Optimal swimming strategies and behavioral plasticity of oceanic whitetip sharks

Animal behavior should optimize the difference between the energy they gain from prey and the energy they spend searching for prey. This is all the more critical for predators occupying the pelagic environment, as prey is sparse and patchily distributed. We theoretically derive two canonical swimmin...

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Vydáno v:	Scientific reports Ročník 8; číslo 1; s. 551
Hlavní autoři:	Papastamatiou, Yannis P., Iosilevskii, Gil, Leos-Barajas, Vianey, Brooks, Edd J., Howey, Lucy A., Chapman, Demian D., Watanabe, Yuuki Y.
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	angličtina
Vydáno:	London Nature Publishing Group UK 11.01.2018 Nature Publishing Group
Témata:	631/158/2455 631/158/856 9/10 Animal behavior Behavior Behavioral plasticity Body mass Carcharhinus longimanus Energy Energy requirements Humanities and Social Sciences multidisciplinary Pelagic environment Plasticity Predators Prey Science Science (multidisciplinary) Sharks Swimming Swimming behavior
ISSN:	2045-2322, 2045-2322
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Abstract	Animal behavior should optimize the difference between the energy they gain from prey and the energy they spend searching for prey. This is all the more critical for predators occupying the pelagic environment, as prey is sparse and patchily distributed. We theoretically derive two canonical swimming strategies for pelagic predators, that maximize their energy surplus while foraging. They predict that while searching, a pelagic predator should maintain small dive angles, swim at speeds near those that minimize the cost of transport, and maintain constant speed throughout the dive. Using biologging sensors, we show that oceanic whitetip shark ( Carcharhinus longimanus ) behavior matches these predictions. We estimate that daily energy requirements of an adult shark can be met by consuming approximately 1–1.5 kg of prey (1.5% body mass) per day; shark-borne video footage shows a shark encountering potential prey numbers exceeding that amount. Oceanic whitetip sharks showed incredible plasticity in their behavioral strategies, ranging from short low-energy bursts on descents, to high-speed vertical surface breaches from considerable depth. Oceanic whitetips live a life of energy speculation with minimization, very different to those of tunas and billfish.
AbstractList	Animal behavior should optimize the difference between the energy they gain from prey and the energy they spend searching for prey. This is all the more critical for predators occupying the pelagic environment, as prey is sparse and patchily distributed. We theoretically derive two canonical swimming strategies for pelagic predators, that maximize their energy surplus while foraging. They predict that while searching, a pelagic predator should maintain small dive angles, swim at speeds near those that minimize the cost of transport, and maintain constant speed throughout the dive. Using biologging sensors, we show that oceanic whitetip shark (Carcharhinus longimanus) behavior matches these predictions. We estimate that daily energy requirements of an adult shark can be met by consuming approximately 1-1.5 kg of prey (1.5% body mass) per day; shark-borne video footage shows a shark encountering potential prey numbers exceeding that amount. Oceanic whitetip sharks showed incredible plasticity in their behavioral strategies, ranging from short low-energy bursts on descents, to high-speed vertical surface breaches from considerable depth. Oceanic whitetips live a life of energy speculation with minimization, very different to those of tunas and billfish. Animal behavior should optimize the difference between the energy they gain from prey and the energy they spend searching for prey. This is all the more critical for predators occupying the pelagic environment, as prey is sparse and patchily distributed. We theoretically derive two canonical swimming strategies for pelagic predators, that maximize their energy surplus while foraging. They predict that while searching, a pelagic predator should maintain small dive angles, swim at speeds near those that minimize the cost of transport, and maintain constant speed throughout the dive. Using biologging sensors, we show that oceanic whitetip shark ( Carcharhinus longimanus ) behavior matches these predictions. We estimate that daily energy requirements of an adult shark can be met by consuming approximately 1–1.5 kg of prey (1.5% body mass) per day; shark-borne video footage shows a shark encountering potential prey numbers exceeding that amount. Oceanic whitetip sharks showed incredible plasticity in their behavioral strategies, ranging from short low-energy bursts on descents, to high-speed vertical surface breaches from considerable depth. Oceanic whitetips live a life of energy speculation with minimization, very different to those of tunas and billfish. Animal behavior should optimize the difference between the energy they gain from prey and the energy they spend searching for prey. This is all the more critical for predators occupying the pelagic environment, as prey is sparse and patchily distributed. We theoretically derive two canonical swimming strategies for pelagic predators, that maximize their energy surplus while foraging. They predict that while searching, a pelagic predator should maintain small dive angles, swim at speeds near those