Forest disturbances, forest recovery, and changes in forest types across the Carpathian ecoregion from 1985 to 2010 based on Landsat image composites

Detailed knowledge of forest cover dynamics is crucial for many applications from resource management to ecosystem service assessments. Landsat data provides the necessary spatial, temporal and spectral detail to map and analyze forest cover and forest change processes. With the opening of the Lands...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Remote sensing of environment Vol. 151; pp. 72 - 88
Main Authors:	Griffiths, Patrick, Kuemmerle, Tobias, Baumann, Matthias, Radeloff, Volker C., Abrudan, Ioan V., Lieskovsky, Juraj, Munteanu, Catalina, Ostapowicz, Katarzyna, Hostert, Patrick
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Elsevier Inc 01.08.2014
Subjects:	Archives Assessments Carpathians Change detection clearcutting Compositing coniferous forests Cross border Disturbances Dynamics Eastern Europe Eastern European region ecoregions ecosystem management ecosystem services Forest disturbance Forest inventory Forest resources Forest types Forests Landsat Large area mixed forests monitoring Monitors pathogens Pests plantations radiometry Recovery remote sensing resource management socioeconomics ANE, Europe Europe Eastern European region Carpathians Change detection Eastern Europe Forest resources Landsat Forest types Cross border Compositing Recovery Forest disturbance Forest inventory Large area
ISSN:	0034-4257, 1879-0704
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Abstract	Detailed knowledge of forest cover dynamics is crucial for many applications from resource management to ecosystem service assessments. Landsat data provides the necessary spatial, temporal and spectral detail to map and analyze forest cover and forest change processes. With the opening of the Landsat archive, new opportunities arise to monitor forest dynamics on regional to continental scales. In this study we analyzed changes in forest types, forest disturbances, and forest recovery for the Carpathian ecoregion in Eastern Europe. We generated a series of image composites at five year intervals between 1985 and 2010 and utilized a hybrid analysis strategy consisting of radiometric change classification, post-classification comparison and continuous index- and segment-based post-disturbance recovery assessment. For validation of the disturbance map we used a point-based accuracy assessment, and assessed the accuracy of our forest type maps using forest inventory data and statistically sampled ground truth data for 2010. Our Carpathian-wide disturbance map achieved an overall accuracy of 86% and the forest type maps up to 73% accuracy. While our results suggested a small net forest increase in the Carpathians, almost 20% of the forests experienced stand-replacing disturbances over the past 25years. Forest recovery seemed to only partly counterbalance the widespread natural disturbances and clear-cutting activities. Disturbances were most widespread during the late 1980s and early 1990s, but some areas also exhibited extensive forest disturbances after 2000, especially in the Polish, Czech and Romanian Carpathians. Considerable shifts in forest composition occurred in the Carpathians, with disturbances increasingly affecting coniferous forests, and a relative decrease in coniferous and mixed forests. Both aspects are likely connected to an increased vulnerability of spruce plantations to pests and pathogens in the Carpathians. Overall, our results exemplify the highly dynamic nature of forest cover during times of socio-economic and institutional change, and highlight the value of the Landsat archive for monitoring these dynamics. •Regional monitoring of forest dynamics with Landsat has recently become feasible.•We analyzed six large-area composites employing a hybrid change detection approach.•We addressed forest types, disturbances and recovery in the Carpathians since 1985.•Forests increased slightly while 1/5 of Carpathian forests experienced disturbances.•Disturbances increasingly occurred in conifers, forest composition shifted markedly.
