Arterial stiffness, pressure and flow pulsatility and brain structure and function: the Age, Gene/Environment Susceptibility--Reykjavik study

Aortic stiffness increases with age and vascular risk factor exposure and is associated with increased risk for structural and functional abnormalities in the brain. High ambient flow and low impedance are thought to sensitize the cerebral microcirculation to harmful effects of excessive pressure an...

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Vydáno v:	Brain (London, England : 1878) Ročník 134; číslo Pt 11; s. 3398
Hlavní autoři:	Mitchell, Gary F, van Buchem, Mark A, Sigurdsson, Sigurdur, Gotal, John D, Jonsdottir, Maria K, Kjartansson, Ólafur, Garcia, Melissa, Aspelund, Thor, Harris, Tamara B, Gudnason, Vilmundur, Launer, Lenore J
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	angličtina
Vydáno:	England 01.11.2011
Témata:	Age Factors Aged Aged, 80 and over Aorta - physiopathology Blood Flow Velocity - physiology Blood Pressure - physiology Brain - blood supply Brain - pathology Brain - physiopathology Cardiovascular Diseases - pathology Cardiovascular Diseases - physiopathology Carotid Arteries - physiopathology Female Gene-Environment Interaction Humans Iceland Male Prospective Studies Pulsatile Flow - physiology Risk Factors Vascular Stiffness - physiology Iceland
ISSN:	1460-2156, 1460-2156
On-line přístup:	Zjistit podrobnosti o přístupu
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Abstract	Aortic stiffness increases with age and vascular risk factor exposure and is associated with increased risk for structural and functional abnormalities in the brain. High ambient flow and low impedance are thought to sensitize the cerebral microcirculation to harmful effects of excessive pressure and flow pulsatility. However, haemodynamic mechanisms contributing to structural brain lesions and cognitive impairment in the presence of high aortic stiffness remain unclear. We hypothesized that disproportionate stiffening of the proximal aorta as compared with the carotid arteries reduces wave reflection at this important interface and thereby facilitates transmission of excessive pulsatile energy into the cerebral microcirculation, leading to microvascular damage and impaired function. To assess this hypothesis, we evaluated carotid pressure and flow, carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, brain magnetic resonance images and cognitive scores in participants in the community-based Age, Gene/Environment Susceptibility--Reykjavik study who had no history of stroke, transient ischaemic attack or dementia (n = 668, 378 females, 69-93 years of age). Aortic characteristic impedance was assessed in a random subset (n = 422) and the reflection coefficient at the aorta-carotid interface was computed. Carotid flow pulsatility index was negatively related to the aorta-carotid reflection coefficient (R = -0.66, P<0.001). Carotid pulse pressure, pulsatility index and carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity were each associated with increased risk for silent subcortical infarcts (hazard ratios of 1.62-1.71 per standard deviation, P<0.002). Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity was associated with higher white matter hyperintensity volume (0.108 ± 0.045 SD/SD, P = 0.018). Pulsatility index was associated with lower whole brain (-0.127 ± 0.037 SD/SD, P<0.001), grey matter (-0.079 ± 0.038 SD/SD, P = 0.038) and white matter (-0.128 ± 0.039 SD/SD, P<0.001) volumes. Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (-0.095 ± 0.043 SD/SD, P = 0.028) and carotid pulse pressure (-0.114 ± 0.045 SD/SD, P = 0.013) were associated with lower memory scores. Pulsatility index was associated with lower memory scores (-0.165 ± 0.039 SD/SD, P<0.001), slower processing speed (-0.118 ± 0.033 SD/SD, P<0.001) and worse performance on tests assessing executive function (-0.155 ± 0.041 SD/SD, P<0.001). When magnetic resonance imaging measures (grey and white matter volumes, white matter hyperintensity volumes and prevalent subcortical infarcts) were included in cognitive models, haemodynamic associations were attenuated or no longer significant, consistent with the hypothesis that increased aortic stiffness and excessive flow pulsatility damage the microcirculation, leading to quantifiable tissue damage and reduced cognitive performance. Marked stiffening of the aorta is associated with reduced wave reflection at the interface between carotid and aorta, transmission of excessive flow pulsatility into the brain, microvascular structural brain damage and lower scores in various cognitive domains.
