Deposition rates of viruses and bacteria above the atmospheric boundary layer

Aerosolization of soil-dust and organic aggregates in sea spray facilitates the long-range transport of bacteria, and likely viruses across the free atmosphere. Although long-distance transport occurs, there are many uncertainties associated with their deposition rates. Here, we demonstrate that eve...

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Veröffentlicht in:	The ISME Journal Jg. 12; H. 4; S. 1154 - 1162
Hauptverfasser:	Reche, Isabel, D’Orta, Gaetano, Mladenov, Natalie, Winget, Danielle M., Suttle, Curtis A.
Format:	Journal Article
Sprache:	Englisch
Veröffentlicht:	London Nature Publishing Group UK 01.04.2018 Oxford University Press
Schlagworte:	13/31 631/158/855 631/326/2565/855 Aerosols Africa, Northern Air Microbiology Atmosphere Atmospheric boundary layer Bacteria Bacteria - isolation & purification Biomedical and Life Sciences Boundary layers Deposition Dust Dust - analysis Ecology Evolutionary Biology Free atmosphere Life Sciences Microbial Ecology Microbial Genetics and Genomics Microbiology Organic soils Rain Rainfall Soil layers Transport Viruses Viruses - isolation & purification Africa, Northern
ISSN:	1751-7362, 1751-7370, 1751-7370
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Abstract	Aerosolization of soil-dust and organic aggregates in sea spray facilitates the long-range transport of bacteria, and likely viruses across the free atmosphere. Although long-distance transport occurs, there are many uncertainties associated with their deposition rates. Here, we demonstrate that even in pristine environments, above the atmospheric boundary layer, the downward flux of viruses ranged from 0.26 × 10 9 to >7 × 10 9 m −2 per day. These deposition rates were 9–461 times greater than the rates for bacteria, which ranged from 0.3 × 10 7 to >8 × 10 7 m −2 per day. The highest relative deposition rates for viruses were associated with atmospheric transport from marine rather than terrestrial sources. Deposition rates of bacteria were significantly higher during rain events and Saharan dust intrusions, whereas, rainfall did not significantly influence virus deposition. Virus deposition rates were positively correlated with organic aerosols <0.7 μm, whereas, bacteria were primarily associated with organic aerosols >0.7 μm, implying that viruses could have longer residence times in the atmosphere and, consequently, will be dispersed further. These results provide an explanation for enigmatic observations that viruses with very high genetic identity can be found in very distant and different environments.
AbstractList	Aerosolization of soil-dust and organic aggregates in sea spray facilitates the long-range transport of bacteria, and likely viruses across the free atmosphere. Although long-distance transport occurs, there are many uncertainties associated with their deposition rates. Here, we demonstrate that even in pristine environments, above the atmospheric boundary layer, the downward flux of viruses ranged from 0.26 × 10 9 to >7 × 10 9 m −2 per day. These deposition rates were 9–461 times greater than the rates for bacteria, which ranged from 0.3 × 10 7 to >8 × 10 7 m −2 per day. The highest relative deposition rates for viruses were associated with atmospheric transport from marine rather than terrestrial sources. Deposition rates of bacteria were significantly higher during rain events and Saharan dust intrusions, whereas, rainfall did not significantly influence virus deposition. Virus deposition rates were positively correlated with organic aerosols <0.7 μm, whereas, bacteria were primarily associated with organic aerosols >0.7 μm, implying that viruses could have longer residence times in the atmosphere and, consequently, will be dispersed further. These results provide an explanation for enigmatic observations that viruses with very high genetic identity can be found in very distant and different environments. Aerosolization of soil-dust and organic aggregates in sea spray facilitates the long-range transport of bacteria, and likely viruses across the free atmosphere. Although long-distance transport occurs, there are many uncertainties associated with their deposition rates. Here, we demonstrate that even in pristine environments, above the atmospheric boundary layer, the downward flux of viruses ranged from 0.26 × 109 to >7 × 109 m−2 per day. These deposition rates were 9–461 times greater than the rates for bacteria, which ranged from 0.3 × 107 to >8 × 107 m−2 per day. The highest relative deposition rates for viruses were associated with atmospheric transport from marine rather than terrestrial sources. Deposition rates of bacteria were significantly higher during rain events and Saharan dust intrusions, whereas, rainfall did not significantly influence virus deposition. Virus deposition rates were positively correlated with organic aerosols <0.7 μm, whereas, bacteria were primarily associated with organic aerosols >0.7 μm, implying that viruses could have longer residence times in the atmosphere and, consequently, will be dispersed further. These results provide an explanation for enigmatic observations that viruses with very high genetic identity can be found in very distant and different environments. Aerosolization of soil-dust and organic aggregates in sea spray facilitates the long-range transport of bacteria, and likely viruses across the free atmosphere. Although long-distance transport occurs, there are many uncertainties associated with their deposition rates. Here, we demonstrate that even in pristine environments, above the atmospheric boundary layer, the downward flux of viruses ranged from 0.26 × 10 to >7 × 10 m per day. These deposition rates were 9-461 times greater than the rates for bacteria, which ranged from 0.3 × 10 to >8 × 10 m per day. The highest relative deposition rates for viruses were associated with atmospheric transport from marine rather than