Increased self-focus and diminished informativity: referential and structural properties of narrative speech production in borderline personality disorder
Background Narrative speech production (NSP), i.e., the conceptualization, linguistic formulation, and articulation of a story, is a multifaceted process underpinned by cognitive functions and mentalization ability, often impaired in individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD). This study...
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| Published in: | Borderline personality disorder and emotion dysregulation Vol. 12; no. 1; pp. 49 - 17 |
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
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BioMed Central
17.11.2025
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| ISSN: | 2051-6673, 2051-6673 |
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| Abstract | Background
Narrative speech production (NSP), i.e., the conceptualization, linguistic formulation, and articulation of a story, is a multifaceted process underpinned by cognitive functions and mentalization ability, often impaired in individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD). This study examines differences in linguistic formulation between individuals with BPD and healthy controls (HCs), and explores how task type influences linguistic formulation, as well as how linguistic formulation relates to temporal parameters of speech uniquely in BPD.
Methods
Speech of 33 BPD and 31 HC individuals was recorded in three task types: telling their previous day, retelling a story, and picture sequences. Features of linguistic formulation were extracted with natural language processing methods, while temporal parameters were extracted using automatic speech recognition. Hypothesis-driven generalized linear mixed-effects models (GLMMs) were applied to test predefined group differences in four linguistic features (content words, first- and third-person singular verbs, and syntactic complexity). Additional exploratory GLMMs examined other linguistic features and task effects. Within-group Spearman correlations assessed associations between linguistic and temporal measures, controlling for task.
Results
Hypothesis testing showed that the NSP in BPD is characterized by fewer content words, more first-person singular verbs, and lower syntactic complexity than that of HCs. Exploratory analyses revealed that individuals with BPD used pronouns more frequently than HCs, particularly demonstrative pronouns (e.g.,
this
) and first-person singular pronouns (e.g.,
I
). In BPD, higher first-person singular reference (pronouns and verbs) correlated with fewer silent pauses, while greater syntactic complexity correlated with more filled pauses. Task modulated verbosity and the use of other pronoun types.
Conclusions
Findings suggest that NSP in BPD is characterized by dominant self-referential thought content, reflected in elevated first-person singular reference, and by qualitatively impoverished language use, marked by reduced content word production, increased pronoun use, and lower syntactic complexity. Heightened self-focus may hinder the efficient allocation of cognitive resources required for cohesive, listener-oriented NSP. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Abstract Background Narrative speech production (NSP), i.e., the conceptualization, linguistic formulation, and articulation of a story, is a multifaceted process underpinned by cognitive functions and mentalization ability, often impaired in individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD). This study examines differences in linguistic formulation between individuals with BPD and healthy controls (HCs), and explores how task type influences linguistic formulation, as well as how linguistic formulation relates to temporal parameters of speech uniquely in BPD. Methods Speech of 33 BPD and 31 HC individuals was recorded in three task types: telling their previous day, retelling a story, and picture sequences. Features of linguistic formulation were extracted with natural language processing methods, while temporal parameters were extracted using automatic speech recognition. Hypothesis-driven generalized linear mixed-effects models (GLMMs) were applied to test predefined group differences in four linguistic features (content words, first- and third-person singular verbs, and syntactic complexity). Additional exploratory GLMMs examined other linguistic features and task effects. Within-group Spearman correlations assessed associations between linguistic and temporal measures, controlling for task. Results Hypothesis testing showed that the NSP in BPD is characterized by fewer content words, more first-person singular verbs, and lower syntactic complexity than that of HCs. Exploratory analyses revealed that individuals with BPD used pronouns more frequently than HCs, particularly demonstrative pronouns (e.g., this) and first-person singular pronouns (e.g., I). In BPD, higher first-person singular reference (pronouns and verbs) correlated with fewer silent pauses, while greater syntactic complexity correlated with more filled pauses. Task modulated verbosity and the use of other pronoun types. Conclusions Findings suggest that NSP in BPD is characterized by dominant self-referential thought content, reflected in elevated first-person singular reference, and by qualitatively impoverished language use, marked by reduced content word production, increased pronoun use, and lower syntactic complexity. Heightened self-focus may hinder the efficient allocation of cognitive resources required for cohesive, listener-oriented