1231 article-title: Methods to assess intended effects of drug treatment in observational studies are reviewed publication-title: Journal of Clinical Epidemiology – volume: 66 start-page: 1577 year: 2015 end-page: 1586 article-title: Psychological distress across the life course and cardiometabolic risk: findings from the 1958 British Birth Cohort Study publication-title: Journal of the American College of Cardiology – volume: 25 start-page: 340 year: 2011 end-page: 345 article-title: Evidence for a unique PTSD construct represented by PTSD's D1–D3 symptoms publication-title: Journal of Anxiety Disorders – volume: 21 start-page: 49 year: 2008 end-page: 57 article-title: Persisting posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and their relationship to functioning in Vietnam veterans: a 14-year follow-up publication-title: Journal of Traumatic Stress – volume: 61 start-page: 106 year: 2015 end-page: 113 article-title: Dimensional structure of DSM-5 posttraumatic stress symptoms: support for a hybrid anhedonia and externalizing behaviors model publication-title: Journal of Psychiatric Research – volume: 63 start-page: 585 year: 2001 end-page: 594 article-title: A meta-analytic examination of basal cardiovascular activity in posttraumatic stress disorder publication-title: Psychosomatic Medicine – volume: 62 start-page: 593 year: 2005 end-page: 602 article-title: Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication publication-title: Archives of General Psychiatry – volume: 29 start-page: 722 year: 2000 end-page: 729 article-title: An introduction to instrumental variables for epidemiologists publication-title: International Journal of Epidemiology – volume: 24 start-page: 192 year: 2016 end-page: 200 article-title: PTSD and risk of incident cardiovascular disease in aging veterans publication-title: American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry – volume: 117 start-page: 662 year: 2008 end-page: 672 article-title: The structure of distress following trauma: posttraumatic stress disorder, major depressive disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder publication-title: Journal of Abnormal Psychology – volume: 71 start-page: 309 year: 2012 end-page: 316 article-title: Glucocorticoid receptor pathway components predict posttraumatic stress disorder symptom development: a prospective study publication-title: Biological Psychiatry – volume: 158 start-page: 363 year: 2008 end-page: 373 article-title: Measures of endothelial dysfunction in plasma of patients with posttraumatic stress disorder publication-title: Psychiatry Research – volume: 40 start-page: 550 year: 2006 end-page: 567 article-title: Assessment of HPA-axis function in posttraumatic stress disorder: pharmacological and non-pharmacological challenge tests, a review publication-title: Journal of Psychiatric Research – volume: 20 start-page: 271 year: 1981 end-page: 278 article-title: A test of theories of social facilitation using a musical task publication-title: British Journal of Social Psychology – volume: 52 start-page: 230 year: 2011 end-page: 236 article-title: Association of psychiatric illness and obesity, physical inactivity, and smoking among a national sample of veterans publication-title: Psychosomatics – volume: 76 start-page: 629 year: 2014 end-page: 637 article-title: Posttraumatic stress, heart rate variability, and the mediating role of behavioral health risks publication-title: Psychosomatic Medicine – volume: 60 start-page: 46 year: 2014 end-page: 56 article-title: A longitudinal examination of anxiety disorders and physical health conditions in a nationally representative sample of U.S. older adults publication-title: Experimental Gerontology – volume: 127 start-page: 147 year: 2010 end-page: 152 article-title: A longitudinal analysis of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and their relationship with fear and anxious–misery disorders: implications for DSM-V publication-title: Journal of Affective Disorders – volume: 24 start-page: 96 year: 2010 end-page: 101 article-title: Are there bi-directional associations between depressive symptoms and C-reactive protein in mid-life women? publication-title: Brain, Behavior, and Immunity – volume: 11 start-page: 550 year: 2000 end-page: 560 article-title: Marginal structural models and causal inference in epidemiology publication-title: Epidemiology – volume: 8 year: 2013 article-title: Symptoms and subjective quality of life in post-traumatic stress disorder: a longitudinal study publication-title: PLOS ONE – volume: 4 start-page: 29 year: 2012 end-page: 40 article-title: DNA methylation in repetitive elements and post-traumatic stress disorder: a case–control study of US military service members publication-title: Epigenomics – volume: 26 start-page: 13 year: 2012 end-page: 17 article-title: Increased peripheral NF-κB pathway activity in women with childhood abuse-related posttraumatic stress disorder publication-title: Brain, Behavior, and Immunity – volume: 59 start-page: 755 year: 2012 end-page: 762 article-title: Autonomic neural regulation of the immune system implications for hypertension and cardiovascular disease publication-title: Hypertension – volume: 1071 start-page: 351 year: 2006 end-page: 378 article-title: Glucocorticoid “programming” and PTSD risk publication-title: Annals of New York Academy of Science – volume: 110 start-page: 1761 year: 2004 end-page: 1766 article-title: Insights into causal pathways for ischemic heart disease: adverse childhood experiences study publication-title: Circulation – volume: 13 year: 2016 article-title: Investigating the causal relationship of C-reactive protein with 32 complex somatic and psychiatric outcomes: a large-scale cross-consortium Mendelian randomization study publication-title: PLoS Medicine – volume: 68 start-page: 598 year: 2006 end-page: 604 article-title: Altered blood coagulation in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder publication-title: Psychosomatic Medicine – volume: 64 start-page: 97 year: 2008 end-page: 105 article-title: Obesity and mental disorders in the adult general population publication-title: Journal of Psychosomatic Research – volume: 14 start-page: 245 year: 1998 end-page: 258 article-title: Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults. The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study publication-title: American Journal of Preventive Medicine – volume: 127 start-page: 1 year: 2014 end-page: 19 article-title: Posttraumatic stress disorder and cardiometabolic disease publication-title: Cardiology – volume: 55 start-page: 548 year: 2013 end-page: 556 article-title: Posttraumatic stress disorder and cardiovascular disease publication-title: Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases – volume: 206 start-page: 302 year: 2015 end-page: 307 article-title: Risk of stroke among patients with post-traumatic stress disorder: nationwide longitudinal study publication-title: British Journal of Psychiatry – volume: 37 start-page: 103 year: 2015 end-page: 115 article-title: Post-traumatic stress disorder, physical activity, and eating behaviors publication-title: Epidemiologic Reviews – volume: 170 start-page: 1884 year: 2010 end-page: 1891 article-title: Bidirectional association between depression and