Quantum Key Distribution for Critical Infrastructures: Towards Cyber-Physical Security for Hydropower and Dams

Hydropower facilities are often remotely monitored or controlled from a centralized remote control room. Additionally, major component manufacturers monitor the performance of installed components, increasingly via public communication infrastructures. While these communications enable efficiencies...

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Vydáno v:	Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Ročník 23; číslo 24; s. 9818
Hlavní autoři:	Green, Adrien, Lawrence, Jeremy, Siopsis, George, Peters, Nicholas A., Passian, Ali
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	angličtina
Vydáno:	Switzerland MDPI AG 14.12.2023 MDPI
Témata:	Communication Connectivity Control systems critical infrastructure Cryptography cyber-physical security Cybersecurity Cyberterrorism Dams Digital signatures Germany Hydroelectric power Hydroelectric power plants hydropower Infrastructure Infrastructure (Economics) Internet MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING Modernization QKD QKD post-processing quantum key distribution quantum security R&D Remote control Research & development Technology Water-power Germany critical infrastructure hydropower QKD post-processing cyber-physical security quantum key distribution QKD dams quantum security
ISSN:	1424-8220, 1424-8220
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Abstract	Hydropower facilities are often remotely monitored or controlled from a centralized remote control room. Additionally, major component manufacturers monitor the performance of installed components, increasingly via public communication infrastructures. While these communications enable efficiencies and increased reliability, they also expand the cyber-attack surface. Communications may use the internet to remote control a facility’s control systems, or it may involve sending control commands over a network from a control room to a machine. The content could be encrypted and decrypted using a public key to protect the communicated information. These cryptographic encoding and decoding schemes become vulnerable as more advances are made in computer technologies, such as quantum computing. In contrast, quantum key distribution (QKD) and other quantum cryptographic protocols are not based upon a computational problem, and offer an alternative to symmetric cryptography in some scenarios. Although the underlying mechanism of quantum cryptogrpahic protocols such as QKD ensure that any attempt by an adversary to observe the quantum part of the protocol will result in a detectable signature as an increased error rate, potentially even preventing key generation, it serves as a warning for further investigation. In QKD, when the error rate is low enough and enough photons have been detected, a shared private key can be generated known only to the sender and receiver. We describe how this novel technology and its several modalities could benefit the critical infrastructures of dams or hydropower facilities. The presented discussions may be viewed as a precursor to a quantum cybersecurity roadmap for the identification of relevant threats and mitigation.
AbstractList	Hydropower facilities are often remotely monitored or controlled from a centralized remote control room. Additionally, major component manufacturers monitor the performance of installed components, increasingly via public communication infrastructures. While these communications enable efficiencies and increased reliability, they also expand the cyber-attack surface. Communications may use the internet to remote control a facility’s control systems, or it may involve sending control commands over a network from a control room to a machine. The content could be encrypted and decrypted using a public key to protect the communicated information. These cryptographic encoding and decoding schemes become vulnerable as more advances are made in computer technologies, such as quantum computing. In contrast, quantum key distribution (QKD) and other quantum cryptographic protocols are not based upon a computational problem, and offer an alternative to symmetric cryptography in some scenarios. Although the underlying mechanism of quantum cryptogrpahic protocols such as QKD ensure that any attempt by an adversary to observe the quantum part of the protocol will result in a detectable signature as an increased error rate, potentially even preventing key generation, it serves as a warning for further investigation. In QKD, when the error rate is low enough and enough photons have been detected, a shared private key can be generated known only to the sender and receiver. We describe how this novel technology and its several modalities could benefit the critical infrastructures of dams or hydropower facilities. The presented discussions may be viewed as a precursor to a quantum cybersecurity roadmap for the identification of relevant threats and mitigation. Hydropower facilities are often remotely monitored or controlled from a centralized remote control room. Additionally, major component manufacturers monitor the performance of installed components, increasingly via public communication infrastructures. While these communications enable