Machine-learning-based predictions of imprinting quality using ensemble and non-linear regression algorithms

The molecularly imprinted polymers are artificial polymers that, during the synthesis, create specific sites for a definite purpose. These polymers due to their characteristics such as stability, easy of synthesis, reproducibility, reusability, high accuracy, and selectivity have many applications....

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Scientific reports Vol. 13; no. 1; pp. 12111 - 9
Main Authors: Yarahmadi, Bita, Hashemianzadeh, Seyed Majid, Milani Hosseini, Seyed Mohammad-Reza
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: London Nature Publishing Group UK 26.07.2023
Nature Publishing Group
Nature Portfolio
Subjects:
631/45
639/301
639/638
Algorithms
Humanities and Social Sciences
Imprinting
Learning algorithms
Machine learning
Monomers
multidisciplinary
Polymers
Predictions
Regression analysis
Science
Science (multidisciplinary)
Solvents
ISSN:2045-2322, 2045-2322
Online Access:Get full text
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Summary:The molecularly imprinted polymers are artificial polymers that, during the synthesis, create specific sites for a definite purpose. These polymers due to their characteristics such as stability, easy of synthesis, reproducibility, reusability, high accuracy, and selectivity have many applications. However, the variety of the functional monomers, templates, solvents, and synthesis conditions like pH, temperature, the rate of stirring, and time, limit the selectivity of imprinting. The Practical optimization of the synthetic conditions has many drawbacks, including chemical compound usage, equipment requirements, and time costs. The use of machine learning (ML) for the prediction of the imprinting factor (IF), which indicates the quality of imprinting is a very interesting idea to overcome these problems. The ML has many advantages, for example a lack of human error, high accuracy, high repeatability, and prediction of a large amount of data in the minimum time. In this research, ML was used to predict the IF using non-linear regression algorithms, including classification and regression tree, support vector regression, and k-nearest neighbors, and ensemble algorithms, like gradient boosting (GB), random forest, and extra trees. The data sets were obtained practically in the laboratory, and inputs, included pH, the type of the template, the type of the monomer, solvent, the distribution coefficient of the MIP (K MIP ), and the distribution coefficient of the non-imprinted polymer (K NIP ). The mutual information feature selection method was used to select the important features affecting the IF. The results showed that the GB algorithm had the best performance in predicting the IF, and using this algorithm, the maximum R 2 value (R 2  = 0.871), and the minimum mean absolute error (MAE = − 0.982), and mean square error were obtained (MSE = − 2.303).
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ISSN:2045-2322
2045-2322
DOI:10.1038/s41598-023-39374-1