NSP. Narrative speech production (NSP), i.e., the conceptualization, linguistic formulation, and articulation of a story, is a multifaceted process underpinned by cognitive functions and mentalization ability, often impaired in individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD). This study examines differences in linguistic formulation between individuals with BPD and healthy controls (HCs), and explores how task type influences linguistic formulation, as well as how linguistic formulation relates to temporal parameters of speech uniquely in BPD. Speech of 33 BPD and 31 HC individuals was recorded in three task types: telling their previous day, retelling a story, and picture sequences. Features of linguistic formulation were extracted with natural language processing methods, while temporal parameters were extracted using automatic speech recognition. Hypothesis-driven generalized linear mixed-effects models (GLMMs) were applied to test predefined group differences in four linguistic features (content words, first- and third-person singular verbs, and syntactic complexity). Additional exploratory GLMMs examined other linguistic features and task effects. Within-group Spearman correlations assessed associations between linguistic and temporal measures, controlling for task. Hypothesis testing showed that the NSP in BPD is characterized by fewer content words, more first-person singular verbs, and lower syntactic complexity than that of HCs. Exploratory analyses revealed that individuals with BPD used pronouns more frequently than HCs, particularly demonstrative pronouns (e.g., this) and first-person singular pronouns (e.g., I). In BPD, higher first-person singular reference (pronouns and verbs) correlated with fewer silent pauses, while greater syntactic complexity correlated with more filled pauses. Task modulated verbosity and the use of other pronoun types. Narrative speech production (NSP), i.e., the conceptualization, linguistic formulation, and articulation of a story, is a multifaceted process underpinned by cognitive functions and mentalization ability, often impaired in individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD). This study examines differences in linguistic formulation between individuals with BPD and healthy controls (HCs), and explores how task type influences linguistic formulation, as well as how linguistic formulation relates to temporal parameters of speech uniquely in BPD. Speech of 33 BPD and 31 HC individuals was recorded in three task types: telling their previous day, retelling a story, and picture sequences. Features of linguistic formulation were extracted with natural language processing methods, while temporal parameters were extracted using automatic speech recognition. Hypothesis-driven generalized linear mixed-effects models (GLMMs) were applied to test predefined group differences in four linguistic features (content words, first- and third-person singular verbs, and syntactic complexity). Additional exploratory GLMMs examined other linguistic features and task effects. Within-group Spearman correlations assessed associations between linguistic and temporal measures, controlling for task. Hypothesis testing showed that the NSP in BPD is characterized by fewer content words, more first-person singular verbs, and lower syntactic complexity than that of HCs. Exploratory analyses revealed that individuals with BPD used pronouns more frequently than HCs, particularly demonstrative pronouns (e.g., this) and first-person singular pronouns (e.g., I). In BPD, higher first-person singular reference (pronouns and verbs) correlated with fewer silent pauses, while greater syntactic complexity correlated with more filled pauses. Task modulated verbosity and the use of other pronoun types. Findings suggest that NSP in BPD is characterized by dominant self-referential thought content, reflected in elevated first-person singular reference, and by qualitatively impoverished language use, marked by reduced content word production, increased pronoun use, and lower syntactic complexity. Heightened self-focus may hinder the efficient allocation of cognitive resources required for cohesive, listener-oriented NSP. Background Narrative speech production (NSP), i.e., the conceptualization, linguistic formulation, and articulation of a story, is a multifaceted process underpinned by cognitive functions and mentalization ability, often impaired in individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD). This study examines differences in linguistic formulation between individuals with BPD and healthy controls (HCs), and explores how task type influences linguistic formulation, as well as how linguistic formulation relates to temporal parameters of speech uniquely in BPD. Methods Speech of 33 BPD and 31 HC individuals was recorded in three task types: telling their previous day, retelling a story, and picture sequences. Features of linguistic formulation were extracted with natural language processing methods, while temporal parameters were extracted using automatic speech recognition. Hypothesis-driven generalized linear mixed-effects models (GLMMs) were applied to test predefined group differences in four linguistic features (content words, first- and third-person singular verbs, and syntactic complexity). Additional exploratory GLMMs examined other linguistic features and task effects. Within-group Spearman correlations assessed associations between linguistic and temporal measures, controlling for task. Results Hypothesis testing showed that the NSP in BPD is characterized by fewer content words, more first-person singular