Aqueous solubility of Cr(VI) compounds in ferrochrome bag filter dust and the implications thereof

The production of ferrochrome (FeCr) is a reducing process. However, it is impossible to completely exclude oxygen from all of the high-temperature production process steps, which may lead to unintentional formation of small amounts of Cr(VI). The majority of Cr(VI) is associated with particles foun...

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Published in:Water S. A. Vol. 43; no. 2; pp. 298 - 309
Main Authors: du Preez, SP, Beukes, JP, van Dalen, WPJ, van Zyl, PG, Paktunc, D, Loock-Hattingh, MM
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: Gezina Water Research Commission (WRC) 01.04.2017
Water Research Commission
Subjects:
Bag filter dust
Carcinogens
Caustic soda
Chemical properties
Chemical research
Chemicals
Chromium
Cr(VI)
Dust
Ferrochrome
Ferrochromium
Hexavalent chromium
High temperature
INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
Leachates
Particle size
Pollution control equipment
Process water
Scrubbers
Sludge
Smelter waste
Solubility
Stainless steel
Studies
Waste storage
South Africa
ISSN:0378-4738, 1816-7950, 0378-4738
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Abstract The production of ferrochrome (FeCr) is a reducing process. However, it is impossible to completely exclude oxygen from all of the high-temperature production process steps, which may lead to unintentional formation of small amounts of Cr(VI). The majority of Cr(VI) is associated with particles found in the off-gas of the high-temperature processes, which are cleaned by means of venturi scrubbers or bag filter dust (BFD) systems. BFD contains the highest concentration of Cr(VI) of all FeCr wastes. In this study, the solubility of Cr(VI) present in BFD was determined by evaluating four different BFD samples. The results indicate that the currently applied Cr(VI) treatment strategies of the FeCr producer (with process water pH ≤ 9) only effectively extract and treat the water-soluble Cr(VI) compounds, which merely represented approximately 31% of the total Cr(VI) present in the BFD samples evaluated. Extended extraction time, within the afore-mentioned pH range, proved futile in extracting sparingly-soluble and water-insoluble Cr(VI) species, which represented approximately 34% and 35% of the total Cr(VI), respectively. Due to the deficiencies of the current treatment strategies, it is highly likely that sparingly water-soluble Cr(VI) compounds will leach from waste storage facilities (e.g. slimes dams) over time. Therefore, it is critical that improved Cr(VI) treatment strategies be formulated, which should be an important future perspective for FeCr producers and researchers alike.
AbstractList The production of ferrochrome (FeCr) is a reducing process. However, it is impossible to completely exclude oxygen from all of the high-temperature production process steps, which may lead to unintentional formation of small amounts of Cr(VI). The majority of Cr(VI) is associated with particles found in the off-gas of the high-temperature processes, which are cleaned by means of venturi scrubbers or bag filter dust (BFD) systems. BFD contains the highest concentration of Cr(VI) of all FeCr wastes. In this study, the solubility of Cr(VI) present in BFD was determined by evaluating four different BFD samples. The results indicate that the currently applied Cr(VI) treatment strategies of the FeCr producer (with process water pH less than or equal to 9) only effectively extract and treat the water-soluble Cr(VI) compounds, which merely represented approximately 31% of the total Cr(VI) present in the BFD samples evaluated. Extended extraction time, within the afore-mentioned pH range, proved futile in extracting sparingly-soluble and water-insoluble Cr(VI) species, which represented approximately 34% and 35% of the total Cr(VI), respectively. Due to the deficiencies of the current treatment strategies, it is highly likely that sparingly water-soluble Cr(VI) compounds will leach from waste storage facilities (e.g. slimes dams) over time. Therefore, it is critical that improved Cr(VI) treatment strategies be formulated, which should be an important future perspective for FeCr producers and researchers alike.
The production of ferrochrome (FeCr) is a reducing process. However, it is impossible to completely exclude oxygen from all of the high-temperature production process steps, which may lead to unintentional formation of small amounts of Cr(VI). The majority of Cr(VI) is associated with particles found in the off-gas of the high-temperature processes, which are cleaned by means of venturi scrubbers or bag filter dust (BFD) systems. BFD contains the highest concentration of Cr(VI) of all FeCr wastes. In this study, the solubility of Cr(VI) present in BFD was determined by evaluating four different BFD samples. The results indicate that the currently applied Cr(VI) treatment strategies of the FeCr producer (with process water pH ≤ 9) only effectively extract and treat the water-soluble Cr(VI) compounds, which merely represented approximately 31% of the total Cr(VI) present in the BFD samples evaluated. Extended extraction time, within the afore-mentioned pH range, proved futile in extracting sparingly-soluble and water-insoluble Cr(VI) species, which represented approximately 34% and 35% of the total Cr(VI), respectively. Due to the deficiencies of the current treatment strategies, it is highly likely that sparingly water-soluble Cr(VI) compounds will leach from waste storage facilities (e.g. slimes dams) over time. Therefore, it is critical that improved Cr(VI) treatment strategies be formulated, which should be an important future perspective for FeCr producers and researchers alike.
Audience Academic
Author Loock-Hattingh, MM
du Preez, SP
van Dalen, WPJ
Beukes, JP
Paktunc, D
van Zyl, PG
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North-West Univ., Potchefstroom (South Africa)
Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, ON (Canada)
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Snippet The production of ferrochrome (FeCr) is a reducing process. However, it is impossible to completely exclude oxygen from all of the high-temperature production...
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SubjectTerms Bag filter dust
Carcinogens
Caustic soda
Chemical properties
Chemical research
Chemicals
Chromium
Cr(VI)
Dust
Ferrochrome
Ferrochromium
Hexavalent chromium
High temperature
INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
Leachates
Particle size
Pollution control equipment
Process water
Scrubbers
Sludge
Smelter waste
Solubility
Stainless steel
Studies
Waste storage
Title Aqueous solubility of Cr(VI) compounds in ferrochrome bag filter dust and the implications thereof
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