type 2 diabetes mellitus in women publication-title: Archives of Internal Medicine – volume: 31 start-page: 341 year: 2008 end-page: 349 article-title: Does number of lifetime traumas explain the relationship between PTSD and chronic medical conditions? Answers from the National Comorbidity Survey-Replication (NCS-R) publication-title: Journal of Behavioral Medicine – volume: 53 start-page: 370 year: 2011 end-page: 376 article-title: Heart disease among adults exposed to the September 11, 2001 World Trade Center disaster: results from the World Trade Center Health Registry publication-title: Preventive Medicine – volume: 70 start-page: 668 year: 2008 end-page: 676 article-title: A prospective study of PTSD and early-age heart disease mortality among Vietnam veterans: implications for surveillance and prevention publication-title: Psychosomatic Medicine – volume: 168 start-page: 89 year: 2011 end-page: 96 article-title: Pre-existing high glucocorticoid receptor number predicting development of posttraumatic stress symptoms after military deployment publication-title: American Journal of Psychiatry – ident: S0033291716002294_ref124 doi: 10.1002/da.22133 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref122 doi: 10.1196/annals.1364.012 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref53 doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.74.1.186 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref29 doi: 10.1016/j.exger.2014.09.012 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref24 doi: 10.1016/S0091-7435(03)00123-3 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref47 doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.10.014 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref102 doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.014492 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref101 doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-1149 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref107 doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.05.019 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref2 doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8309.1981.tb00497.x – ident: S0033291716002294_ref74 doi: 10.1001/archinternmed.2010.356 – start-page: 979 volume-title: Comprehensive Guide to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders year: 2016 ident: S0033291716002294_ref14 doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-08359-9_54 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref117 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref1 doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.186833 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref123 doi: 10.1007/s00213-010-1969-6 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref96 doi: 10.1007/s10865-008-9158-3 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref12 doi: 10.1007/BF02884839 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref90 doi: 10.1097/00005053-199906000-00004 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref85 doi: 10.2217/epi.11.116 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref20 doi: 10.1097/00004583-200404000-00005 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref62 doi: 10.1016/S0022-3956(02)00025-0 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref67 doi: 10.1037/a0037046 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref15 doi: 10.1097/00006842-200107000-00011 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref87 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059236 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref18 doi: 10.1016/j.psym.2010.12.009 – volume: 99 start-page: 642 year: 2007 ident: S0033291716002294_ref7 article-title: Cardiovascular manifestations of posttraumatic stress disorder publication-title: Journal of the National Medical Association – ident: S0033291716002294_ref50 doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref118 doi: 10.1007/s40572-015-0073-9 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref28 doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.06.007 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref68 doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2007.08.013 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref114 doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.03.004 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref106 doi: 10.1016/S0022-3999(02)00429-4 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref112 doi: 10.1093/ije/dyv341 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref5 doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.10.012 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref32 doi: 10.1016/S0749-3797(98)00017-8 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref6 doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.02.027 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref48 doi: 10.1016/S0006-3223(98)00059-6 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref8 doi: 10.1016/j.jagp.2014.12.003 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref26 doi: 10.1016/j.pcad.2013.03.004 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref70 doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2014.03.002 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref120 doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.08.021 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref89 doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2010.02.033 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref44 doi: 10.1093/ije/29.4.722 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref113 doi: 10.1093/jnci/djt024 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref22 doi: 10.1097/PSY.0000000000000110 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref49 doi: 10.3346/jkms.2004.19.3.431 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref121 doi: 10.1017/S0033291716000817 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref27 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038915 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref66 doi: 10.1016/j.jagp.2015.04.001 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref37 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060991 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref82 doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.2632 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref95 doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.01.019 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref111 doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.10050706 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref81 doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001976 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref38 doi: 10.1002/jts.20372 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref109 doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.11.001 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref76 doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00309-0 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref4 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref57 doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.2798 