Normalization by valence and motivational intensity in the sensorimotor cortices (PMd, M1, and S1)

Our brain’s ability to represent vast amounts of information, such as continuous ranges of reward spanning orders of magnitude, with limited dynamic range neurons, may be possible due to normalization. Recently our group and others have shown that the sensorimotor cortices are sensitive to reward va...

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Veröffentlicht in:	Scientific reports Jg. 11; H. 1; S. 24221 - 19
Hauptverfasser:	Yao, Zhao, Hessburg, John P., Francis, Joseph Thachil
Format:	Journal Article
Sprache:	Englisch
Veröffentlicht:	London Nature Publishing Group UK 20.12.2021 Nature Publishing Group Nature Portfolio
Schlagworte:	631/378/1457 631/378/1662 631/378/1788 631/378/2632 Action Potentials - physiology Affect (Psychology) Animals Behavior, Animal Brain Brain Mapping - methods Electrodes Emotions Female Grasping Hand Strength Humanities and Social Sciences Kinematics Laboratory animals Linear Models Macaca mulatta Macaca radiata Male Motivation Motor Cortex - physiology Movement - physiology multidisciplinary Neurons - physiology Psychomotor Performance - physiology Punishment Reaction Time - physiology Reinforcement Reproducibility of Results Reward Robotics Science Science (multidisciplinary) Sensorimotor Cortex - physiology Sensorimotor system
ISSN:	2045-2322, 2045-2322
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Abstract	Our brain’s ability to represent vast amounts of information, such as continuous ranges of reward spanning orders of magnitude, with limited dynamic range neurons, may be possible due to normalization. Recently our group and others have shown that the sensorimotor cortices are sensitive to reward value. Here we ask if psychological affect causes normalization of the sensorimotor cortices by modulating valence and motivational intensity. We had two non-human primates (NHP) subjects (one male bonnet macaque and one female rhesus macaque) make visually cued grip-force movements while simultaneously cueing the level of possible reward if successful, or timeout punishment, if unsuccessful. We recorded simultaneously from 96 electrodes in each the following: caudal somatosensory, rostral motor, and dorsal premotor cortices (cS1, rM1, PMd). We utilized several normalization models for valence and motivational intensity in all three regions. We found three types of divisive normalized relationships between neural activity and the representation of valence and motivation, linear, sigmodal, and hyperbolic. The hyperbolic relationships resemble receptive fields in psychological affect space, where a unit is susceptible to a small range of the valence/motivational space. We found that these cortical regions have both strong valence and motivational intensity representations.
AbstractList	Abstract Our brain’s ability to represent vast amounts of information, such as continuous ranges of reward spanning orders of magnitude, with limited dynamic range neurons, may be possible due to normalization. Recently our group and others have shown that the sensorimotor cortices are sensitive to reward value. Here we ask if psychological affect causes normalization of the sensorimotor cortices by modulating valence and motivational intensity. We had two non-human primates (NHP) subjects (one male bonnet macaque and one female rhesus macaque) make visually cued grip-force movements while simultaneously cueing the level of possible reward if successful, or timeout punishment, if unsuccessful. We recorded simultaneously from 96 electrodes in each the following: caudal somatosensory, rostral motor, and dorsal premotor cortices (cS1, rM1, PMd). We utilized several normalization models for valence and motivational intensity in all three regions. We found three types of divisive normalized relationships between neural activity and the representation of valence and motivation, linear, sigmodal, and hyperbolic. The hyperbolic relationships resemble receptive fields in psychological affect space, where a unit is susceptible to a small range of the valence/motivational space. We found that these cortical regions have both strong valence and motivational intensity representations. Our brain’s ability to represent vast amounts of information, such as continuous ranges of reward spanning orders of magnitude, with limited dynamic range neurons, may be possible due to normalization. Recently our group and others have shown that the sensorimotor cortices are sensitive to reward value. Here we ask if psychological affect causes normalization of the sensorimotor cortices by modulating valence and motivational intensity. We had two non-human primates (NHP) subjects (one male bonnet macaque and one female rhesus macaque) make visually cued grip-force movements while simultaneously cueing the level of possible reward if successful, or timeout punishment, if unsuccessful. We recorded simultaneously from 96 electrodes in each the following: caudal somatosensory, rostral motor, and dorsal premotor cortices (cS1, rM1, PMd). We utilized several normalization models for valence and motivational intensity in all three regions. We found three types of divisive normalized relationships between neural activity and the representation of valence and motivation, linear, sigmodal, and hyperbolic. The hyperbolic relationships resemble receptive fields in psychological affect space, where a unit is susceptible to a small range of the valence/motivational space. We found that these cortical regions have both strong valence and motivational intensity representations. Our brain's ability to represent vast amounts of information, such as continuous ranges of reward spanning orders of magnitude, with limited dynamic range neurons, may be possible due to normalization. Recently our group and others have shown that the sensorimotor cortices are sensitive to reward value. Here we ask if psychological