The Energy Consumption of Blockchain Technology: Beyond Myth

When talking about blockchain technology in academia, business, and society, frequently generalizations are still heared about its – supposedly inherent – enormous energy consumption. This perception inevitably raises concerns about the further adoption of blockchain technology, a fact that inhibits...

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Vydáno v:	Business & information systems engineering Ročník 62; číslo 6; s. 599 - 608
Hlavní autoři:	Sedlmeir, Johannes, Buhl, Hans Ulrich, Fridgen, Gilbert, Keller, Robert
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	angličtina
Vydáno:	Wiesbaden Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden 01.12.2020 Springer Nature B.V
Témata:	Blockchain Business and Management Catchword Cryptocurrency Cryptography Distributed ledger technology Energy consumption IT in Business Sustainability Energy consumption Distributed ledger technology Cryptocurrency Sustainability Blockchain
ISSN:	1867-0202, 2363-7005, 1867-0202
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Abstract	When talking about blockchain technology in academia, business, and society, frequently generalizations are still heared about its – supposedly inherent – enormous energy consumption. This perception inevitably raises concerns about the further adoption of blockchain technology, a fact that inhibits rapid uptake of what is widely considered to be a groundbreaking and disruptive innovation. However, blockchain technology is far from homogeneous, meaning that blanket statements about its energy consumption should be reviewed with care. The article is meant to bring clarity to the topic in a holistic fashion, looking beyond claims regarding the energy consumption of Bitcoin, which have, so far, dominated the discussion.
AbstractList	When talking about blockchain technology in academia, business, and society, frequently generalizations are still heared about its – supposedly inherent – enormous energy consumption. This perception inevitably raises concerns about the further adoption of blockchain technology, a fact that inhibits rapid uptake of what is widely considered to be a groundbreaking and disruptive innovation. However, blockchain technology is far from homogeneous, meaning that blanket statements about its energy consumption should be reviewed with care. The article is meant to bring clarity to the topic in a holistic fashion, looking beyond claims regarding the energy consumption of Bitcoin, which have, so far, dominated the discussion.
Author	Sedlmeir, Johannes Buhl, Hans Ulrich Fridgen, Gilbert Keller, Robert
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Johannes surname: Sedlmeir fullname: Sedlmeir, Johannes – sequence: 2 givenname: Hans Ulrich surname: Buhl fullname: Buhl, Hans Ulrich – sequence: 3 givenname: Gilbert surname: Fridgen fullname: Fridgen, Gilbert – sequence: 4 givenname: Robert surname: Keller fullname: Keller, Robert
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Accessed 05 Feb 2020 KrauseMJTolaymatTQuantification of energy and carbon costs for mining cryptocurrenciesNat Sustain201811171171810.1038/s41893-018-0152-7 De Angelis S, Aniello L, Lombardi F, Margheri A, Sassone V (2017) Pbft vs proof-of-authority: applying the cap theorem to permissioned blockchain. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/415083/2/itasec18_main.pdf. Accessed 05 Feb 2020 SchmidtNHErekKKolbeLMZarnekowRSustainable information systems managementBus Inf Syst Eng20091540040210.1007/s12599-009-0067-y Gudgeon L, Moreno-Sanchez P, Roos S, McCorry P, Gervais A (2019) SoK: off the chain transactions. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/4d5b/9fb1c4205b61060117e3c71b04464c2a1c77.pdf. Accessed 5 Feb 2020 Coinmarketcap (2020) Top 100 cryptocurrencies by market capitalization. https://coinmarketcap.com/. Accessed 05 Feb 2020 BeckRMüller-BlochCKingJLGovernance in the blockchain economy: a framework and research agendaJ Assoc Inf Syst2018191010201034 BeckRAvitalMRossiMThatcherJBBlockchain technology in business and information systems researchBus Inf Syst Eng201759638138410.1007/s12599-017-0505-1 O’Dwyer KJ, Malone D (2014) Bitcoin mining and its energy footprint. In: 25th IET Irish signals & systems conference 2014, pp 280–285 DittmarLPraktiknjoACould bitcoin emissions push global warming above 2∘\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$^\circ $$\end{document}C?Nat Clim Change20199965665710.1038/s41558-019-0534-5 Eyal I, Sirer EG (2014) Majority is not enough: Bitcoin mining is vulnerable. 