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref64 doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192703 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref99 doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.06.002 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref105 doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.04.014 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref119 doi: 10.1097/CRD.0b013e318265343b – ident: S0033291716002294_ref108 doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.04.085 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref23 doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000143074.54995.7F – ident: S0033291716002294_ref60 doi: 10.1136/bmj.b1273 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref43 doi: 10.1037/a0012591 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref116 doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2006.12.003 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref11 doi: 10.1097/PSY.0b013e31817bccaf – ident: S0033291716002294_ref10 doi: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2005.03.009 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref33 doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2011.02.011 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref103 doi: 10.1002/sim.6181 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref83 doi: 10.1097/00001648-200009000-00011 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref86 doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.01.003 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref40 doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000229 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref25 doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.12.016 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref56 doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.12881 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref100 doi: 10.1007/s11886-015-0645-1 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref59 doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.64.1.109 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref54 doi: 10.1017/S0033291706009019 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref52 doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2004.03.011 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref51 doi: 10.1080/15299730802624577 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref75 doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000000882 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref65 doi: 10.1038/npp.2015.118 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref94 doi: 10.1196/annals.1364.027 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref35 doi: 10.1080/14622200701488418 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref78 doi: 10.1038/nrn3339 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref45 doi: 10.1093/epirev/mxu011 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref42 doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009334 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref98 doi: 10.1093/ije/dyg070 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref39 doi: 10.1186/1744-859X-12-30 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref16 doi: 10.1017/S0033291711002856 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref92 doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2007.09.006 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref19 doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09081247 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref63 doi: 10.1159/000354910 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref58 doi: 10.1037/0278-6133.28.1.125 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref115 doi: 10.1097/01.psy.0000221229.43272.9d – ident: S0033291716002294_ref55 doi: 10.1002/jts.20304 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref104 doi: 10.1097/EDE.0b013e31823b5081 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref79 doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2013.01.081 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref69 doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2009.08.005 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref13 doi: 10.2337/dc10-0296 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref21 doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2005.08.002 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref77 doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2008.09.026 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref110 doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.10.026 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref73 doi: 10.2337/dc11-2055 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref72 doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2011.07.232 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref30 doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.10.007 – start-page: 17 volume-title: Progress in Brain Research year: 2007 ident: S0033291716002294_ref93 – year: 2015 ident: S0033291716002294_ref88 article-title: Early-life intelligence predicts midlife biological age publication-title: Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences – ident: S0033291716002294_ref34 doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2010.05.005 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref9 doi: 10.1097/PSY.0b013e31815a8f6b – ident: S0033291716002294_ref91 doi: 10.1023/A:1015992110544 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref71 doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddu332 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref84 doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302342 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref31 doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.4374 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref36 doi: 10.1371/annotation/0af0b6c6-ac23-4fe9-a692-f5c30a3a30b3 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref41 doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsv040 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref61 doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.101.14.1634 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref3 doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2011.02.340 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref80 doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.07.015 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref17 doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.113.143610 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref97 doi: 10.1002/ajmg.b.31212 – ident: S0033291716002294_ref46 doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.10.020
SSID	ssj0013142
Score	2.539375
SecondaryResourceType	review_article
Snippet	Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been declared ‘a life sentence’ based on evidence that the disorder leads to a host of physical health problems. Some... Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been declared 'a life sentence' based on evidence that the disorder leads to a host of physical health problems. Some...
