T-Cell Exhaustion in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Infection: Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Perspectives

Immune exhaustion is a condition associated with chronic infections and cancers, characterized by the inability of antigen-specific T cells to eliminate the cognate antigen. Exhausted T cells display a peculiar phenotypic profile and exclusive functional characteristics. Immune exhaustion has been d...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Microorganisms (Basel) Vol. 9; no. 12; p. 2460
Main Authors: Lombardi, Andrea, Villa, Simone, Castelli, Valeria, Bandera, Alessandra, Gori, Andrea
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 28.11.2021
MDPI
Subjects:
Antigens
Cancer
CD8 antigen
Chemokines
Cytokines
Disease
Hepatitis
HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus
Immune checkpoint inhibitors
immune exhaustion
Immune system
Immunosuppressive agents
Infections
Ligands
Lungs
Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes T
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
nontuberculous mycobacteria
Pathogens
pathophysiology
phenotype
Proteins
Review
T-lymphocytes
therapeutics
Tuberculosis
Tumor necrosis factor-TNF
Tumors
Viral infections
nontuberculous mycobacteria
immune checkpoint inhibitors
immune exhaustion
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
ISSN:2076-2607, 2076-2607
Online Access:Get full text
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Summary:Immune exhaustion is a condition associated with chronic infections and cancers, characterized by the inability of antigen-specific T cells to eliminate the cognate antigen. Exhausted T cells display a peculiar phenotypic profile and exclusive functional characteristics. Immune exhaustion has been described in patients with Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, and cases of tuberculosis reactivation have been reported in those treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors, drugs able to re-establish T-cells’ function. Exhausted T CD8+ cells’ profile has also been described in patients with infection due to nontuberculous mycobacteria. In this review, we initially provide an overview of the mechanisms leading to immune exhaustion in patients infected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacteria. We then dissect the therapeutic perspectives related to immune checkpoint blockade in patients with these infections.
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ISSN:2076-2607
2076-2607
DOI:10.3390/microorganisms9122460