Mental health before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in two longitudinal UK population cohorts

The COVID-19 pandemic and mitigation measures are likely to have a marked effect on mental health. It is important to use longitudinal data to improve inferences. To quantify the prevalence of depression, anxiety and mental well-being before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Also, to identify groups...

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Published in:	British journal of psychiatry Vol. 218; no. 6; pp. 334 - 343
Main Authors:	Kwong, Alex S. F., Pearson, Rebecca M., Adams, Mark J., Northstone, Kate, Tilling, Kate, Smith, Daniel, Fawns-Ritchie, Chloe, Bould, Helen, Warne, Naomi, Zammit, Stanley, Gunnell, David J., Moran, Paul A., Micali, Nadia, Reichenberg, Abraham, Hickman, Matthew, Rai, Dheeraj, Haworth, Simon, Campbell, Archie, Altschul, Drew, Flaig, Robin, McIntosh, Andrew M., Lawlor, Deborah A., Porteous, David, Timpson, Nicholas J.
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Cambridge, UK Cambridge University Press 01.06.2021
Subjects:	Adolescent Adult Adversity Age Anxiety Anxiety disorders Asthma At risk populations Child Coronaviruses COVID-19 Emotions Ethics Families & family life Female Generalized anxiety disorder Health planning Health status Humans Indexes Longitudinal Studies Medical research Mental depression Mental disorders Mental Health Middle Aged Mitigation Mood Obesity Pandemics Parent-child relations Parents & parenting Psychiatry Questionnaires SARS-CoV-2 Severe acute respiratory syndrome Sociodemographics United Kingdom - epidemiology Well being Young women Youth United Kingdom United Kingdom > UK Scotland COVID-19 ALSPAC anxiety disorders depressive disorders generation Scotland
ISSN:	0007-1250, 1472-1465, 1472-1465
Online Access:	Get full text
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Abstract	The COVID-19 pandemic and mitigation measures are likely to have a marked effect on mental health. It is important to use longitudinal data to improve inferences. To quantify the prevalence of depression, anxiety and mental well-being before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Also, to identify groups at risk of depression and/or anxiety during the pandemic. Data were from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) index generation (n = 2850, mean age 28 years) and parent generation (n = 3720, mean age 59 years), and Generation Scotland (n = 4233, mean age 59 years). Depression was measured with the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire in ALSPAC and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 in Generation Scotland. Anxiety and mental well-being were measured with the Generalised Anxiety Disorder Assessment-7 and the Short Warwick Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale. Depression during the pandemic was similar to pre-pandemic levels in the ALSPAC index generation, but those experiencing anxiety had almost doubled, at 24% (95% CI 23-26%) compared with a pre-pandemic level of 13% (95% CI 12-14%). In both studies, anxiety and depression during the pandemic was greater in younger members, women, those with pre-existing mental/physical health conditions and individuals in socioeconomic adversity, even when controlling for pre-pandemic anxiety and depression. These results provide evidence for increased anxiety in young people that is coincident with the pandemic. Specific groups are at elevated risk of depression and anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic. This is important for planning current mental health provisions and for long-term impact beyond this pandemic.
AbstractList	BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic and mitigation measures are likely to have a marked effect on mental health. It is important to use longitudinal data to improve inferences.AimsTo quantify the prevalence of depression, anxiety and mental well-being before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Also, to identify groups at risk of depression and/or anxiety during the pandemic.MethodData were from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) index generation (n = 2850, mean age 28 years) and parent generation (n = 3720, mean age 59 years), and Generation Scotland (n = 4233, mean age 59 years). Depression was measured with the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire in ALSPAC and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 in Generation Scotland. Anxiety and mental well-being were measured with the Generalised Anxiety Disorder Assessment-7 and the Short Warwick Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale.ResultsDepression during the pandemic was similar to pre-pandemic levels in the ALSPAC index generation, but those experiencing anxiety had almost doubled, at 24% (95% CI 23–26%) compared with a pre-pandemic level of 13% (95% CI 12–14%). In both studies, anxiety and depression during the pandemic was greater in younger members, women, those with pre-existing mental/physical health conditions and individuals in socioeconomic adversity, even when controlling for pre-pandemic anxiety and depression.ConclusionsThese results provide evidence for increased anxiety in young people that is coincident with the pandemic. Specific groups are at elevated risk of depression and anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic. This is important for planning current mental