SourceID	proquest pubmed crossref cambridge
SourceType	Aggregation Database Index Database Enrichment Source Publisher
StartPage	209
SubjectTerms	Anxiety Bipolar disorder Cardiovascular disease Cardiovascular diseases Cardiovascular Diseases - etiology Causality Criminal sentences Diabetes Diabetes mellitus Diabetes mellitus (non-insulin dependent) Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - etiology Disease Disorders Epidemiology Health problems Health risk assessment Health status Humans Inference Medical research Medicine Mental health Mortality Phenomenology Phenotypes Post traumatic stress disorder Research methodology Risk factors Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic - complications Time Trauma Traumatic stress Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Title	Post-traumatic stress disorder and cardiometabolic disease: improving causal inference to inform practice
URI	https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0033291716002294/type/journal_article https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27697083 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1855677071 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1835353083 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1868343154
Volume	47
WOSCitedRecordID	wos000391320100003&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D
hasFullText	1
inHoldings	1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
journalDatabaseRights	– providerCode: PRVPQU databaseName: Health & Medical Collection customDbUrl: eissn: 1469-8978 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0013142 issn: 0033-2917 databaseCode: 7X7 dateStart: 20010101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://search.proquest.com/healthcomplete providerName: ProQuest – providerCode: PRVPQU databaseName: Nursing & Allied Health Database customDbUrl: eissn: 1469-8978 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0013142 issn: 0033-2917 databaseCode: 7RV dateStart: 20010101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://search.proquest.com/nahs providerName: ProQuest – providerCode: PRVPQU databaseName: ProQuest Central customDbUrl: eissn: 1469-8978 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0013142 issn: 0033-2917 databaseCode: BENPR dateStart: 20010101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://www.proquest.com/central providerName: ProQuest – providerCode: PRVPQU databaseName: ProQuest Research Library customDbUrl: eissn: 1469-8978 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0013142 issn: 0033-2917 databaseCode: M2O dateStart: 20010101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://search.proquest.com/pqrl providerName: ProQuest – providerCode: PRVPQU databaseName: Psychology Database customDbUrl: eissn: 1469-8978 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0013142 issn: 0033-2917 databaseCode: M2M dateStart: 20010101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://www.proquest.com/psychology providerName: ProQuest – providerCode: PRVPQU databaseName: Sociology Database customDbUrl: eissn: 1469-8978 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0013142 issn: 0033-2917 databaseCode: M2S dateStart: 20010101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://search.proquest.com/sociology providerName: ProQuest