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References_xml	– reference: Eyal I, Sirer EG (2014) Majority is not enough: Bitcoin mining is vulnerable. In: International conference on financial cryptography and data security, pp 436–454 – reference: BeckRBeyond bitcoin: the rise of blockchain worldComputer2018512545810.1109/MC.2018.1451660 – reference: Beincrypto (2020) Bitcoin’s hash rate retraces 40% this month, slips under 100 ehash/s. https://beincrypto.com/bitcoins-hash-rate-retraces-40-this-month-slips-under-100-ehash-s/. Accessed 26 Mar 2020 – reference: Labazova O, Dehling T, Sunyaev A (2019) From hype to reality: a taxonomy of blockchain applications. In: Proceedings of the 52nd Hawaii international conference on system sciences – reference: Coinmarketcap (2020) Top 100 cryptocurrencies by market capitalization. https://coinmarketcap.com/. Accessed 05 Feb 2020 – reference: Eklund PW, Beck R (2019) Factors that impact blockchain scalability. In: Proceedings of the 11th international conference on management of digital ecosystems, pp 126–133 – reference: Fridgen G, Lockl J, Radszuwill S, Rieger A, Schweizer A, Urbach N (2018a) A solution in search of a problem: a method for the development of blockchain use cases. In: 24th Americas conference on information systems, pp 1–10 – reference: Bitcoin Magazine (2018) What is the bitcoin block size limit? https://bitcoinmagazine.com/guides/what-is-the-bitcoin-block-size-limit. Accessed 05 Feb 2020 – reference: De Angelis S, Aniello L, Lombardi F, Margheri A, Sassone V (2017) Pbft vs proof-of-authority: applying the cap theorem to permissioned blockchain. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/415083/2/itasec18_main.pdf. Accessed 05 Feb 2020 – reference: SchmidtNHErekKKolbeLMZarnekowRSustainable information systems managementBus Inf Syst Eng20091540040210.1007/s12599-009-0067-y – reference: Ben-Sasson E, Bentov I, Horesh Y, Riabzev M (2019) Scalable zero knowledge with no trusted setup. In: Annual international cryptology conference, pp 701–732 – reference: Nakamoto S (2008) Bitcoin: a peer-to-peer electronic cash system. https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf. Accessed 05 Feb 2020 – reference: TrubyJDecarbonizing bitcoin: law and policy choices for reducing the energy consumption of blockchain technologies and digital currenciesEner Res Soc Sci20184439941010.1016/j.erss.2018.06.009 – reference: StollCKlaaßenLGallersdörferUThe carbon footprint of bitcoinJoule2019371647166110.1016/j.joule.2019.05.012 – reference: O’Dwyer KJ, Malone D (2014) Bitcoin mining and its energy footprint. In: 25th IET Irish signals & systems conference 2014, pp 280–285 – reference: Gudgeon L, Moreno-Sanchez P, Roos S, McCorry P, Gervais A (2019) SoK: off the chain transactions. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/4d5b/9fb1c4205b61060117e3c71b04464c2a1c77.pdf. Accessed 5 Feb 2020 – reference: VrankenHSustainability of bitcoin and blockchainsCurr Opin Environ Sustain2017281910.1016/j.cosust.2017.04.011 – reference: BuhlHUJetterMBISE’s responsibility for our planetBus Inf Syst Eng20091427327610.1007/s12599-009-0058-z – reference: Georgiadis E (2019) How many transactions per second can bitcoin really handle? Theoretically. Cryptology ePrint Archive, Report 2019/416, https://eprint.iacr.org/2019/416. Accessed 05 Feb 2020 – reference: Fridgen G, Radszuwill S, Urbach N, Utz L (2018b) Cross-organizational workflow management using blockchain technology-towards applicability, auditability, and automation. In: Proceedings of the 51st Hawaii international conference on system sciences, pp 3507–3516 – reference: Lockl J, Schlatt V, Schweizer A, Urbach N, Harth N (2020) Toward trust in internet of things (IoT) ecosystems: design principles for blockchain-based IoT applications. IEEE Transact Eng Manag, to appear – reference: JensenTHedmanJHenningssonSHow tradelens delivers business valuewith blockchain technologyMIS Q Exec201918422124310.17705/2msqe.00018 – reference: KrauseMJTolaymatTQuantification of energy and carbon costs for mining cryptocurrenciesNat Sustain201811171171810.1038/s41893-018-0152-7 – reference: Kannengießer N, Lins S, Dehling T, Sunyaev A (2019) What does not fit can be made to fit! Trade-offs in distributed ledger technology designs. In: Proceedings of the 52nd Hawaii international conference on system sciences – reference: Douceur JR (2002) The sybil attack. In: International workshop on peer-to-peer systems, pp 251–260 – reference: De VriesABitcoin’s growing energy problemJoule20182580180510.1016/j.joule.2018.04.016 – reference: Coinswitch (2019) Bitcoin mining