Measuring Readability in Financial Disclosures

Defining and measuring readability in the context of financial disclosures becomes important with the increasing use of textual analysis and the Securities and Exchange Commission's plain English initiative. We propose defining readability as the effective communication of valuation-relevant in...

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Vydané v:The Journal of finance (New York) Ročník 69; číslo 4; s. 1643 - 1671
Hlavní autori: LOUGHRAN, TIM, MCDONALD, BILL
Médium: Journal Article
Jazyk:English
Vydavateľské údaje: Cambridge Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.08.2014
Wiley Periodicals,Inc
Wiley
Blackwell Publishers Inc
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ISSN:0022-1082, 1540-6261
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Abstract Defining and measuring readability in the context of financial disclosures becomes important with the increasing use of textual analysis and the Securities and Exchange Commission's plain English initiative. We propose defining readability as the effective communication of valuation-relevant information. The Fog Index—the most commonly applied readability measure—is shown to be poorly specified in financial applications. Of Fog's two components, one is misspecified and the other is difficult to measure. We report that 10-K document file size provides a simple readability proxy that outperforms the Fog Index, does not require document parsing, facilitates replication, and is correlated with alternative readability constructs.
AbstractList ABSTRACT Defining and measuring readability in the context of financial disclosures becomes important with the increasing use of textual analysis and the Securities and Exchange Commission's plain English initiative. We propose defining readability as the effective communication of valuation‐relevant information. The Fog Index—the most commonly applied readability measure—is shown to be poorly specified in financial applications. Of Fog's two components, one is misspecified and the other is difficult to measure. We report that 10‐K document file size provides a simple readability proxy that outperforms the Fog Index, does not require document parsing, facilitates replication, and is correlated with alternative readability constructs.
Defining and measuring readability in the context of financial disclosures becomes important with the increasing use of textual analysis and the Securities and Exchange Commission's plain English initiative. We propose defining readability as the effective communication of valuation-relevant information. The Fog Index-the most commonly applied readability measure-is shown to be poorly specified in financial applications. Of Fog's two components, one is misspecified and the other is difficult to measure. We report that 10-K document file size provides a simple readability proxy that outperforms the Fog Index, does not require document parsing, facilitates replication, and is correlated with alternative readability constructs. Reprinted by permission of Blackwell Publishing
Defining and measuring readability in the context of financial disclosures becomes important with the increasing use of textual analysis and the Securities and Exchange Commission's plain English initiative. We propose defining readability as the effective communication of valuation-relevant information. The Fog Index -- the most commonly applied readability measure -- is shown to be poorly specified in financial applications. Of Fog's two components, one is misspecified and the other is difficult to measure. We report that 10-K document file size provides a simple readability proxy that outperforms the Fog Index, does not require document parsing, facilitates replication, and is correlated with alternative readability constructs.
Author LOUGHRAN, TIM
MCDONALD, BILL
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: TIM
  surname: LOUGHRAN
  fullname: LOUGHRAN, TIM
– sequence: 2
  givenname: BILL
  surname: MCDONALD
  fullname: MCDONALD, BILL
BackLink http://www.econis.eu/PPNSET?PPN=798294485$$DView this record in ZBW - Deutsche Zentralbibliothek für Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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CODEN JLFIAN
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Tim Loughran and Bill McDonald are at the Mendoza College of Business, University of Notre Dame. We thank Jeff Burks, Peter Easton, Paul Gao, Campbell Harvey (Editor), Stephannie Larocque, Jennifer Marietta‐Westberg, Richard Mendenhall, Paul Tetlock, two anonymous referees, an anonymous Associate Editor, and seminar participants at Michigan State University, Rice University, and The University of Notre Dame for helpful comments. We are grateful to Jianfeng Zhu and Manisha Goswami for research assistance.
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References Miller, Brian, 2010, The effects of reporting complexity on small and large investor trading, Accounting Review 85, 2107-2143.
Palmer, David, and Marti A. Hearst, 1994, Adaptive sentence boundary disambiguation, Proceedings of the Fourth ACL Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing, 78-83.
Tetlock, Paul C., Maytal Saar-Tsechansky, and Sofus Macskassy, 2008, More than words: Quantifying language to measure firms' fundamentals, Journal of Finance 63, 1437-1467.
DuBay, William, 2007, Unlocking Language (BookSurge Publishing, Charleston, South Carolina).
Griffin, Paul A., 2003, Got information? Investor response to form 10-K and form 10-Q EDGAR filings, Review of Accounting Studies 8, 433-460.
McCafferty, J., 1997, Speaking of earning ... Why managing expectations often doesn't work, CFO 13, 38-50.