efficiencies and increased reliability, they also expand the cyber-attack surface. Communications may use the internet to remote control a facility's control systems, or it may involve sending control commands over a network from a control room to a machine. The content could be encrypted and decrypted using a public key to protect the communicated information. These cryptographic encoding and decoding schemes become vulnerable as more advances are made in computer technologies, such as quantum computing. In contrast, quantum key distribution (QKD) and other quantum cryptographic protocols are not based upon a computational problem, and offer an alternative to symmetric cryptography in some scenarios. Although the underlying mechanism of quantum cryptogrpahic protocols such as QKD ensure that any attempt by an adversary to observe the quantum part of the protocol will result in a detectable signature as an increased error rate, potentially even preventing key generation, it serves as a warning for further investigation. In QKD, when the error rate is low enough and enough photons have been detected, a shared private key can be generated known only to the sender and receiver. We describe how this novel technology and its several modalities could benefit the critical infrastructures of dams or hydropower facilities. The presented discussions may be viewed as a precursor to a quantum cybersecurity roadmap for the identification of relevant threats and mitigation.Hydropower facilities are often remotely monitored or controlled from a centralized remote control room. Additionally, major component manufacturers monitor the performance of installed components, increasingly via public communication infrastructures. While these communications enable efficiencies and increased reliability, they also expand the cyber-attack surface. Communications may use the internet to remote control a facility's control systems, or it may involve sending control commands over a network from a control room to a machine. The content could be encrypted and decrypted using a public key to protect the communicated information. These cryptographic encoding and decoding schemes become vulnerable as more advances are made in computer technologies, such as quantum computing. In contrast, quantum key distribution (QKD) and other quantum cryptographic protocols are not based upon a computational problem, and offer an alternative to symmetric cryptography in some scenarios. Although the underlying mechanism of quantum cryptogrpahic protocols such as QKD ensure that any attempt by an adversary to observe the quantum part of the protocol will result in a detectable signature as an increased error rate, potentially even preventing key generation, it serves as a warning for further investigation. In QKD, when the error rate is low enough and enough photons have been detected, a shared private key can be generated known only to the sender and receiver. We describe how this novel technology and its several modalities could benefit the critical infrastructures of dams or hydropower facilities. The presented discussions may be viewed as a precursor to a quantum cybersecurity roadmap for the identification of relevant threats and mitigation.
Audience	Academic
Author	Green, Adrien Siopsis, George Passian, Ali Lawrence, Jeremy Peters, Nicholas A.
AuthorAffiliation	2 Electric Power Research Institute, Charlotte, NC 28262, USA; jlawrence@epri.com 1 Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; agreen91@vols.utk.edu (A.G.); siopsis@tennessee.edu (G.S.) 3 Quantum Information Science Section, Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA; petersna@ornl.gov
AuthorAffiliation_xml	– name: 1 Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; agreen91@vols.utk.edu (A.G.); siopsis@tennessee.edu (G.S.) – name: 3 Quantum Information Science Section, Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA; petersna@ornl.gov – name: 2 Electric Power Research Institute, Charlotte, NC 28262, USA; jlawrence@epri.com
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Adrien orcidid: 0009-0005-4689-0437 surname: Green fullname: Green, Adrien – sequence: 2 givenname: Jeremy surname: Lawrence fullname: Lawrence, Jeremy – sequence: 3 givenname: George orcidid: 0000-0002-1466-2772 surname: Siopsis fullname: Siopsis, George – sequence: 4 givenname: Nicholas A. orcidid: 0000-0002-7215-9630 surname: Peters fullname: Peters, Nicholas A. – sequence: 5 givenname: Ali orcidid: 0000-0002-4736-4157 surname: Passian fullname: Passian, Ali
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SubjectTerms	Communication Connectivity Control systems critical infrastructure Cryptography cyber-physical security Cybersecurity Cyberterrorism Dams Digital signatures Germany Hydroelectric power Hydroelectric power plants hydropower Infrastructure Infrastructure (Economics) Internet MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING Modernization QKD QKD post-processing quantum key distribution quantum security R&D Remote control Research & development Technology Water-power
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Title	Quantum Key Distribution for Critical Infrastructures: Towards Cyber-Physical Security for Hydropower and Dams
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