link	http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwpV3db9MwED-xDk28bHyNFUplJJ4QEbWT2AkvaKBWvLRUBaa-VbbjSJVKWtpkf__OjpOCJvKCIp0U5yxbubPv7LN_B_BWpanKtVBBFGe4QEmYCdKR0gEuWHSGHrsWiXTJJsRsliyX6dxvuB38scpmTnQTdbbVdo_8A9qVmAuBFvHT7ndgs0bZ6KpPoXECp9TabtRnsbg5RhFoVKOFu3xlVDRRTQcZjYW2jNrAFLM5i4_YCn_bqH84ns4ATS7-t-uP4dy7nuS61pUn8MAUT-Fs6oPrz2BtE_cG5V5WDsaV1NdISObxOYksMqLd8dVfpkTd2SCPj-98JOtmcwJZqgM2s25uEpJyS2p4VtJcyXoOPyfjH1--Bj4TQ6BxRVMGcaiothCijNGQG84ZS1RkhBIpTXI2ikdZLnUexejdWMA_aiT-2RBtf4g6QvPwEnrFtjBXQGIeUSUN1XmaR9wIyTOVyyjRSEWqoz68b-Ww8uPpsKrPoonVPbH1YdSIaqU9qrlNrrHpqvKurbKrIT26mAeNTP_oTSvQPrxpP-O4tMEWWZhtZXnCGB_0cLt4eBKiBxdjMy9q3Wp7xARPBdZ-2d2BV_CIWUfDbQoNoFfuK_MaHurbcn3YD91wsHQpHE2GcPp5PJsv8G3Kpo5-c_T7HUUnE8c
linkProvider	ProQuest
linkToHtml	http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMw1V3BTtwwEB1RQKUXKJS220JrpHJBRF07iZ0gVQhBEQhYcQBpb8F2HGklyNLdbCt-im_s2IkDFWJvHKpIOSTj2I7HM2PP-A3AN5WmqtBCBVGc4wIlYSZIu0oHuGDROVrsWiTSJZsQvV7S76fnM3Dvz8LYsEovE52gzofa7pF_R70ScyFQI-7e_gps1ijrXfUpNGq2ODF3f3DJNv5xfIDju8nY4c-L_aOgySoQaLTOqyAOFdUWDpMxGnLDOWOJioxQIqVJwbpxNy-kLqIYNbUFr6NGUlzJoR4Lsb-0CPG7r2AO5biwIWSiLx68FjSq0cldfjQqvBfVQVTjQ_uMWkcYszmSH7Ac_tWJzxi6TuEdLv1vv-otLDamNdmr58IyzJhyBV6fNcED72BgExMH1UhOHEwtqY_JkLzBHyWyzIl24bk3psK5cY00jf9qhwz85guSTMZYzcCflCTVkNTws8QfOVuFyxfp6HuYLYel-Qgk5hFV0lBdpEXEjZA8V4WMEo13keqoA9vtuGeNvBhndaydyJ6wSQe6njUy3aC22-Qh19OKbLVFbmvIkmnEa56HHrWmZaAObLSvUe5YZ5IszXBiacIYL7Tgp9HwJEQLNcZqPtS83LaICZ4KLP1pegO-wsLRxdlpdnrcO_kMb5g1qtwG2BrMVqOJWYd5_bsajEdf3FQkcPXSDP0XPjtmZA
linkToPdf	http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMw1V1Nb9QwEB2VFlW90PLVLm3BSHBBRF07iZ1UqqpCu6IqrFYIpN6C7djSSm227GZB_LX-uo4TOwUh9tYDipRDMo6d5Nkz9ozfALxSea6sFipK0hInKBkzUd5XOsIJiy7RYtcik02yCTEcZufn-WgJrsNeGBdWGcbEZqAuJ9qtke-hXkm5EKgR96wPixgdDw6vvkcug5TztIZ0Gi1Ezsyvnzh9mx2cHuO_fs3Y4OTL-w-RzzAQabTU6yiNFdWOGpMxGnPDOWOZSoxQIqeZZf20X1qpbZKi1nZEdtRIirM61Gkxvju1MT73HqwINDKwd628OxmOPt_6MGjScpU32dKoCD7VhrAaL7pr1LnFmMuYfMvs8KeG_IfZ26i_wfr__OE24IE3uslR20sewpKpHsHqJx9W8BjGLmVxVE_lvCGwJe0GGlJ6ZlIiq5LoJnD30tTYay5Qxnu29sk4LMugyHyG1YzDHkpST0hLTEvCZrQn8PVOXvQpLFeTymwBSXlClTRU29wm3AjJS2Vlkmk8i1wnPXjbYaDwI8msaKPwRPEXZHrQDzAptOdzd2lFLhYVedMVuWrJTBYJ7wQ8_daaDkw9eNndxhHJuZlkZSZzJxOneKBtv0iGZzHarilWs9niumsREzwXWPrZ4ga8gFXEcfHxdHi2DWvMWVvNytgOLNfTudmF-_pHPZ5Nn_t-SeDbXSP6Bm2xcIU
openUrl	ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Post-traumatic+stress+disorder+and+cardiometabolic+disease%3A+improving+causal+inference+to+inform+practice&rft.jtitle=Psychological+medicine&rft.au=Koenen%2C+K+C&rft.au=Sumner%2C+J+A&rft.au=Gilsanz%2C+P&rft.au=Glymour%2C+M+M&rft.date=2017-01-01&rft.eissn=1469-8978&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=2&rft.spage=209&rft_id=info:doi/10.1017%2FS0033291716002294&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27697083&rft.externalDocID=27697083
thumbnail_l	http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=0033-2917&client=summon
thumbnail_m	http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=0033-2917&client=summon
thumbnail_s	http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=0033-2917&client=summon