verbs, and lower syntactic complexity than that of HCs. Exploratory analyses revealed that individuals with BPD used pronouns more frequently than HCs, particularly demonstrative pronouns (e.g., this ) and first-person singular pronouns (e.g., I ). In BPD, higher first-person singular reference (pronouns and verbs) correlated with fewer silent pauses, while greater syntactic complexity correlated with more filled pauses. Task modulated verbosity and the use of other pronoun types. Conclusions Findings suggest that NSP in BPD is characterized by dominant self-referential thought content, reflected in elevated first-person singular reference, and by qualitatively impoverished language use, marked by reduced content word production, increased pronoun use, and lower syntactic complexity. Heightened self-focus may hinder the efficient allocation of cognitive resources required for cohesive, listener-oriented NSP. Background Narrative speech production (NSP), i.e., the conceptualization, linguistic formulation, and articulation of a story, is a multifaceted process underpinned by cognitive functions and mentalization ability, often impaired in individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD). This study examines differences in linguistic formulation between individuals with BPD and healthy controls (HCs), and explores how task type influences linguistic formulation, as well as how linguistic formulation relates to temporal parameters of speech uniquely in BPD. Methods Speech of 33 BPD and 31 HC individuals was recorded in three task types: telling their previous day, retelling a story, and picture sequences. Features of linguistic formulation were extracted with natural language processing methods, while temporal parameters were extracted using automatic speech recognition. Hypothesis-driven generalized linear mixed-effects models (GLMMs) were applied to test predefined group differences in four linguistic features (content words, first- and third-person singular verbs, and syntactic complexity). Additional exploratory GLMMs examined other linguistic features and task effects. Within-group Spearman correlations assessed associations between linguistic and temporal measures, controlling for task. Results Hypothesis testing showed that the NSP in BPD is characterized by fewer content words, more first-person singular verbs, and lower syntactic complexity than that of HCs. Exploratory analyses revealed that individuals with BPD used pronouns more frequently than HCs, particularly demonstrative pronouns (e.g., this) and first-person singular pronouns (e.g., I). In BPD, higher first-person singular reference (pronouns and verbs) correlated with fewer silent pauses, while greater syntactic complexity correlated with more filled pauses. Task modulated verbosity and the use of other pronoun types. Conclusions Findings suggest that NSP in BPD is characterized by dominant self-referential thought content, reflected in elevated first-person singular reference, and by qualitatively impoverished language use, marked by reduced content word production, increased pronoun use, and lower syntactic complexity. Heightened self-focus may hinder the efficient allocation of cognitive resources required for cohesive, listener-oriented NSP. Keywords: Borderline personality disorder, Narrative speech production, Content words, Pronouns, First-person singular, Syntactic complexity, Pauses Narrative speech production (NSP), i.e., the conceptualization, linguistic formulation, and articulation of a story, is a multifaceted process underpinned by cognitive functions and mentalization ability, often impaired in individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD). This study examines differences in linguistic formulation between individuals with BPD and healthy controls (HCs), and explores how task type influences linguistic formulation, as well as how linguistic formulation relates to temporal parameters of speech uniquely in BPD.BACKGROUNDNarrative speech production (NSP), i.e., the conceptualization, linguistic formulation, and articulation of a story, is a multifaceted process underpinned by cognitive functions and mentalization ability, often impaired in individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD). This study examines differences in linguistic formulation between individuals with BPD and healthy controls (HCs), and explores how task type influences linguistic formulation, as well as how linguistic formulation relates to temporal parameters of speech uniquely in BPD.Speech of 33 BPD and 31 HC individuals was recorded in three task types: telling their previous day, retelling a story, and picture sequences. Features of linguistic formulation were extracted with natural language processing methods, while temporal parameters were extracted using automatic speech recognition. Hypothesis-driven generalized linear mixed-effects models (GLMMs) were applied to test predefined group differences in four linguistic features (content words, first- and third-person singular verbs, and syntactic complexity). Additional exploratory GLMMs examined other linguistic features and task effects. Within-group Spearman correlations assessed associations between linguistic and temporal measures, controlling for task.METHODSSpeech of 33 BPD and 31 HC individuals was recorded in three task types: telling their previous day, retelling a story, and picture sequences. Features of linguistic formulation were extracted with natural language processing methods, while temporal parameters were extracted using automatic speech recognition. Hypothesis-driven generalized linear mixed-effects models (GLMMs) were