affect causes normalization of the sensorimotor cortices by modulating valence and motivational intensity. We had two non-human primates (NHP) subjects (one male bonnet macaque and one female rhesus macaque) make visually cued grip-force movements while simultaneously cueing the level of possible reward if successful, or timeout punishment, if unsuccessful. We recorded simultaneously from 96 electrodes in each the following: caudal somatosensory, rostral motor, and dorsal premotor cortices (cS1, rM1, PMd). We utilized several normalization models for valence and motivational intensity in all three regions. We found three types of divisive normalized relationships between neural activity and the representation of valence and motivation, linear, sigmodal, and hyperbolic. The hyperbolic relationships resemble receptive fields in psychological affect space, where a unit is susceptible to a small range of the valence/motivational space. We found that these cortical regions have both strong valence and motivational intensity representations.Our brain's ability to represent vast amounts of information, such as continuous ranges of reward spanning orders of magnitude, with limited dynamic range neurons, may be possible due to normalization. Recently our group and others have shown that the sensorimotor cortices are sensitive to reward value. Here we ask if psychological affect causes normalization of the sensorimotor cortices by modulating valence and motivational intensity. We had two non-human primates (NHP) subjects (one male bonnet macaque and one female rhesus macaque) make visually cued grip-force movements while simultaneously cueing the level of possible reward if successful, or timeout punishment, if unsuccessful. We recorded simultaneously from 96 electrodes in each the following: caudal somatosensory, rostral motor, and dorsal premotor cortices (cS1, rM1, PMd). We utilized several normalization models for valence and motivational intensity in all three regions. We found three types of divisive normalized relationships between neural activity and the representation of valence and motivation, linear, sigmodal, and hyperbolic. The hyperbolic relationships resemble receptive fields in psychological affect space, where a unit is susceptible to a small range of the valence/motivational space. We found that these cortical regions have both strong valence and motivational intensity representations. Our brain’s ability to represent vast amounts of information, such as continuous ranges of reward spanning orders of magnitude, with limited dynamic range neurons, may be possible due to normalization. Recently our group and others have shown that the sensorimotor cortices are sensitive to reward value. Here we ask if psychological affect causes normalization of the sensorimotor cortices by modulating valence and motivational intensity. We had two non-human primates (NHP) subjects (one male bonnet macaque and one female rhesus macaque) make visually cued grip-force movements while simultaneously cueing the level of possible reward if successful, or timeout punishment, if unsuccessful. We recorded simultaneously from 96 electrodes in each the following: caudal somatosensory, rostral motor, and dorsal premotor cortices (cS1, rM1, PMd). We utilized several normalization models for valence and motivational intensity in all three regions. We found three types of divisive normalized relationships between neural activity and the representation of valence and motivation, linear, sigmodal, and hyperbolic. The hyperbolic relationships resemble receptive fields in psychological affect space, where a unit is susceptible to a small range of the valence/motivational space. We found that these cortical regions have both strong valence and motivational intensity representations.
ArticleNumber	24221
Author	Hessburg, John P. Francis, Joseph Thachil Yao, Zhao
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Zhao surname: Yao fullname: Yao, Zhao organization: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center – sequence: 2 givenname: John P. surname: Hessburg fullname: Hessburg, John P. organization: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center – sequence: 3 givenname: Joseph Thachil surname: Francis fullname: Francis, Joseph Thachil email: joey199us@gmail.com organization: Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cullen College of Engineering at The University of Houston
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Cites_doi	10.1016/j.neuron.2007.08.004 10.1371/journal.pone.0160851 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.02-11-01527.1982 10.1088/1741-2560/10/5/056005 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.06.043 10.1016/S0896-6273(01)00301-4 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1802-14.2015 10.1038/s41598-017-17222-3 10.1371/journal.pone.0014384 10.1088/1741-2560/13/5/056007 10.1126/science.1226405 10.1073/pnas.1217854110 10.1088/1741-2552/abacd8 10.1038/nrn3136 10.1038/s41562-020-0822-0 10.1073/pnas.1703668114 10.1038/nn.4249 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1237-11.2011 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2010.02.006 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2851-14.2014 10.1038/s41562-020-00941-5 10.1017/S0952523800009640 10.1126/science.1093223 10.1038/90526 10.1037/h0077714 10.1371/journal.pone.0052286 10.1126/science.256.5064.1692 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199659890.001.0001 10.1109/EMBC.2016.7591376 10.1101/257337 10.1109/SBEC.2016.19 10.7554/eLife.21409 10.1101/471151 10.1101/2020.12.30.424850 10.1109/EMBC44109.2020.9175926 10.1109/NER.2011.5910601 10.3389/fnins.2018.00579 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.541920
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Title	Normalization by valence and motivational intensity in the sensorimotor cortices (PMd, M1, and S1)
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