health provisions and for long-term impact beyond this pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic and mitigation measures are likely to have a marked effect on mental health. It is important to use longitudinal data to improve inferences.BACKGROUNDThe COVID-19 pandemic and mitigation measures are likely to have a marked effect on mental health. It is important to use longitudinal data to improve inferences.To quantify the prevalence of depression, anxiety and mental well-being before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Also, to identify groups at risk of depression and/or anxiety during the pandemic.AIMSTo quantify the prevalence of depression, anxiety and mental well-being before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Also, to identify groups at risk of depression and/or anxiety during the pandemic.Data were from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) index generation (n = 2850, mean age 28 years) and parent generation (n = 3720, mean age 59 years), and Generation Scotland (n = 4233, mean age 59 years). Depression was measured with the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire in ALSPAC and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 in Generation Scotland. Anxiety and mental well-being were measured with the Generalised Anxiety Disorder Assessment-7 and the Short Warwick Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale.METHODData were from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) index generation (n = 2850, mean age 28 years) and parent generation (n = 3720, mean age 59 years), and Generation Scotland (n = 4233, mean age 59 years). Depression was measured with the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire in ALSPAC and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 in Generation Scotland. Anxiety and mental well-being were measured with the Generalised Anxiety Disorder Assessment-7 and the Short Warwick Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale.Depression during the pandemic was similar to pre-pandemic levels in the ALSPAC index generation, but those experiencing anxiety had almost doubled, at 24% (95% CI 23-26%) compared with a pre-pandemic level of 13% (95% CI 12-14%). In both studies, anxiety and depression during the pandemic was greater in younger members, women, those with pre-existing mental/physical health conditions and individuals in socioeconomic adversity, even when controlling for pre-pandemic anxiety and depression.RESULTSDepression during the pandemic was similar to pre-pandemic levels in the ALSPAC index generation, but those experiencing anxiety had almost doubled, at 24% (95% CI 23-26%) compared with a pre-pandemic level of 13% (95% CI 12-14%). In both studies, anxiety and depression during the pandemic was greater in younger members, women, those with pre-existing mental/physical health conditions and individuals in socioeconomic adversity, even when controlling for pre-pandemic anxiety and depression.These results provide evidence for increased anxiety in young people that is coincident with the pandemic. Specific groups are at elevated risk of depression and anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic. This is important for planning current mental health provisions and for long-term impact beyond this pandemic.CONCLUSIONSThese results provide evidence for increased anxiety in young people that is coincident with the pandemic. Specific groups are at elevated risk of depression and anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic. This is important for planning current mental health provisions and for long-term impact beyond this pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic and mitigation measures are likely to have a marked effect on mental health. It is important to use longitudinal data to improve inferences. To quantify the prevalence of depression, anxiety and mental well-being before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Also, to identify groups at risk of depression and/or anxiety during the pandemic. Data were from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) index generation (n = 2850, mean age 28 years) and parent generation (n = 3720, mean age 59 years), and Generation Scotland (n = 4233, mean age 59 years). Depression was measured with the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire in ALSPAC and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 in Generation Scotland. Anxiety and mental well-being were measured with the Generalised Anxiety Disorder Assessment-7 and the Short Warwick Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale. Depression during the pandemic was similar to pre-pandemic levels in the ALSPAC index generation, but those experiencing anxiety had almost doubled, at 24% (95% CI 23-26%) compared with a pre-pandemic level of 13% (95% CI 12-14%). In both studies, anxiety and depression during the pandemic was greater in younger members, women, those with pre-existing mental/physical health conditions and individuals in socioeconomic adversity, even when controlling for pre-pandemic anxiety and depression. These results provide evidence for increased anxiety in young people that is coincident with the pandemic. Specific groups are at elevated risk of depression and anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic. This is important for planning current mental health provisions and for long-term impact beyond this pandemic.