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Bloomfield, Robert, 2008, Discussion of annual report readability, current earnings, and earnings persistence, Journal of Accounting and Economics 45, 248-252.
Klare, George R., 1963, The Measurement of Readability (Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa).
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Biddle, Gary, Gilles Hilary, and Rodrigo Verdi, 2009, How does financial reporting quality relate to investment efficiency? Journal of Accounting and Economics 48, 112-131.
Piantadosi, Steven, Harry Tily, and Edward Gibson, 2011, Word lengths are optimized for efficient communication, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108, 3526-3529.
Jegadeesh, Narasimhan, and Andrew Di Wu, 2013, Word power: A new approach for content analysis, Journal of Financial Economics 110, 712-729.
De Franco, Gus, Ole-Kristian Hope, Dushyantkumar Vyas, and Yibin Zhou, 2013, Analyst report readability, Contemporary Accounting Research, forthcoming.
Lawrence, Alastair, 2013, Individual investors and financial disclosure, Journal of Accounting & Economics 56, 130-147.
DuBay, William, 2004, The Principles of Readability (Impact Information, Costa Mesa, CA).
Fama, Eugene F., and Kenneth R. French, 1997, Industry costs of equity, Journal of Financial Economics 43, 153-193.
McLaughlin, G. Harry, 1969, SMOG grading: A new readability formula, Journal of Reading 12, 639-646.
Tekfi, Chaffai, 1987, Readability formulas: An overview, Journal of Documentation 43, 257-269.
Antweiler, Werner, and Murray Z. Frank, 2004, Is all that talk just noise? The information content of Internet stock message boards, Journal of Finance 59, 1259-1293.
Loughran, Tim, and Bill McDonald, 2011, When is a liability not a liability? Textual analysis, dictionaries, and 10-Ks, Journal of Finance 66, 35-65.
You, Haifeng, and Xiao-jun Zhang, 2009, Financial reporting complexity and investor underreaction to 10-K information, Review of Accounting Studies 14, 559-586.
Diether, Karl, Christopher Malloy, and Anna Scherbina, 2002, Differences of opinion and the cross section of stock returns, Journal of Finance 57, 2113-2141.
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1982; 17
2010; 15
2012
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2010
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2002; 77
2009
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2009; 48
1935
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2009; 14
2011; 108
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References_xml – reference: Bloomfield, Robert, 2008, Discussion of annual report readability, current earnings, and earnings persistence, Journal of Accounting and Economics 45, 248-252.
– reference: De Franco, Gus, Ole-Kristian Hope, Dushyantkumar Vyas, and Yibin Zhou, 2013, Analyst report readability, Contemporary Accounting Research, forthcoming.
– reference: Lehavy, Reuven, Feng Li, and Kenneth Merkley, 2011, The effect of annual report readability on analyst following and the properties of their earnings forecasts, Accounting Review 86, 1087-1115.
– reference: Loughran, Tim, and Bill McDonald, 2011, When is a liability not a liability? Textual analysis, dictionaries, and 10-Ks, Journal of Finance 66, 35-65.
– reference: Antweiler, Werner, and Murray Z. Frank, 2004, Is all that talk just noise? The information content of Internet stock message boards, Journal of Finance 59, 1259-1293.
– reference: Dougal, Casey, Joseph Engelberg, Diego Garcia, and Christopher Parsons, 2012, Journalists and the stock market, Review of Financial Studies 25, 639-679.
– reference: Davison, Alice, and Robert N. Kantor, 1982, On the failure of readability formulas to define readable texts: A case study from adaptations, Reading Research Quarterly 17, 187-209.
– reference: Dale, Edgar, and Jeanne S. Chall, 1948, A formula for predicting readability, Education Research Bulletin 27, 37-54.
– reference: Fama, Eugene F., and Kenneth R. French, 2001, Disappearing dividends: Changing firm characteristics or lower propensity to pay? Journal of Financial Economics 60, 3-43.
– reference: McCafferty, J., 1997, Speaking of earning ... Why managing expectations often doesn't work, CFO 13, 38-50.
– reference: Miller, Brian, 2010, The effects of reporting complexity on small and large investor trading, Accounting Review 85, 2107-2143.
– reference: Gray, William S., and Bernice E. Leary, 1935, What Makes a Book Readable? (University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois).
– reference: Rennekamp, Kristina, 2012, Processing fluency and investors' reactions to disclosure readability, Journal of Accounting Research 50, 1319-1354.
– reference: Diether, Karl, Christopher Malloy, and Anna Scherbina, 2002, Differences of opinion and the cross section of stock returns, Journal of Finance 57, 2113-2141.
