Filtering failure: the impact of automated indexing in Medline on retrieval of human studies for knowledge synthesis

Objective: Use of the search filter ‘exp animals/ not humans.sh’ is a well-established method in evidence synthesis to exclude non-human studies. However, the shift to automated indexing of Medline records has raised concerns about the use of subject-heading-based search techniques. We sought to det...

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Published in:	Journal of the Medical Library Association Vol. 113; no. 1; pp. 58 - 64
Main Authors:	Askin, Nicole, Ostapyk, Tyler, Epp, Carla
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	United States Medical Library Association 01.01.2025 University Library System, University of Pittsburgh
Subjects:	Abstract and Indexing Abstracting and Indexing - methods Abstracting and Indexing - standards Algorithms Animal human relations Animals Archives & records Automated indexing Automatic indexing Automation Clinical trials Evaluation Evidence Synthesis Evidence-based medicine Humans Inappropriateness Indexing Influence Information Storage and Retrieval - methods Interlibrary loans Medical libraries Medical research Medical Subject Headings Medical Subject Headings-MeSH MEDLINE Online databases Original Investigation Retrieval Subject heading schemes United States Abstract and Indexing Automated Indexing Evidence Synthesis Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
ISSN:	1536-5050, 1558-9439, 1558-9439
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Abstract	Objective: Use of the search filter ‘exp animals/ not humans.sh’ is a well-established method in evidence synthesis to exclude non-human studies. However, the shift to automated indexing of Medline records has raised concerns about the use of subject-heading-based search techniques. We sought to determine how often this string inappropriately excludes human studies among automated as compared to manually indexed records in Ovid Medline. Methods: We searched Ovid Medline for studies published in 2021 and 2022 using the Cochrane Highly Sensitive Search Strategy for randomized trials. We identified all results excluded by the non-human-studies filter. Records were divided into sets based on indexing method: automated, curated, or manual. Each set was screened to identify human studies. Results: Human studies were incorrectly excluded in all three conditions, but automated indexing inappropriately excluded human studies at nearly double the rate as manual indexing. In looking specifically at human clinical randomized controlled trials (RCTs), the rate of inappropriate exclusion of automated-indexing records was seven times that of manually-indexed records. Conclusions: Given our findings, searchers are advised to carefully review the effect of the ‘exp animals/ not humans.sh’ search filter on their search results, pending improvements to the automated indexing process.
AbstractList	Objective: Use of the search filter ‘exp animals/ not humans.sh’ is a well-established method in evidence synthesis to exclude non-human studies. However, the shift to automated indexing of Medline records has raised concerns about the use of subject-heading-based search techniques. We sought to determine how often this string inappropriately excludes human studies among automated as compared to manually indexed records in Ovid Medline. Methods: We searched Ovid Medline for studies published in 2021 and 2022 using the Cochrane Highly Sensitive Search Strategy for randomized trials. We identified all results excluded by the non-human-studies filter. Records were divided into sets based on indexing method: automated, curated, or manual. Each set was screened to identify human studies. Results: Human studies were incorrectly excluded in all three conditions, but automated indexing inappropriately excluded human studies at nearly double the rate as manual indexing. In looking specifically at human clinical randomized controlled trials (RCTs), the rate of inappropriate exclusion of automated-indexing records was seven times that of manually-indexed records. Conclusions: Given our findings, searchers are advised to carefully review the effect of the ‘exp animals/ not humans.sh’ search filter on their search results, pending improvements to the automated indexing process. Use of the search filter 'exp animals/not humans.sh' is a well-established method in evidence synthesis to exclude non-human studies. However, the shift to automated indexing of Medline records has raised concerns about the use of subject-heading-based search techniques. We sought to determine how often this string inappropriately excludes human studies among automated as compared to manually indexed records in Ovid Medline. We searched Ovid Medline for studies published in 2021 and 2022 using the Cochrane Highly Sensitive Search Strategy for randomized trials. We identified all results excluded by the non-human-studies filter. Records were divided into sets based on indexing method: automated, curated, or manual. Each set was screened to identify human studies. Human studies were incorrectly excluded in all three conditions, but automated indexing inappropriately excluded human studies at nearly double the rate as manual indexing. In looking specifically at human clinical randomized controlled trials (RCTs), the rate of inappropriate exclusion of automated-indexing records was seven times that of manually-indexed records. Given our findings, searchers are advised to carefully review the effect of the 'exp animals/not humans.sh' search filter on their search results, pending improvements to the automated indexing process. Objective: Use of the search filter 'exp animals/ not humans.sh' is a well-established method in evidence synthesis to exclude non-human studies. However, the shift to automated indexing of Medline records has raised concerns about the use of subject-heading-based search techniques. We sought to determine how often this string inappropriately excludes human studies among automated as compared to manually indexed records in Ovid Medline. Methods: We searched Ovid Medline for studies published in 2021 and 2022 using the Cochrane Highly Sensitive Search Strategy for randomized trials. We identified all results excluded by the non-human-studies filter. Records were divided into sets based on indexing method: automated, curated, or manual. Each set was screened to identify human studies. Results: Human studies were incorrectly excluded in all three conditions, but automated indexing inappropriately excluded human studies at nearly double the rate as manual indexing. In looking specifically at human clinical randomized controlled trials (RCTs), the rate of inappropriate exclusion of automated-indexing records was seven times that of manually-indexed records. Conclusions: Given our findings, searchers are advised to carefully review the effect of the 'exp animals/ not humans.sh' search filter on their search results, pending improvements to the automated indexing process. Keywords: Evidence Synthesis; and Indexing; Medical Subject Headings (MeSH); Automated Indexing Objective: Use of the search filter ‘exp