Low cost DNA data storage using photolithographic synthesis and advanced information reconstruction and error correction

Due to its longevity and enormous information density, DNA is an attractive medium for archival storage. The current hamstring of DNA data storage systems—both in cost and speed—is synthesis. The key idea for breaking this bottleneck pursued in this work is to move beyond the low-error and expensive...

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Published in:	Nature communications Vol. 11; no. 1; pp. 5345 - 10
Main Authors:	Antkowiak, Philipp L., Lietard, Jory, Darestani, Mohammad Zalbagi, Somoza, Mark M., Stark, Wendelin J., Heckel, Reinhard, Grass, Robert N.
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	London Nature Publishing Group UK 22.10.2020 Nature Publishing Group Nature Portfolio
Subjects:	49/23 631/553/2720 631/61/338/552 639/705/117 639/705/258 Algorithms Base Sequence Chemistry Techniques, Synthetic - methods Data recovery Data storage Deoxyribonucleic acid DNA DNA - chemical synthesis DNA - chemistry DNA - genetics DNA biosynthesis Error correction Gene Library Humanities and Social Sciences Information storage Information Storage and Retrieval - methods Light Monte Carlo Method multidisciplinary Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis - methods Photochemical Processes Photolithography Reconstruction Science Science (multidisciplinary) Sequence Analysis, DNA Solid phase methods Solid phase synthesis Solid phases Storage systems
ISSN:	2041-1723, 2041-1723
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Abstract	Due to its longevity and enormous information density, DNA is an attractive medium for archival storage. The current hamstring of DNA data storage systems—both in cost and speed—is synthesis. The key idea for breaking this bottleneck pursued in this work is to move beyond the low-error and expensive synthesis employed almost exclusively in today’s systems, towards cheaper, potentially faster, but high-error synthesis technologies. Here, we demonstrate a DNA storage system that relies on massively parallel light-directed synthesis, which is considerably cheaper than conventional solid-phase synthesis. However, this technology has a high sequence error rate when optimized for speed. We demonstrate that even in this high-error regime, reliable storage of information is possible, by developing a pipeline of algorithms for encoding and reconstruction of the information. In our experiments, we store a file containing sheet music of Mozart, and show perfect data recovery from low synthesis fidelity DNA. The current bottleneck for DNA data storage systems is the cost and speed of synthesis. Here, the authors use inexpensive, massively parallel light-directed synthesis and correct for a high error rate with a pipeline of encoding and reconstruction algorithms.
AbstractList	The current bottleneck for DNA data storage systems is the cost and speed of synthesis. Here, the authors use inexpensive, massively parallel light-directed synthesis and correct for a high error rate with a pipeline of encoding and reconstruction algorithms. Due to its longevity and enormous information density, DNA is an attractive medium for archival storage. The current hamstring of DNA data storage systems-both in cost and speed-is synthesis. The key idea for breaking this bottleneck pursued in this work is to move beyond the low-error and expensive synthesis employed almost exclusively in today's systems, towards cheaper, potentially faster, but high-error synthesis technologies. Here, we demonstrate a DNA storage system that relies on massively parallel light-directed synthesis, which is considerably cheaper than conventional solid-phase synthesis. However, this technology has a high sequence error rate when optimized for speed. We demonstrate that even in this high-error regime, reliable storage of information is possible, by developing a pipeline of algorithms for encoding and reconstruction of the information. In our experiments, we store a file containing sheet music of Mozart, and show perfect data recovery from low synthesis fidelity DNA.Due to its longevity and enormous information density, DNA is an attractive medium for archival storage. The current hamstring of DNA data storage systems-both in cost and speed-is synthesis. The key idea for breaking this bottleneck pursued in this work is to move beyond the low-error and expensive synthesis employed almost exclusively in today's systems, towards cheaper, potentially faster, but high-error synthesis technologies. Here, we demonstrate a DNA storage system that relies on massively parallel light-directed synthesis, which is considerably cheaper than conventional solid-phase synthesis. However, this technology has a high sequence error rate when optimized for speed. We demonstrate that even in this high-error regime, reliable storage of information is possible, by developing a pipeline of algorithms for encoding and reconstruction of the information. In our experiments, we store a file containing sheet music of Mozart, and show perfect data recovery from low synthesis fidelity DNA. Due to its longevity and enormous information density, DNA is an attractive medium for archival storage. The current hamstring of DNA data storage systems—both in cost and speed—is synthesis. The key idea for breaking this bottleneck pursued in this work is to move beyond the low-error and expensive synthesis employed almost exclusively in today’s systems, towards cheaper, potentially faster, but high-error synthesis technologies. Here, we demonstrate a DNA storage system that relies on massively parallel light-directed synthesis, which is considerably cheaper than conventional solid-phase synthesis. However, this technology has a high sequence error rate when optimized for speed. We