Miniature gold nanorods for photoacoustic molecular imaging in the second near-infrared optical window

In photoacoustic imaging, the second near-infrared (NIR-II) window is where tissue generates the least background signal. However, the large size of the few available contrast agents in this spectral range impedes their pharmacokinetics and decreases their thermal stability, leading to unreliable ph...

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Published in:	Nature nanotechnology Vol. 14; no. 5; pp. 465 - 472
Main Authors:	Chen, Yun-Sheng, Zhao, Yang, Yoon, Soon Joon, Gambhir, Sanjiv Sam, Emelianov, Stanislav
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	England Nature Publishing Group 01.05.2019
Subjects:	Absorption Animals Aspect ratio Contrast agents Gold Gold - chemistry Gold - pharmacology I.R. radiation Infrared imaging Infrared windows Metal Nanoparticles - chemistry Mice Nanoparticles Nanorods Nanotubes - chemistry Neoplasms - diagnostic imaging Neoplasms - metabolism Numerical analysis Pharmacokinetics Pharmacology Photoacoustic Techniques Pulsed lasers Thermal stability Tumors Windows (computer programs)
ISSN:	1748-3387, 1748-3395, 1748-3395
Online Access:	Get full text
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Abstract	In photoacoustic imaging, the second near-infrared (NIR-II) window is where tissue generates the least background signal. However, the large size of the few available contrast agents in this spectral range impedes their pharmacokinetics and decreases their thermal stability, leading to unreliable photoacoustic imaging. Here, we report the synthesis of miniaturized gold nanorods absorbing in the NIR-II that are 5-11 times smaller than regular-sized gold nanorods with a similar aspect ratio. Under nanosecond pulsed laser illumination, small nanorods are about 3 times more thermally stable and generate 3.5 times stronger photoacoustic signal than their absorption-matched larger counterparts. These unexpected findings are confirmed using theoretical and numerical analysis, showing that photoacoustic signal is not only proportional to the optical absorption of the nanoparticle solution but also to the surface-to-volume ratio of the nanoparticles. In living tumour-bearing mice, these small targeted nanorods display a 30% improvement in efficiency of agent delivery to tumours and generate 4.5 times greater photoacoustic contrast.
AbstractList	In photoacoustic imaging, the second near-infrared (NIR-II) window is where tissue generates the least background signal. However, the large size of the few available contrast agents in this spectral range impedes their pharmacokinetics and decreases their thermal stability, leading to unreliable photoacoustic imaging. Here, we report the synthesis of miniaturized gold nanorods absorbing in the NIR-II that are 5–11 times smaller than regular-sized gold nanorods with a similar aspect ratio. Under nanosecond pulsed laser illumination, small nanorods are about 3 times more thermally stable and generate 3.5 times stronger photoacoustic signal than their absorption-matched larger counterparts. These unexpected findings are confirmed using theoretical and numerical analysis, showing that photoacoustic signal is not only proportional to the optical absorption of the nanoparticle solution but also to the surface-to-volume ratio of the nanoparticles. In living tumour-bearing mice, these small targeted nanorods display a 30% improvement in efficiency of agent delivery to tumours and generate 4.5 times greater photoacoustic contrast.Miniaturized gold nanorods are reliable NIR-II photoacoustic agents, showing higher photothermal stability, enhanced photoacoustic signal and more efficient agent-to-tumour delivery compared with their larger counterparts. In photoacoustic imaging, the second near-infrared (NIR-II) window is where tissue generates the least background signal. However, the large size of the few available contrast agents in this spectral range impedes their pharmacokinetics and decreases their thermal stability, leading to unreliable photoacoustic imaging. Here, we report the synthesis of miniaturized gold nanorods absorbing in the NIR-II that are 5-11 times smaller than regular-sized gold nanorods with a similar aspect ratio. Under nanosecond pulsed laser illumination, small nanorods are about 3 times more thermally stable and generate 3.5 times stronger photoacoustic signal than their absorption-matched larger counterparts. These unexpected findings are confirmed using theoretical and numerical analysis, showing that photoacoustic signal is not only proportional to the optical absorption of the nanoparticle