– reference: DuBay, William, 2007, Unlocking Language (BookSurge Publishing, Charleston, South Carolina).
– reference: You, Haifeng, and Xiao-jun Zhang, 2009, Financial reporting complexity and investor underreaction to 10-K information, Review of Accounting Studies 14, 559-586.
– reference: Mikheev, Andrei, 2002, Periods, capitalized words, etc., Computational Linguistics 28, 289-316.
– reference: Tetlock, Paul C., 2007, Giving content to investor sentiment: The role of media in the stock market, Journal of Finance 62, 1139-1168.
– reference: DuBay, William, 2004, The Principles of Readability (Impact Information, Costa Mesa, CA).
– reference: Li, Feng, 2008, Annual report readability, current earnings, and earnings persistence, Journal of Accounting and Economics 45, 221-247.
– reference: Biddle, Gary, Gilles Hilary, and Rodrigo Verdi, 2009, How does financial reporting quality relate to investment efficiency? Journal of Accounting and Economics 48, 112-131.
– reference: Klare, George R., 1963, The Measurement of Readability (Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa).
– reference: Lawrence, Alastair, 2013, Individual investors and financial disclosure, Journal of Accounting & Economics 56, 130-147.
– reference: Gunning, Robert, 1952, The Technique of Clear Writing (McGraw-Hill, New York).
– reference: Bowen, Robert, Angela Davis, and Dawn Matsumoto, 2002, Do conference calls affect analysts' forecasts? Accounting Review 77, 285-316.
– reference: Jegadeesh, Narasimhan, and Andrew Di Wu, 2013, Word power: A new approach for content analysis, Journal of Financial Economics 110, 712-729.
– reference: Griffin, Paul A., 2003, Got information? Investor response to form 10-K and form 10-Q EDGAR filings, Review of Accounting Studies 8, 433-460.
– reference: Tekfi, Chaffai, 1987, Readability formulas: An overview, Journal of Documentation 43, 257-269.
– reference: Jones, Michael J., and Paul A. Shoemaker, 1994, Accounting narratives: A review of empirical studies of content and readability, Journal of Accounting Literature 13, 142-184.
– reference: Piantadosi, Steven, Harry Tily, and Edward Gibson, 2011, Word lengths are optimized for efficient communication, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108, 3526-3529.
– reference: McLaughlin, G. Harry, 1969, SMOG grading: A new readability formula, Journal of Reading 12, 639-646.
– reference: Feldman, Ronen, Suresh Govindaraj, Joshua Livnat, and Benjamin Segal, 2010, Management's tone change, post-earnings announcement drift and accruals, Review of Accounting Studies 15, 915-953.
– reference: Palmer, David, and Marti A. Hearst, 1994, Adaptive sentence boundary disambiguation, Proceedings of the Fourth ACL Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing, 78-83.
– reference: Tetlock, Paul C., Maytal Saar-Tsechansky, and Sofus Macskassy, 2008, More than words: Quantifying language to measure firms' fundamentals, Journal of Finance 63, 1437-1467.
– reference: Fama, Eugene F., and Kenneth R. French, 1997, Industry costs of equity, Journal of Financial Economics 43, 153-193.
– year: 2009
– volume: 85
  start-page: 2107
  year: 2010
  end-page: 2143
  article-title: The effects of reporting complexity on small and large investor trading
  publication-title: Accounting Review
– volume: 13
  start-page: 38
  year: 1997
  end-page: 50
  article-title: Speaking of earning … Why managing expectations often doesn't work
  publication-title: CFO
– volume: 48
  start-page: 112
  year: 2009
  end-page: 131
  article-title: How does financial reporting quality relate to investment efficiency
  publication-title: Journal of Accounting and Economics
– year: 1935
– volume: 62
  start-page: 1139
  year: 2007
  end-page: 1168
  article-title: Giving content to investor sentiment: The role of media in the stock market
  publication-title: Journal of Finance
– year: 2007
– volume: 60
  start-page: 3
  year: 2001
  end-page: 43
  article-title: Disappearing dividends: Changing firm characteristics or lower propensity to pay?