that minimize the cost of transport, and maintain constant speed throughout the dive. Using biologging sensors, we show that oceanic whitetip shark (Carcharhinus longimanus) behavior matches these predictions. We estimate that daily energy requirements of an adult shark can be met by consuming approximately 1-1.5 kg of prey (1.5% body mass) per day; shark-borne video footage shows a shark encountering potential prey numbers exceeding that amount. Oceanic whitetip sharks showed incredible plasticity in their behavioral strategies, ranging from short low-energy bursts on descents, to high-speed vertical surface breaches from considerable depth. Oceanic whitetips live a life of energy speculation with minimization, very different to those of tunas and billfish.Animal behavior should optimize the difference between the energy they gain from prey and the energy they spend searching for prey. This is all the more critical for predators occupying the pelagic environment, as prey is sparse and patchily distributed. We theoretically derive two canonical swimming strategies for pelagic predators, that maximize their energy surplus while foraging. They predict that while searching, a pelagic predator should maintain small dive angles, swim at speeds near those that minimize the cost of transport, and maintain constant speed throughout the dive. Using biologging sensors, we show that oceanic whitetip shark (Carcharhinus longimanus) behavior matches these predictions. We estimate that daily energy requirements of an adult shark can be met by consuming approximately 1-1.5 kg of prey (1.5% body mass) per day; shark-borne video footage shows a shark encountering potential prey numbers exceeding that amount. Oceanic whitetip sharks showed incredible plasticity in their behavioral strategies, ranging from short low-energy bursts on descents, to high-speed vertical surface breaches from considerable depth. Oceanic whitetips live a life of energy speculation with minimization, very different to those of tunas and billfish. Animal behavior should optimize the difference between the energy they gain from prey and the energy they spend searching for prey. This is all the more critical for predators occupying the pelagic environment, as prey is sparse and patchily distributed. We theoretically derive two canonical swimming strategies for pelagic predators, that maximize their energy surplus while foraging. They predict that while searching, a pelagic predator should maintain small dive angles, swim at speeds near those that minimize the cost of transport, and maintain constant speed throughout the dive. Using biologging sensors, we show that oceanic whitetip shark (Carcharhinus longimanus) behavior matches these predictions. We estimate that daily energy requirements of an adult shark can be met by consuming approximately 1–1.5 kg of prey (1.5% body mass) per day; shark-borne video footage shows a shark encountering potential prey numbers exceeding that amount. Oceanic whitetip sharks showed incredible plasticity in their behavioral strategies, ranging from short low-energy bursts on descents, to high-speed vertical surface breaches from considerable depth. Oceanic whitetips live a life of energy speculation with minimization, very different to those of tunas and billfish.
ArticleNumber	551
Author	Brooks, Edd J. Leos-Barajas, Vianey Papastamatiou, Yannis P. Watanabe, Yuuki Y. Chapman, Demian D. Iosilevskii, Gil Howey, Lucy A.
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Yannis P. surname: Papastamatiou fullname: Papastamatiou, Yannis P. email: ypapastamatiou@gmail.com organization: Department of Biological Science, Florida International University – sequence: 2 givenname: Gil surname: Iosilevskii fullname: Iosilevskii, Gil organization: Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, Technion – sequence: 3 givenname: Vianey surname: Leos-Barajas fullname: Leos-Barajas, Vianey organization: Department of Statistics, Iowa State University – sequence: 4 givenname: Edd J. surname: Brooks fullname: Brooks, Edd J. organization: Shark Research and Conservation Program, Cape Eleuthera Institute – sequence: 5 givenname: Lucy A. surname: Howey fullname: Howey, Lucy A. organization: Microwave Telemetry Inc – sequence: 6 givenname: Demian D. surname: Chapman fullname: Chapman, Demian D. organization: Department of Biological Science, Florida International University – sequence: 7 givenname: Yuuki Y. surname: Watanabe fullname: Watanabe, Yuuki Y. organization: National Institute of Polar Research, Department of Polar Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies)
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Snippet	Animal behavior should optimize the difference between the energy they gain from prey and the energy they spend searching for prey. This is all the more... Animal behavior should optimize the difference between the energy they gain from prey and the energy they spend searching for prey. This is all the more...
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SubjectTerms	631/158/2455 631/158/856 9/10 Animal behavior Behavior Behavioral plasticity Body mass Carcharhinus longimanus Energy Energy requirements Humanities and Social Sciences multidisciplinary Pelagic environment Plasticity Predators Prey Science Science (multidisciplinary) Sharks Swimming Swimming behavior
Title	Optimal swimming strategies and behavioral plasticity of oceanic whitetip sharks
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