hardware. https://coinswitch.co/news/top-10-best-bitcoin-mining-hardware-in-2020-latest-review-and-comparison. Accessed 05 Feb 2020 – reference: Androulaki E, Barger A, Bortnikov V, Cachin C, Christidis K, De Caro A, Enyeart D, Ferris C, Laventman G, Manevich Y, et al. (2018) Hyperledger fabric: a distributed operating system for permissioned blockchains. In: Proceedings of the thirteenth eurosys conference, pp 1–15 – reference: RiegerAGuggenmosFLocklJFridgenGUrbachNBuilding a blockchain application that complies with the EU general data protection regulationMIS Q Exec201918426327910.17705/2msqe.00020 – reference: CrosbyMPattanayakPVermaSKalyanaramanVBlockchain technology: beyond bitcoinAppl Innov2016261910.21626/innova/2016.1/01 – reference: DittmarLPraktiknjoACould bitcoin emissions push global warming above 2∘\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$^\circ $$\end{document}C?Nat Clim Change20199965665710.1038/s41558-019-0534-5 – reference: MoraCRollinsRLTaladayKKantarMBChockMKShimadaMFranklinECBitcoin emissions alone could push global warming above 2∘\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$^\circ $$\end{document}CNat Clim Change201881193193310.1038/s41558-018-0321-8 – reference: BeckRMüller-BlochCKingJLGovernance in the blockchain economy: a framework and research agendaJ Assoc Inf Syst2018191010201034 – reference: BeckRAvitalMRossiMThatcherJBBlockchain technology in business and information systems researchBus Inf Syst Eng201759638138410.1007/s12599-017-0505-1 – volume: 1 start-page: 273 issue: 4 year: 2009 ident: 656_CR8 publication-title: Bus Inf Syst Eng doi: 10.1007/s12599-009-0058-z – ident: 656_CR12 – ident: 656_CR9 – ident: 656_CR10 – volume: 18 start-page: 221 issue: 4 year: 2019 ident: 656_CR22 publication-title: MIS Q Exec doi: 10.17705/2msqe.00018 – ident: 656_CR19 doi: 10.24251/HICSS.2018.444 – volume: 18 start-page: 263 issue: 4 year: 2019 ident: 656_CR30 publication-title: MIS Q Exec doi: 10.17705/2msqe.00020 – ident: 656_CR6 doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-26954-8_23 – volume: 2 start-page: 6 year: 2016 ident: 656_CR11 publication-title: Appl Innov doi: 10.21626/innova/2016.1/01 – ident: 656_CR23 doi: 10.24251/HICSS.2019.848 – ident: 656_CR16 doi: 10.1145/3297662.3365818 – ident: 656_CR17 doi: 10.1007/978-3-662-45472-5_28 – volume: 44 start-page: 399 year: 2018 ident: 656_CR33 publication-title: Ener Res Soc Sci doi: 10.1016/j.erss.2018.06.009 – ident: 656_CR1 doi: 10.1145/3190508.3190538 – volume: 1 start-page: 400 issue: 5 year: 2009 ident: 656_CR31 publication-title: Bus Inf Syst Eng doi: 10.1007/s12599-009-0067-y – volume: 28 start-page: 1 year: 2017 ident: 656_CR34 publication-title: Curr Opin Environ Sustain doi: 10.1016/j.cosust.2017.04.011 – volume: 19 start-page: 1020 issue: 10 year: 2018 ident: 656_CR4 publication-title: J Assoc Inf Syst – ident: 656_CR21 – ident: 656_CR18 – volume: 51 start-page: 54 issue: 2 year: 2018 ident: 656_CR2 publication-title: Computer doi: 10.1109/MC.2018.1451660 – ident: 656_CR5 – ident: 656_CR7 – ident: 656_CR25 doi: 10.24251/HICSS.2019.552 – volume: 59 start-page: 381 issue: 6 year: 2017 ident: 656_CR3 publication-title: Bus Inf Syst Eng doi: 10.1007/s12599-017-0505-1 – ident: 656_CR29 doi: 10.1049/cp.2014.0699 – ident: 656_CR15 doi: 10.1007/3-540-45748-8_24 – volume: 1 start-page: 711 issue: 11 year: 2018 ident: 656_CR24 publication-title: Nat Sustain doi: 10.1038/s41893-018-0152-7 – volume: 8 start-page: 931 issue: 11 year: 2018 ident: 656_CR27 publication-title: Nat Clim Change doi: 10.1038/s41558-018-0321-8 – volume: 3 start-page: 1647 issue: 7 year: 2019 ident: 656_CR32 publication-title: Joule doi: 10.1016/j.joule.2019.05.012 – ident: 656_CR28 – ident: 656_CR20 – volume: 2 start-page: 801 issue: 5 year: 2018 ident: 656_CR13 publication-title: Joule doi: 10.1016/j.joule.2018.04.016 – volume: 9 start-page: 656 issue: 9 year: 2019 ident: 656_CR14 publication-title: Nat Clim Change doi: 10.1038/s41558-019-0534-5 – ident: 656_CR26 doi: 10.1109/TEM.2020.2978014
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Snippet	When talking about blockchain technology in academia, business, and society, frequently generalizations are still heared about its – supposedly inherent –...
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SubjectTerms	Blockchain Business and Management Catchword Cryptocurrency Cryptography Distributed ledger technology Energy consumption IT in Business Sustainability
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Title	The Energy Consumption of Blockchain Technology: Beyond Myth
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