Author	Timpson, Nicholas J. Lawlor, Deborah A. Haworth, Simon Campbell, Archie Tilling, Kate Bould, Helen Flaig, Robin Adams, Mark J. Fawns-Ritchie, Chloe Moran, Paul A. Hickman, Matthew Reichenberg, Abraham Altschul, Drew Pearson, Rebecca M. Zammit, Stanley Micali, Nadia McIntosh, Andrew M. Smith, Daniel Kwong, Alex S. F. Warne, Naomi Porteous, David Rai, Dheeraj Gunnell, David J. Northstone, Kate
AuthorAffiliation	1 MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol , UK ; Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol , UK ; and Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh , UK 5 Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh , UK 2 MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol , UK ; and Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol , UK 3 Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh , UK 12 1MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol , UK ; and Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol , UK 7 Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol , UK ; and MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University , UK 8 Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol , UK ; and National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Universi
AuthorAffiliation_xml	– name: 12 1MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol , UK ; and Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol , UK – name: 16 MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol , UK ; and Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol , UK – name: 11 Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , USA – name: 4 Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol , UK – name: 5 Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh , UK – name: 3 Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh , UK – name: 13 Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh , UK ; and Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh , UK – name: 2 MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol , UK ; and Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol , UK – name: 10 Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London , UK ; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva , Switzerland ; and Department of Paediatrics Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva , Switzerland – name: 14 Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh , UK – name: 7 Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol , UK ; and MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University , UK – name: 9 Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol , UK ; National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University of Bristol , UK ; and Avon and Wiltshire Mental Health Partnership NHS Trust, UK – name: 1 MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol , UK ; Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol , UK ; and Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh , UK – name: 15 MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol , UK ; Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol , UK ; and National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University of Bristol , UK – name: 6 Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol , UK ; and Gloucestershire Health and Care NHS Foundation Trust, UK – name: 8 Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol , UK ; and National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University of Bristol , UK
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Alex S. F. orcidid: 0000-0003-1953-2771 surname: Kwong fullname: Kwong, Alex S. F. email: alex.kwong@bristol.ac.uk organization: MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, UK; Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK; and Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, UK – sequence: 2 givenname: Rebecca M. surname: Pearson fullname: Pearson, Rebecca M. organization: MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, UK; and Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK – sequence: 3 givenname: Mark J. orcidid: 0000-0002-3599-6018 surname: Adams fullname: Adams, Mark J. organization: Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, UK – sequence: 4 givenname: Kate surname: Northstone fullname: Northstone, Kate organization: Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK – sequence: 5 givenname: Kate surname: Tilling fullname: Tilling, Kate organization: MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, UK; Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK; and Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, UK – sequence: 6 givenname: Daniel surname: Smith fullname: Smith, Daniel organization: MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, UK; Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK; and Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, UK – sequence: 7 givenname: Chloe surname: Fawns-Ritchie fullname: Fawns-Ritchie, Chloe organization: Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, UK – sequence: 8 givenname: Helen surname: Bould fullname: Bould, Helen organization: Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK; and Gloucestershire Health and Care NHS Foundation Trust, UK – sequence: 9 givenname: Naomi orcidid: 0000-0001-6160-8982 surname: Warne fullname: Warne, Naomi organization: Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK – sequence: 10 givenname: Stanley surname: Zammit fullname: Zammit, Stanley organization: Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK; and MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, UK – sequence: 11 givenname: David J. surname: Gunnell fullname: Gunnell, David J. organization: Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK; and National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University of Bristol, UK – sequence: 12 givenname: Paul A. surname: Moran fullname: Moran, Paul A. organization: Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK; National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University of Bristol, UK; and Avon and Wiltshire Mental Health Partnership NHS Trust, UK – sequence: 13 givenname: Nadia orcidid: 0000-0001-5571-2273 surname: Micali fullname: Micali, Nadia organization: Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, UK; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland; and Department of Paediatrics Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland – sequence: 14 givenname: Abraham surname: Reichenberg fullname: Reichenberg, Abraham organization: Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA – sequence: 15 givenname: Matthew surname: Hickman fullname: Hickman, Matthew organization: Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK – sequence: 16 givenname: Dheeraj surname: Rai fullname: Rai, Dheeraj organization: Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK; National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University of Bristol, UK; and Avon and Wiltshire Mental Health Partnership NHS Trust, UK – sequence: 17 givenname: Simon surname: Haworth fullname: Haworth, Simon organization: 1MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, UK; and Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK – sequence: 18 givenname: Archie surname: Campbell fullname: Campbell, Archie organization: Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, UK; and Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, UK – sequence: 19 givenname: Drew surname: Altschul fullname: Altschul, Drew organization: Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, UK – sequence: 20 givenname: Robin surname: Flaig fullname: Flaig, Robin organization: Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, UK; and Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, UK – sequence: 21 givenname: Andrew M. orcidid: 0000-0002-0198-4588 surname: McIntosh fullname: McIntosh, Andrew M. organization: Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, UK – sequence: 22 givenname: Deborah A. surname: Lawlor fullname: Lawlor, Deborah A. organization: MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, UK; Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK; and National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University of Bristol, UK – sequence: 23 givenname: David surname: Porteous fullname: Porteous, David organization: Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, UK – sequence: 24 givenname: Nicholas J. surname: Timpson fullname: Timpson, Nicholas J. organization: MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, UK; and Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK
BackLink	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33228822$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Snippet	The COVID-19 pandemic and mitigation measures are likely to have a marked effect on mental health. It is important to use longitudinal data to improve... BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic and mitigation measures are likely to have a marked effect on mental health. It is important to use longitudinal data to...
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SubjectTerms	Adolescent Adult Adversity Age Anxiety Anxiety disorders Asthma At risk populations Child Coronaviruses COVID-19 Emotions Ethics Families & family life Female Generalized anxiety disorder Health planning Health status Humans Indexes Longitudinal Studies Medical research Mental depression Mental disorders Mental Health Middle Aged Mitigation Mood Obesity Pandemics Parent-child relations Parents & parenting Psychiatry Questionnaires SARS-CoV-2 Severe acute respiratory syndrome Sociodemographics United Kingdom - epidemiology Well being Young women Youth
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Title	Mental health before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in two longitudinal UK population cohorts
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