AbstractList	Detailed knowledge of forest cover dynamics is crucial for many applications from resource management to ecosystem service assessments. Landsat data provides the necessary spatial, temporal and spectral detail to map and analyze forest cover and forest change processes. With the opening of the Landsat archive, new opportunities arise to monitor forest dynamics on regional to continental scales. In this study we analyzed changes in forest types, forest disturbances, and forest recovery for the Carpathian ecoregion in Eastern Europe. We generated a series of image composites at five year intervals between 1985 and 2010 and utilized a hybrid analysis strategy consisting of radiometric change classification, post-classification comparison and continuous index- and segment-based post-disturbance recovery assessment. For validation of the disturbance map we used a point-based accuracy assessment, and assessed the accuracy of our forest type maps using forest inventory data and statistically sampled ground truth data for 2010. Our Carpathian-wide disturbance map achieved an overall accuracy of 86% and the forest type maps up to 73% accuracy. While our results suggested a small net forest increase in the Carpathians, almost 20% of the forests experienced stand-replacing disturbances over the past 25years. Forest recovery seemed to only partly counterbalance the widespread natural disturbances and clear-cutting activities. Disturbances were most widespread during the late 1980s and early 1990s, but some areas also exhibited extensive forest disturbances after 2000, especially in the Polish, Czech and Romanian Carpathians. Considerable shifts in forest composition occurred in the Carpathians, with disturbances increasingly affecting coniferous forests, and a relative decrease in coniferous and mixed forests. Both aspects are likely connected to an increased vulnerability of spruce plantations to pests and pathogens in the Carpathians. Overall, our results exemplify the highly dynamic nature of forest cover during times of socio-economic and institutional change, and highlight the value of the Landsat archive for monitoring these dynamics. Detailed knowledge of forest cover dynamics is crucial for many applications from resource management to ecosystem service assessments. Landsat data provides the necessary spatial, temporal and spectral detail to map and analyze forest cover and forest change processes. With the opening of the Landsat archive, new opportunities arise to monitor forest dynamics on regional to continental scales. In this study we analyzed changes in forest types, forest disturbances, and forest recovery for the Carpathian ecoregion in Eastern Europe. We generated a series of image composites at five year intervals between 1985 and 2010 and utilized a hybrid analysis strategy consisting of radiometric change classification, post-classification comparison and continuous index- and segment-based post-disturbance recovery assessment. For validation of the disturbance map we used a point-based accuracy assessment, and assessed the accuracy of our forest type maps using forest inventory data and statistically sampled ground truth data for 2010. Our Carpathian-wide disturbance map achieved an overall accuracy of 86% and the forest type maps up to 73% accuracy. While our results suggested a small net forest increase in the Carpathians, almost 20% of the forests experienced stand-replacing disturbances over the past 25years. Forest recovery seemed to only partly counterbalance the widespread natural disturbances and clear-cutting activities. Disturbances were most widespread during the late 1980s and early 1990s, but some areas also exhibited extensive forest disturbances after 2000, especially in the Polish, Czech and Romanian Carpathians. Considerable shifts in forest composition occurred in the Carpathians, with disturbances increasingly affecting coniferous forests, and a relative decrease in coniferous and mixed forests. Both aspects are likely connected to an increased vulnerability of spruce plantations to pests and pathogens in the Carpathians. Overall, our results exemplify the highly dynamic nature of forest cover during times of socio-economic and institutional change, and highlight the value of the Landsat archive for monitoring these dynamics. •Regional monitoring of forest dynamics with Landsat has recently become feasible.•We analyzed six large-area composites employing a hybrid change detection approach.•We addressed forest types, disturbances and recovery in the Carpathians since 1985.•Forests increased slightly while 1/5 of Carpathian forests experienced disturbances.•Disturbances increasingly occurred in conifers, forest composition shifted markedly.
Author	Munteanu, Catalina Kuemmerle, Tobias Lieskovsky, Juraj Ostapowicz, Katarzyna Hostert, Patrick Baumann, Matthias Griffiths, Patrick Radeloff, Volker C. Abrudan, Ioan V.
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Patrick surname: Griffiths fullname: Griffiths, Patrick email: patrick.griffiths@geo.hu-berlin.de organization: Geography Department, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany – sequence: 2 givenname: Tobias surname: Kuemmerle fullname: Kuemmerle, Tobias organization: Geography Department, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany – sequence: 3 givenname: Matthias surname: Baumann fullname: Baumann, Matthias organization: Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1598, USA – sequence: 4 givenname: Volker C. surname: Radeloff fullname: Radeloff, Volker C. organization: Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1598, USA – sequence: 5 givenname: Ioan V. surname: Abrudan fullname: Abrudan, Ioan V. organization: Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, Sirul Beethoven, No. 1, 500123 Brasov, Romania – sequence: 6 givenname: Juraj surname: Lieskovsky fullname: Lieskovsky, Juraj organization: Institute of Landscape Ecology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Akademicka 2, 94901 Nitra, Slovakia – sequence: 7 givenname: Catalina surname: Munteanu fullname: Munteanu, Catalina organization: Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1598, USA – sequence: 8 givenname: Katarzyna surname: Ostapowicz fullname: Ostapowicz, Katarzyna organization: Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1598, USA – sequence: 9 givenname: Patrick surname: Hostert fullname: Hostert, Patrick organization: Geography Department, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany
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Keywords	Carpathians Change detection Eastern Europe Forest resources Landsat Forest types Cross border Compositing Recovery Forest disturbance Forest inventory Large area
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Snippet	Detailed knowledge of forest cover dynamics is crucial for many applications from resource management to ecosystem service assessments. Landsat data provides...
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SubjectTerms	Archives Assessments Carpathians Change detection clearcutting Compositing coniferous forests Cross border Disturbances Dynamics Eastern Europe Eastern European region ecoregions ecosystem management ecosystem services Forest disturbance Forest inventory Forest resources Forest types Forests Landsat Large area mixed forests monitoring Monitors pathogens Pests plantations radiometry Recovery remote sensing resource management socioeconomics
Title	Forest disturbances, forest recovery, and changes in forest types across the Carpathian ecoregion from 1985 to 2010 based on Landsat image composites
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