  publication-title: Journal of Financial Economics
– volume: 17
  start-page: 187
  year: 1982
  end-page: 209
  article-title: On the failure of readability formulas to define readable texts: A case study from adaptations
  publication-title: Reading Research Quarterly
– volume: 8
  start-page: 433
  year: 2003
  end-page: 460
  article-title: Got information? Investor response to form 10‐K and form 10‐Q EDGAR filings
  publication-title: Review of Accounting Studies
– start-page: 78
  year: 1994
  end-page: 83
  article-title: Adaptive sentence boundary disambiguation
  publication-title: Proceedings of the Fourth ACL Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing
– volume: 43
  start-page: 257
  year: 1987
  end-page: 269
  article-title: Readability formulas: An overview
  publication-title: Journal of Documentation
– volume: 57
  start-page: 2113
  year: 2002
  end-page: 2141
  article-title: Differences of opinion and the cross section of stock returns
  publication-title: Journal of Finance
– year: 1952
– volume: 13
  start-page: 142
  year: 1994
  end-page: 184
  article-title: Accounting narratives: A review of empirical studies of content and readability
  publication-title: Journal of Accounting Literature
– volume: 56
  start-page: 130
  year: 2013
  end-page: 147
  article-title: Individual investors and financial disclosure
  publication-title: Journal of Accounting & Economics
– volume: 77
  start-page: 285
  year: 2002
  end-page: 316
  article-title: Do conference calls affect analysts’ forecasts?
  publication-title: Accounting Review
– year: 2010
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  year: 2011
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  article-title: The effect of annual report readability on analyst following and the properties of their earnings forecasts
  publication-title: Accounting Review
– volume: 45
  start-page: 248
  year: 2008
  end-page: 252
  article-title: Discussion of annual report readability, current earnings, and earnings persistence
  publication-title: Journal of Accounting and Economics
– volume: 43
  start-page: 153
  year: 1997
  end-page: 193
  article-title: Industry costs of equity
  publication-title: Journal of Financial Economics
– volume: 50
  start-page: 1319
  year: 2012
  end-page: 1354
  article-title: Processing fluency and investors’ reactions to disclosure readability
  publication-title: Journal of Accounting Research
– volume: 27
  start-page: 37
  year: 1948
  end-page: 54
  article-title: A formula for predicting readability
  publication-title: Education Research Bulletin
– volume: 28
  start-page: 289
  year: 2002
  end-page: 316
  article-title: Periods, capitalized words, etc
  publication-title: Computational Linguistics
– volume: 110
  start-page: 712
  year: 2013
  end-page: 729
  article-title: Word power: A new approach for content analysis
  publication-title: Journal of Financial Economics
– volume: 108
  start-page: 3526
  year: 2011
  end-page: 3529
  article-title: Word lengths are optimized for efficient communication
  publication-title: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
– volume: 63
  start-page: 1437
  year: 2008
  end-page: 1467
  article-title: More than words: Quantifying language to measure firms’ fundamentals
  publication-title: Journal of Finance
– volume: 59
  start-page: 1259
  year: 2004
  end-page: 1293
  article-title: Is all that talk just noise? The information content of Internet stock message boards
  publication-title: Journal of Finance
– volume: 25
  start-page: 639
  year: 2012
  end-page: 679
  article-title: Journalists and the stock market
  publication-title: Review of Financial Studies
– year: 2004
– volume: 14
  start-page: 559
  year: 2009
  end-page: 586
  article-title: Financial reporting complexity and investor underreaction to 10‐K information
  publication-title: Review of Accounting Studies
– volume: 12
  start-page: 639
  year: 1969
  end-page: 646
  article-title: SMOG grading: A new readability formula
  publication-title: Journal of Reading
– volume: 15
  start-page: 915
  year: 2010
  end-page: 953
  article-title: Management's tone change, post‐earnings announcement drift and accruals
  publication-title: Review of Accounting Studies
– year: 2013
  article-title: Analyst report readability
  publication-title: Contemporary Accounting Research
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Snippet Defining and measuring readability in the context of financial disclosures becomes important with the increasing use of textual analysis and the Securities and...
ABSTRACT Defining and measuring readability in the context of financial disclosures becomes important with the increasing use of textual analysis and the...
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SubjectTerms Analytical forecasting
Business structures
Communication
Contextual analysis
Control variables
Correlation
Disclosure
Earnings forecasting
Englisch (Sprache)
English language
Exchange
Financial disclosure
Gunning Fog index
Indexberechnung
Indexes
Informationswert
Investors
Lesbarkeitsindex
Linear regression
Measurement
Measurement techniques
Parsing
Plain language
Readability
Studies
Syllables
Text analysis
Textual analysis
Unternehmenspublizität
Valuation
Vocabulary
Title Measuring Readability in Financial Disclosures
URI https://api.istex.fr/ark:/67375/WNG-ZZ30CNG4-7/fulltext.pdf
https://www.jstor.org/stable/43611199
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111%2Fjofi.12162
http://www.econis.eu/PPNSET?PPN=798294485
https://www.proquest.com/docview/1548680036
https://www.proquest.com/docview/1554208643
Volume 69
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