applied to test predefined group differences in four linguistic features (content words, first- and third-person singular verbs, and syntactic complexity). Additional exploratory GLMMs examined other linguistic features and task effects. Within-group Spearman correlations assessed associations between linguistic and temporal measures, controlling for task.Hypothesis testing showed that the NSP in BPD is characterized by fewer content words, more first-person singular verbs, and lower syntactic complexity than that of HCs. Exploratory analyses revealed that individuals with BPD used pronouns more frequently than HCs, particularly demonstrative pronouns (e.g., this) and first-person singular pronouns (e.g., I). In BPD, higher first-person singular reference (pronouns and verbs) correlated with fewer silent pauses, while greater syntactic complexity correlated with more filled pauses. Task modulated verbosity and the use of other pronoun types.RESULTSHypothesis testing showed that the NSP in BPD is characterized by fewer content words, more first-person singular verbs, and lower syntactic complexity than that of HCs. Exploratory analyses revealed that individuals with BPD used pronouns more frequently than HCs, particularly demonstrative pronouns (e.g., this) and first-person singular pronouns (e.g., I). In BPD, higher first-person singular reference (pronouns and verbs) correlated with fewer silent pauses, while greater syntactic complexity correlated with more filled pauses. Task modulated verbosity and the use of other pronoun types.Findings suggest that NSP in BPD is characterized by dominant self-referential thought content, reflected in elevated first-person singular reference, and by qualitatively impoverished language use, marked by reduced content word production, increased pronoun use, and lower syntactic complexity. Heightened self-focus may hinder the efficient allocation of cognitive resources required for cohesive, listener-oriented NSP.CONCLUSIONSFindings suggest that NSP in BPD is characterized by dominant self-referential thought content, reflected in elevated first-person singular reference, and by qualitatively impoverished language use, marked by reduced content word production, increased pronoun use, and lower syntactic complexity. Heightened self-focus may hinder the efficient allocation of cognitive resources required for cohesive, listener-oriented NSP. |
| ArticleNumber | 49 |
| Audience | Academic |
| Author | Unoka, Zsolt Szabolcs Felletár, Fanni Babarczy, Anna Gosztolya, Gábor Hoffmann, Ildikó Vincze, Veronika |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Fanni surname: Felletár fullname: Felletár, Fanni organization: Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics Research Group, Institute for General and Hungarian Linguistics, ELTE Research Centre for Linguistics, Department of Cognitive Science, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics – sequence: 2 givenname: Veronika surname: Vincze fullname: Vincze, Veronika organization: HUN-REN-SZTE Research Group on Artificial Intelligence – sequence: 3 givenname: Gábor surname: Gosztolya fullname: Gosztolya, Gábor organization: HUN-REN-SZTE Research Group on Artificial Intelligence, Institute of Informatics, University of Szeged – sequence: 4 givenname: Ildikó surname: Hoffmann fullname: Hoffmann, Ildikó organization: Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics Research Group, Institute for General and Hungarian Linguistics, ELTE Research Centre for Linguistics, Department of Psychiatry, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged – sequence: 5 givenname: Anna surname: Babarczy fullname: Babarczy, Anna organization: Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics Research Group, Institute for General and Hungarian Linguistics, ELTE Research Centre for Linguistics, Department of Cognitive Science, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics – sequence: 6 givenname: Zsolt Szabolcs surname: Unoka fullname: Unoka, Zsolt Szabolcs email: unoka.zsolt@semmelweis.hu organization: Department of Cognitive Science, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/41250263$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| PublicationTitle | Borderline personality disorder and emotion dysregulation |
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Narrative speech production (NSP), i.e., the conceptualization, linguistic formulation, and articulation of a story, is a multifaceted process... Narrative speech production (NSP), i.e., the conceptualization, linguistic formulation, and articulation of a story, is a multifaceted process underpinned by... Background Narrative speech production (NSP), i.e., the conceptualization, linguistic formulation, and articulation of a story, is a multifaceted process... Abstract Background Narrative speech production (NSP), i.e., the conceptualization, linguistic formulation, and articulation of a story, is a multifaceted... |
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| SubjectTerms | Borderline personality disorder Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Computational linguistics Content words First-person singular Forensic Psychiatry Language processing Medicine Medicine & Public Health Narrative speech production Natural language interfaces Pronouns Psychiatry Psychotherapy Somatotropin Syntactic complexity |
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| Title | Increased self-focus and diminished informativity: referential and structural properties of narrative speech production in borderline personality disorder |
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