solution but also to the surface-to-volume ratio of the nanoparticles. In living tumour-bearing mice, these small targeted nanorods display a 30% improvement in efficiency of agent delivery to tumours and generate 4.5 times greater photoacoustic contrast.In photoacoustic imaging, the second near-infrared (NIR-II) window is where tissue generates the least background signal. However, the large size of the few available contrast agents in this spectral range impedes their pharmacokinetics and decreases their thermal stability, leading to unreliable photoacoustic imaging. Here, we report the synthesis of miniaturized gold nanorods absorbing in the NIR-II that are 5-11 times smaller than regular-sized gold nanorods with a similar aspect ratio. Under nanosecond pulsed laser illumination, small nanorods are about 3 times more thermally stable and generate 3.5 times stronger photoacoustic signal than their absorption-matched larger counterparts. These unexpected findings are confirmed using theoretical and numerical analysis, showing that photoacoustic signal is not only proportional to the optical absorption of the nanoparticle solution but also to the surface-to-volume ratio of the nanoparticles. In living tumour-bearing mice, these small targeted nanorods display a 30% improvement in efficiency of agent delivery to tumours and generate 4.5 times greater photoacoustic contrast. In photoacoustic imaging, the second near-infrared (NIR-II) window is where tissue generates the least background signal. However, the large size of the few available contrast agents in this spectral range impedes their pharmacokinetics and decreases their thermal stability, leading to unreliable photoacoustic imaging. Here, we report the synthesis of miniaturized gold nanorods absorbing in the NIR-II that are 5-11 times smaller than regular-sized gold nanorods with a similar aspect ratio. Under nanosecond pulsed laser illumination, small nanorods are about 3 times more thermally stable and generate 3.5 times stronger photoacoustic signal than their absorption-matched larger counterparts. These unexpected findings are confirmed using theoretical and numerical analysis, showing that photoacoustic signal is not only proportional to the optical absorption of the nanoparticle solution but also to the surface-to-volume ratio of the nanoparticles. In living tumour-bearing mice, these small targeted nanorods display a 30% improvement in efficiency of agent delivery to tumours and generate 4.5 times greater photoacoustic contrast.
Author	Emelianov, Stanislav Chen, Yun-Sheng Yoon, Soon Joon Zhao, Yang Gambhir, Sanjiv Sam
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Yun-Sheng orcidid: 0000-0001-8823-970X surname: Chen fullname: Chen, Yun-Sheng organization: Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Canary Centre for Cancer Early Detection, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA – sequence: 2 givenname: Yang orcidid: 0000-0002-0154-3483 surname: Zhao fullname: Zhao, Yang organization: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA – sequence: 3 givenname: Soon Joon surname: Yoon fullname: Yoon, Soon Joon organization: Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA – sequence: 4 givenname: Sanjiv Sam orcidid: 0000-0002-2711-7554 surname: Gambhir fullname: Gambhir, Sanjiv Sam email: sgambhir@stanford.edu, sgambhir@stanford.edu, sgambhir@stanford.edu organization: Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. sgambhir@stanford.edu – sequence: 5 givenname: Stanislav orcidid: 0000-0002-7098-133X surname: Emelianov fullname: Emelianov, Stanislav email: stas@gatech.edu, stas@gatech.edu organization: Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA. stas@gatech.edu
BackLink	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30833692$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Snippet	In photoacoustic imaging, the second near-infrared (NIR-II) window is where tissue generates the least background signal. However, the large size of the few...
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SubjectTerms	Absorption Animals Aspect ratio Contrast agents Gold Gold - chemistry Gold - pharmacology I.R. radiation Infrared imaging Infrared windows Metal Nanoparticles - chemistry Mice Nanoparticles Nanorods Nanotubes - chemistry Neoplasms - diagnostic imaging Neoplasms - metabolism Numerical analysis Pharmacokinetics Pharmacology Photoacoustic Techniques Pulsed lasers Thermal stability Tumors Windows (computer programs)
Title	Miniature gold nanorods for photoacoustic molecular imaging in the second near-infrared optical window
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