AbstractList	Aortic stiffness increases with age and vascular risk factor exposure and is associated with increased risk for structural and functional abnormalities in the brain. High ambient flow and low impedance are thought to sensitize the cerebral microcirculation to harmful effects of excessive pressure and flow pulsatility. However, haemodynamic mechanisms contributing to structural brain lesions and cognitive impairment in the presence of high aortic stiffness remain unclear. We hypothesized that disproportionate stiffening of the proximal aorta as compared with the carotid arteries reduces wave reflection at this important interface and thereby facilitates transmission of excessive pulsatile energy into the cerebral microcirculation, leading to microvascular damage and impaired function. To assess this hypothesis, we evaluated carotid pressure and flow, carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, brain magnetic resonance images and cognitive scores in participants in the community-based Age, Gene/Environment Susceptibility--Reykjavik study who had no history of stroke, transient ischaemic attack or dementia (n = 668, 378 females, 69-93 years of age). Aortic characteristic impedance was assessed in a random subset (n = 422) and the reflection coefficient at the aorta-carotid interface was computed. Carotid flow pulsatility index was negatively related to the aorta-carotid reflection coefficient (R = -0.66, P<0.001). Carotid pulse pressure, pulsatility index and carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity were each associated with increased risk for silent subcortical infarcts (hazard ratios of 1.62-1.71 per standard deviation, P<0.002). Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity was associated with higher white matter hyperintensity volume (0.108 ± 0.045 SD/SD, P = 0.018). Pulsatility index was associated with lower whole brain (-0.127 ± 0.037 SD/SD, P<0.001), grey matter (-0.079 ± 0.038 SD/SD, P = 0.038) and white matter (-0.128 ± 0.039 SD/SD, P<0.001) volumes. Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (-0.095 ± 0.043 SD/SD, P = 0.028) and carotid pulse pressure (-0.114 ± 0.045 SD/SD, P = 0.013) were associated with lower memory scores. Pulsatility index was associated with lower memory scores (-0.165 ± 0.039 SD/SD, P<0.001), slower processing speed (-0.118 ± 0.033 SD/SD, P<0.001) and worse performance on tests assessing executive function (-0.155 ± 0.041 SD/SD, P<0.001). When magnetic resonance imaging measures (grey and white matter volumes, white matter hyperintensity volumes and prevalent subcortical infarcts) were included in cognitive models, haemodynamic associations were attenuated or no longer significant, consistent with the hypothesis that increased aortic stiffness and excessive flow pulsatility damage the microcirculation, leading to quantifiable tissue damage and reduced cognitive performance. Marked stiffening of the aorta is associated with reduced wave reflection at the interface between carotid and aorta, transmission of excessive flow pulsatility into the brain, microvascular structural brain damage and lower scores in various cognitive domains.Aortic stiffness increases with age and vascular risk factor exposure and is associated with increased risk for structural and functional abnormalities in the brain. High ambient flow and low impedance are thought to sensitize the cerebral microcirculation to harmful effects of excessive pressure and flow pulsatility. However, haemodynamic mechanisms contributing to structural brain lesions and cognitive impairment in the presence of high aortic stiffness remain unclear. We hypothesized that disproportionate stiffening of the proximal aorta as compared with the carotid arteries reduces wave reflection at this important interface and thereby facilitates transmission of excessive pulsatile energy into the cerebral microcirculation, leading to microvascular damage and impaired function. To assess this hypothesis, we evaluated carotid pressure and flow, carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, brain magnetic resonance images and cognitive scores in participants in the community-based Age, Gene/Environment Susceptibility--Reykjavik study who had no history of stroke, transient ischaemic attack or dementia (n = 668, 378 females, 69-93 years of age). Aortic characteristic impedance was assessed in a random subset (n = 422) and the reflection coefficient at the aorta-carotid interface was computed. Carotid flow pulsatility index was negatively related to the aorta-carotid reflection coefficient (R = -0.66, P<0.001). Carotid pulse pressure, pulsatility index and carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity were each associated with increased risk for silent subcortical infarcts (hazard ratios of 1.62-1.71 per standard deviation, P<0.002). Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity was associated with higher white matter hyperintensity volume (0.108 ± 0.045 SD/SD, P = 0.018). Pulsatility index was associated with lower whole brain (-0.127 ± 0.037 SD/SD, P<0.001), grey matter (-0.079 ± 0.038 SD/SD, P = 0.038) and white matter (-0.128 ± 0.039 SD/SD, P<0.001) volumes. Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (-0.095 ± 0.043 SD/SD, P = 0.028) and carotid pulse pressure (-0.114 ± 0.045 SD/SD, P = 0.013) were associated with lower memory scores. Pulsatility index was associated with lower memory scores (-0.165 ± 0.039 SD/SD, P<0.001), slower processing speed (-0.118 ± 0.033 SD/SD, P<0.001) and worse performance on tests assessing executive function (-0.155 ± 0.041 SD/SD, P<0.001). When magnetic resonance imaging measures (grey and white matter volumes, white matter hyperintensity volumes and prevalent subcortical infarcts) were included in cognitive models, haemodynamic associations were attenuated or no longer significant, consistent with the hypothesis that increased aortic stiffness and excessive flow pulsatility damage the microcirculation, leading to quantifiable tissue damage and reduced cognitive performance. Marked stiffening of the aorta is associated with reduced wave reflection at the interface between carotid and aorta, transmission of excessive flow pulsatility into the brain, microvascular structural brain damage and lower scores in various cognitive domains. Aortic stiffness increases with age and vascular risk factor exposure and is associated with increased risk for structural and functional abnormalities in the brain. High ambient flow and low impedance are thought to sensitize the cerebral microcirculation to harmful effects of excessive pressure and flow pulsatility. However, haemodynamic mechanisms contributing to structural brain lesions and cognitive impairment in the presence of high aortic stiffness remain unclear. We hypothesized that disproportionate stiffening of the proximal aorta as compared with the carotid arteries reduces wave reflection at this important interface and thereby facilitates transmission of excessive pulsatile energy into the cerebral microcirculation, leading to microvascular damage and impaired function. To assess this hypothesis, we evaluated carotid pressure and flow, carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, brain magnetic resonance images and cognitive scores in participants in the community-based Age, Gene/Environment Susceptibility--Reykjavik study who had no history of stroke, transient ischaemic attack or dementia (n = 668, 378 females, 69-93 years of age). Aortic characteristic impedance was assessed in a random subset (n = 422) and the reflection coefficient at the aorta-carotid interface was computed. Carotid flow pulsatility index was negatively related to the aorta-carotid reflection coefficient (R = -0.66, P<0.001). Carotid pulse pressure, pulsatility index and carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity were each associated with increased risk for silent subcortical infarcts (hazard ratios of 1.62-1.71 per standard deviation, P<0.002). Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity was associated with higher white matter hyperintensity volume (0.108 ± 0.045 SD/SD, P = 0.018). Pulsatility index was associated with lower whole brain (-0.127 ± 0.037 SD/SD, P<0.001), grey matter (-0.079 ± 0.038 SD/SD, P = 0.038) and white matter (-0.128 ± 0.039 SD/SD, P<0.001) volumes. Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (-0.095 ± 0.043 SD/SD, P = 0.028) and carotid pulse pressure (-0.114 ± 0.045 SD/SD, P = 0.013) were associated with lower memory scores. Pulsatility index was associated with lower memory scores (-0.165 ± 0.039 SD/SD, P<0.001), slower processing speed (-0.118 ± 0.033 SD/SD, P<0.001) and worse performance on tests assessing executive function (-0.155 ± 0.041 SD/SD, P<0.001). When magnetic resonance imaging measures (grey and white matter volumes, white matter hyperintensity volumes and prevalent subcortical infarcts) were included in cognitive models, haemodynamic associations were attenuated or no longer significant, consistent with the hypothesis that increased aortic stiffness and excessive flow pulsatility damage the microcirculation, leading to quantifiable tissue damage and reduced cognitive performance. Marked stiffening of the aorta is associated with reduced wave reflection at the interface between carotid and aorta, transmission of excessive flow pulsatility into the brain, microvascular structural brain damage and lower scores in various cognitive domains.