terrestrial sources. Deposition rates of bacteria were significantly higher during rain events and Saharan dust intrusions, whereas, rainfall did not significantly influence virus deposition. Virus deposition rates were positively correlated with organic aerosols <0.7 μm, whereas, bacteria were primarily associated with organic aerosols >0.7 μm, implying that viruses could have longer residence times in the atmosphere and, consequently, will be dispersed further. These results provide an explanation for enigmatic observations that viruses with very high genetic identity can be found in very distant and different environments. Aerosolization of soil-dust and organic aggregates in sea spray facilitates the long-range transport of bacteria, and likely viruses across the free atmosphere. Although long-distance transport occurs, there are many uncertainties associated with their deposition rates. Here, we demonstrate that even in pristine environments, above the atmospheric boundary layer, the downward flux of viruses ranged from 0.26 × 109 to >7 × 109 m-2 per day. These deposition rates were 9-461 times greater than the rates for bacteria, which ranged from 0.3 × 107 to >8 × 107 m-2 per day. The highest relative deposition rates for viruses were associated with atmospheric transport from marine rather than terrestrial sources. Deposition rates of bacteria were significantly higher during rain events and Saharan dust intrusions, whereas, rainfall did not significantly influence virus deposition. Virus deposition rates were positively correlated with organic aerosols <0.7 μm, whereas, bacteria were primarily associated with organic aerosols >0.7 μm, implying that viruses could have longer residence times in the atmosphere and, consequently, will be dispersed further. These results provide an explanation for enigmatic observations that viruses with very high genetic identity can be found in very distant and different environments.Aerosolization of soil-dust and organic aggregates in sea spray facilitates the long-range transport of bacteria, and likely viruses across the free atmosphere. Although long-distance transport occurs, there are many uncertainties associated with their deposition rates. Here, we demonstrate that even in pristine environments, above the atmospheric boundary layer, the downward flux of viruses ranged from 0.26 × 109 to >7 × 109 m-2 per day. These deposition rates were 9-461 times greater than the rates for bacteria, which ranged from 0.3 × 107 to >8 × 107 m-2 per day. The highest relative deposition rates for viruses were associated with atmospheric transport from marine rather than terrestrial sources. Deposition rates of bacteria were significantly higher during rain events and Saharan dust intrusions, whereas, rainfall did not significantly influence virus deposition. Virus deposition rates were positively correlated with organic aerosols <0.7 μm, whereas, bacteria were primarily associated with organic aerosols >0.7 μm, implying that viruses could have longer residence times in the atmosphere and, consequently, will be dispersed further. These results provide an explanation for enigmatic observations that viruses with very high genetic identity can be found in very distant and different environments.
Author	D’Orta, Gaetano Suttle, Curtis A. Mladenov, Natalie Reche, Isabel Winget, Danielle M.
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Isabel orcidid: 0000-0003-2908-1724 surname: Reche fullname: Reche, Isabel email: ireche@ugr.es organization: Departamento de Ecología and Instituto del Agua, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada – sequence: 2 givenname: Gaetano surname: D’Orta fullname: D’Orta, Gaetano organization: Departamento de Ecología and Instituto del Agua, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada – sequence: 3 givenname: Natalie surname: Mladenov fullname: Mladenov, Natalie organization: Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, San Diego State University – sequence: 4 givenname: Danielle M. surname: Winget fullname: Winget, Danielle M. organization: Departments of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Microbiology and Immunology, Botany, and Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia – sequence: 5 givenname: Curtis A. orcidid: 0000-0002-0372-0033 surname: Suttle fullname: Suttle, Curtis A. email: suttle@science.ubc.ca organization: Departments of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Microbiology and Immunology, Botany, and Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia
BackLink	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29379178$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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PublicationPlace_xml	– name: London – name: England
PublicationSubtitle	Multidisciplinary Journal of Microbial Ecology
PublicationTitle	The ISME Journal
PublicationTitleAbbrev	ISME J
PublicationTitleAlternate	ISME J
PublicationYear	2018
Publisher	Nature Publishing Group UK Oxford University Press
Publisher_xml	– name: Nature Publishing Group UK – name: Oxford University Press
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Snippet	Aerosolization of soil-dust and organic aggregates in sea spray facilitates the long-range transport of bacteria, and likely viruses across the free...
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SubjectTerms	13/31 631/158/855 631/326/2565/855 Aerosols Africa, Northern Air Microbiology Atmosphere Atmospheric boundary layer Bacteria Bacteria - isolation & purification Biomedical and Life Sciences Boundary layers Deposition Dust Dust - analysis Ecology Evolutionary Biology Free atmosphere Life Sciences Microbial Ecology Microbial Genetics and Genomics Microbiology Organic soils Rain Rainfall Soil layers Transport Viruses Viruses - isolation & purification
Title	Deposition rates of viruses and bacteria above the atmospheric boundary layer
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