animals/ not humans.sh’ is a well-established method in evidence synthesis to exclude non-human studies. However, the shift to automated indexing of Medline records has raised concerns about the use of subject-heading-based search techniques. We sought to determine how often this string inappropriately excludes human studies among automated as compared to manually indexed records in Ovid Medline. Methods: We searched Ovid Medline for studies published in 2021 and 2022 using the Cochrane Highly Sensitive Search Strategy for randomized trials. We identified all results excluded by the non-human-studies filter. Records were divided into sets based on indexing method: automated, curated, or manual. Each set was screened to identify human studies. Results: Human studies were incorrectly excluded in all three conditions, but automated indexing inappropriately excluded human studies at nearly double the rate as manual indexing. In looking specifically at human clinical randomized controlled trials (RCTs), the rate of inappropriate exclusion of automated-indexing records was seven times that of manually-indexed records. Conclusions: Given our findings, searchers are advised to carefully review the effect of the ‘exp animals/ not humans.sh’ search filter on their search results, pending improvements to the automated indexing process. Objective: Use of the search filter 'exp animals/ not humans.sh' is a well-established method in evidence synthesis to exclude non-human studies. However, the shiftto automated indexing of Medline records has raised concerns about the use of subject-heading-based search techniques. We sought to determine how often this string inappropriately excludes human studies among automated as compared to manually indexed records in Ovid Medline. Methods: We searched Ovid Medline for studies published in 2021 and 2022 using the Cochrane Highly Sensitive Search Strategy for randomized trials. We identified all results excluded by the non-human-studies filter. Records were divided into sets based on indexing method: automated, curated, or manual. Each set was screened to identify human studies. Results: Human studies were incorrectly excluded in all three conditions, but automated indexing inappropriately excluded human studies at nearly double the rate as manual indexing. In looking specifically at human clinical randomized controlled trials (RCTs), the rate of inappropriate exclusion of automated-indexing records was seven times that of manually-indexed records. Conclusions: Given our findings, searchers are advised to carefully review the effect of the 'exp animals/ not humans.sh' search filter on their search results, pending improvements to the automated indexing process. Use of the search filter 'exp animals/not humans.sh' is a well-established method in evidence synthesis to exclude non-human studies. However, the shift to automated indexing of Medline records has raised concerns about the use of subject-heading-based search techniques. We sought to determine how often this string inappropriately excludes human studies among automated as compared to manually indexed records in Ovid Medline.ObjectiveUse of the search filter 'exp animals/not humans.sh' is a well-established method in evidence synthesis to exclude non-human studies. However, the shift to automated indexing of Medline records has raised concerns about the use of subject-heading-based search techniques. We sought to determine how often this string inappropriately excludes human studies among automated as compared to manually indexed records in Ovid Medline.We searched Ovid Medline for studies published in 2021 and 2022 using the Cochrane Highly Sensitive Search Strategy for randomized trials. We identified all results excluded by the non-human-studies filter. Records were divided into sets based on indexing method: automated, curated, or manual. Each set was screened to identify human studies.MethodsWe searched Ovid Medline for studies published in 2021 and 2022 using the Cochrane Highly Sensitive Search Strategy for randomized trials. We identified all results excluded by the non-human-studies filter. Records were divided into sets based on indexing method: automated, curated, or manual. Each set was screened to identify human studies.Human studies were incorrectly excluded in all three conditions, but automated indexing inappropriately excluded human studies at nearly double the rate as manual indexing. In looking specifically at human clinical randomized controlled trials (RCTs), the rate of inappropriate exclusion of automated-indexing records was seven times that of manually-indexed records.ResultsHuman studies were incorrectly excluded in all three conditions, but automated indexing inappropriately excluded human studies at nearly double the rate as manual indexing. In looking specifically at human clinical randomized controlled trials (RCTs), the rate of inappropriate exclusion of automated-indexing records was seven times that of manually-indexed records.Given our findings, searchers are advised to carefully review the effect of the 'exp animals/not humans.sh' search filter on their search results, pending improvements to the automated indexing process.ConclusionsGiven our findings, searchers are advised to carefully review the effect of the 'exp animals/not humans.sh' search filter on their search results, pending improvements to the automated indexing process.
Audience	Academic
Author	Askin, Nicole Epp, Carla Ostapyk, Tyler
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Copyright	Copyright © 2025 Nicole Askin, Tyler Ostapyk, Carla Epp. COPYRIGHT 2025 Medical Library Association 2025. This work is published under https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. Copyright © 2025 Nicole Askin, Tyler Ostapyk, Carla Epp 2025
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Snippet	Objective: Use of the search filter ‘exp animals/ not humans.sh’ is a well-established method in evidence synthesis to exclude non-human studies. However, the... Use of the search filter 'exp animals/not humans.sh' is a well-established method in evidence synthesis to exclude non-human studies. However, the shift to... Objective: Use of the search filter 'exp animals/ not humans.sh' is a well-established method in evidence synthesis to exclude non-human studies. However, the...
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SubjectTerms	Abstract and Indexing Abstracting and Indexing - methods Abstracting and Indexing - standards Algorithms Animal human relations Animals Archives & records Automated indexing Automatic indexing Automation Clinical trials Evaluation Evidence Synthesis Evidence-based medicine Humans Inappropriateness Indexing Influence Information Storage and Retrieval - methods Interlibrary loans Medical libraries Medical research Medical Subject Headings Medical Subject Headings-MeSH MEDLINE Online databases Original Investigation Retrieval Subject heading schemes
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Title	Filtering failure: the impact of automated indexing in Medline on retrieval of human studies for knowledge synthesis
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