demonstrate that even in this high-error regime, reliable storage of information is possible, by developing a pipeline of algorithms for encoding and reconstruction of the information. In our experiments, we store a file containing sheet music of Mozart, and show perfect data recovery from low synthesis fidelity DNA. The current bottleneck for DNA data storage systems is the cost and speed of synthesis. Here, the authors use inexpensive, massively parallel light-directed synthesis and correct for a high error rate with a pipeline of encoding and reconstruction algorithms. Due to its longevity and enormous information density, DNA is an attractive medium for archival storage. The current hamstring of DNA data storage systems-both in cost and speed-is synthesis. The key idea for breaking this bottleneck pursued in this work is to move beyond the low-error and expensive synthesis employed almost exclusively in today's systems, towards cheaper, potentially faster, but high-error synthesis technologies. Here, we demonstrate a DNA storage system that relies on massively parallel light-directed synthesis, which is considerably cheaper than conventional solid-phase synthesis. However, this technology has a high sequence error rate when optimized for speed. We demonstrate that even in this high-error regime, reliable storage of information is possible, by developing a pipeline of algorithms for encoding and reconstruction of the information. In our experiments, we store a file containing sheet music of Mozart, and show perfect data recovery from low synthesis fidelity DNA. Due to its longevity and enormous information density, DNA is an attractive medium for archival storage. The current hamstring of DNA data storage systems—both in cost and speed—is synthesis. The key idea for breaking this bottleneck pursued in this work is to move beyond the low-error and expensive synthesis employed almost exclusively in today’s systems, towards cheaper, potentially faster, but high-error synthesis technologies. Here, we demonstrate a DNA storage system that relies on massively parallel light-directed synthesis, which is considerably cheaper than conventional solid-phase synthesis. However, this technology has a high sequence error rate when optimized for speed. We demonstrate that even in this high-error regime, reliable storage of information is possible, by developing a pipeline of algorithms for encoding and reconstruction of the information. In our experiments, we store a file containing sheet music of Mozart, and show perfect data recovery from low synthesis fidelity DNA. The current bottleneck for DNA data storage systems is the cost and speed of synthesis. Here, the authors use inexpensive, massively parallel light-directed synthesis and correct for a high error rate with a pipeline of encoding and reconstruction algorithms.
ArticleNumber	5345
Author	Darestani, Mohammad Zalbagi Stark, Wendelin J. Heckel, Reinhard Lietard, Jory Antkowiak, Philipp L. Grass, Robert N. Somoza, Mark M.
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Philipp L. orcidid: 0000-0003-3949-4098 surname: Antkowiak fullname: Antkowiak, Philipp L. organization: Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich – sequence: 2 givenname: Jory surname: Lietard fullname: Lietard, Jory organization: Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna – sequence: 3 givenname: Mohammad Zalbagi surname: Darestani fullname: Darestani, Mohammad Zalbagi organization: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University – sequence: 4 givenname: Mark M. orcidid: 0000-0002-8039-1341 surname: Somoza fullname: Somoza, Mark M. organization: Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Technical University of Munich, Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich – sequence: 5 givenname: Wendelin J. surname: Stark fullname: Stark, Wendelin J. organization: Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich – sequence: 6 givenname: Reinhard surname: Heckel fullname: Heckel, Reinhard email: reinhard.heckel@gmail.com organization: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Munich – sequence: 7 givenname: Robert N. orcidid: 0000-0001-6968-0823 surname: Grass fullname: Grass, Robert N. email: robert.grass@chem.ethz.ch organization: Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich
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Snippet	Due to its longevity and enormous information density, DNA is an attractive medium for archival storage. The current hamstring of DNA data storage systems—both... Due to its longevity and enormous information density, DNA is an attractive medium for archival storage. The current hamstring of DNA data storage systems-both... The current bottleneck for DNA data storage systems is the cost and speed of synthesis. Here, the authors use inexpensive, massively parallel light-directed...
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SubjectTerms	49/23 631/553/2720 631/61/338/552 639/705/117 639/705/258 Algorithms Base Sequence Chemistry Techniques, Synthetic - methods Data recovery Data storage Deoxyribonucleic acid DNA DNA - chemical synthesis DNA - chemistry DNA - genetics DNA biosynthesis Error correction Gene Library Humanities and Social Sciences Information storage Information Storage and Retrieval - methods Light Monte Carlo Method multidisciplinary Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis - methods Photochemical Processes Photolithography Reconstruction Science Science (multidisciplinary) Sequence Analysis, DNA Solid phase methods Solid phase synthesis Solid phases Storage systems
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Title	Low cost DNA data storage using photolithographic synthesis and advanced information reconstruction and error correction
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