Author	Aspelund, Thor Harris, Tamara B Garcia, Melissa Sigurdsson, Sigurdur Jonsdottir, Maria K van Buchem, Mark A Kjartansson, Ólafur Mitchell, Gary F Gotal, John D Gudnason, Vilmundur Launer, Lenore J
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Gary F surname: Mitchell fullname: Mitchell, Gary F email: garyfmitchell@mindspring.com organization: Cardiovascular Engineering, Inc., Norwood, MA 02062, USA. garyfmitchell@mindspring.com – sequence: 2 givenname: Mark A surname: van Buchem fullname: van Buchem, Mark A – sequence: 3 givenname: Sigurdur surname: Sigurdsson fullname: Sigurdsson, Sigurdur – sequence: 4 givenname: John D surname: Gotal fullname: Gotal, John D – sequence: 5 givenname: Maria K surname: Jonsdottir fullname: Jonsdottir, Maria K – sequence: 6 givenname: Ólafur surname: Kjartansson fullname: Kjartansson, Ólafur – sequence: 7 givenname: Melissa surname: Garcia fullname: Garcia, Melissa – sequence: 8 givenname: Thor surname: Aspelund fullname: Aspelund, Thor – sequence: 9 givenname: Tamara B surname: Harris fullname: Harris, Tamara B – sequence: 10 givenname: Vilmundur surname: Gudnason fullname: Gudnason, Vilmundur – sequence: 11 givenname: Lenore J surname: Launer fullname: Launer, Lenore J
BackLink	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22075523$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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References_xml	– reference: 11742883 - Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2001 Dec;21(12):2046-50 – reference: 10665484 - Ann Neurol. 2000 Feb;47(2):145-51 – reference: 18802428 - Am J Hypertens. 2008 Dec;21(12):1304-9 – reference: 18852384 - Hypertension. 2008 Dec;52(6):1120-6 – reference: 17351290 - Am J Epidemiol. 2007 May 1;165(9):1076-87 – reference: 16330686 - Circulation. 2005 Dec 13;112(24):3722-8 – reference: 9533186 - Psychol Aging. 1998 Mar;13(1):8-20 – reference: 19131654 - Stroke. 2009 Mar;40(3):677-82 – reference: 7334864 - Med Biol Eng Comput. 1981 Sep;19(5):565-8 – reference: 18772322 - J Appl Physiol (1985). 2008 Nov;105(5):1652-60 – reference: 20855656 - Circulation. 2010 Oct 5;122(14):1379-86 – reference: 16103272 - Hypertension. 2005 Sep;46(3):454-62 – reference: 19246701 - Stroke. 2009 Apr;40(4):1229-36 – reference: 19915847 - Eur Radiol. 2010 May;20(5):1132-8 – reference: 15249547 - Hypertension. 2004 Aug;44(2):134-9 – reference: 15123572 - Hypertension. 2004 Jun;43(6):1239-45 – reference: 18772473 - J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2008 Aug;63(8):848-54 – reference: 19549973 - JAMA. 2009 Jun 24;301(24):2563-70 – reference: 20360538 - Stroke. 2010 May;41(5):891-7 – reference: 17272780 - Stroke. 2007 Mar;38(3):888-92 – reference: 17485578 - Circulation. 2007 May 22;115(20):2628-36 – reference: 15967850 - Circulation. 2005 Jun 28;111(25):3384-90 – reference: 11799071 - Hypertension. 2002 Jan;39(1):10-5 – reference: 12081987 - Circulation. 2002 Jun 25;105(25):2955-61 – reference: 9056627 - Stroke. 1997 Mar;28(3):652-9 – reference: 1202204 - J Psychiatr Res. 1975 Nov;12(3):189-98 – reference: 17414668 - J Hypertens. 2007 May;25(5):1035-40 – reference: 1527307 - J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992 Oct;20(4):952-63 – reference: 18025297 - Hypertension. 2008 Jan;51(1):99-104 – reference: 12585710 - IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 2002 Oct;21(10):1280-91 – reference: 7379273 - Circulation. 1980 Jul;62(1):105-16 – reference: 16461838 - Circulation. 2006 Feb 7;113(5):657-63 – reference: 12677025 - Stroke. 2003 May;34(5):1203-6 – reference: 16151027 - Stroke. 2005 Oct;36(10):2193-7 – reference: 11358934 - Hypertension. 2001 May;37(5):1236-41 – reference: 18259005 - Hypertension. 2008 Apr;51(4):1123-8 – reference: 19864506 - Radiology. 2009 Dec;253(3):681-8 – reference: 20083680 - Circulation. 2010 Feb 2;121(4):505-11 – reference: 10363036 - J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 1999 May;54(3):P155-60 – reference: 16461839 - Circulation. 2006 Feb 7;113(5):664-70 – reference: 19237680 - Hypertension. 2009 Apr;53(4):668-73
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Snippet	Aortic stiffness increases with age and vascular risk factor exposure and is associated with increased risk for structural and functional abnormalities in the...
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SubjectTerms	Age Factors Aged Aged, 80 and over Aorta - physiopathology Blood Flow Velocity - physiology Blood Pressure - physiology Brain - blood supply Brain - pathology Brain - physiopathology Cardiovascular Diseases - pathology Cardiovascular Diseases - physiopathology Carotid Arteries - physiopathology Female Gene-Environment Interaction Humans Iceland Male Prospective Studies Pulsatile Flow - physiology Risk Factors Vascular Stiffness - physiology
Title	Arterial stiffness, pressure and flow pulsatility and brain structure and function: the Age, Gene/Environment Susceptibility--Reykjavik study
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