Biomarkers and surrogate end points—the challenge of statistical validation

The validation of predictive and prognostic biomarkers and surrogate end points requires robust statistical analysis of data gathered from multiple, large, independent studies. In this Review, Marc Buyse and coauthors discuss this validation process and the nature of biomarkers and surrogate end poi...

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Published in:Nature reviews. Clinical oncology Vol. 7; no. 6; pp. 309 - 317
Main Authors: Buyse, Marc, Sargent, Daniel J., Grothey, Axel, Matheson, Alastair, de Gramont, Aimery
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: London Nature Publishing Group UK 01.06.2010
Nature Publishing Group
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ISSN:1759-4774, 1759-4782, 1759-4782
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Abstract The validation of predictive and prognostic biomarkers and surrogate end points requires robust statistical analysis of data gathered from multiple, large, independent studies. In this Review, Marc Buyse and coauthors discuss this validation process and the nature of biomarkers and surrogate end points. Furthermore, they consider strategies for the pragmatic evaluation of biomarkers and surrogate end points in the absence of statistical validation. Biomarkers and surrogate end points have great potential for use in clinical oncology, but their statistical validation presents major challenges, and few biomarkers have been robustly confirmed. Provisional supportive data for prognostic biomarkers, which predict the likely outcome independently of treatment, is possible through small retrospective studies, but it has proved more difficult to achieve robust multi-site validation. Predictive biomarkers, which predict the likely response of patients to specific treatments, require more extensive data for validation, specifically large randomized clinical trials and meta-analysis. Surrogate end points are even more challenging to validate, and require data demonstrating both that the surrogate is prognostic for the true end point independently of treatment, and that the effect of treatment on the surrogate reliably predicts its effect on the true end point. In this Review, we discuss the nature of prognostic and predictive biomarkers and surrogate end points, and examine the statistical techniques and designs required for their validation. In cases where the statistical requirements for validation cannot be rigorously achieved, the biological plausibility of an end point or surrogate might support its adoption. No consensus yet exists on processes or standards for pragmatic evaluation and adoption of biomarkers and surrogate end points in the absence of robust statistical validation. Key Points Candidate prognostic biomarkers are relatively easy to identify, but multi-site validation has rarely been done Predictive biomarkers require extensive data for validation, based on large randomized clinical trials and meta-analyses Surrogate end points require data demonstrating both that the surrogate is prognostic of the true end point, and that the effect of treatment on the surrogate correlates with that of the true end point The biological plausibility of a biomarker or surrogate might support its adoption even in cases where full statistical validation is lacking No consensus exists on the best approach for pragmatic evaluation and adoption of biomarkers and surrogate end points when robust statistical validation is lacking
AbstractList Biomarkers and surrogate end points have great potential for use in clinical oncology, but their statistical validation presents major challenges, and few biomarkers have been robustly confirmed. Provisional supportive data for prognostic biomarkers, which predict the likely outcome independently of treatment, is possible through small retrospective studies, but it has proved more difficult to achieve robust multi-site validation. Predictive biomarkers, which predict the likely response of patients to specific treatments, require more extensive data for validation, specifically large randomized clinical trials and meta-analysis. Surrogate end points are even more challenging to validate, and require data demonstrating both that the surrogate is prognostic for the true end point independently of treatment, and that the effect of treatment on the surrogate reliably predicts its effect on the true end point. In this Review, we discuss the nature of prognostic and predictive biomarkers and surrogate end points, and examine the statistical techniques and designs required for their validation. In cases where the statistical requirements for validation cannot be rigorously achieved, the biological plausibility of an end point or surrogate might support its adoption. No consensus yet exists on processes or standards for pragmatic evaluation and adoption of biomarkers and surrogate end points in the absence of robust statistical validation.Biomarkers and surrogate end points have great potential for use in clinical oncology, but their statistical validation presents major challenges, and few biomarkers have been robustly confirmed. Provisional supportive data for prognostic biomarkers, which predict the likely outcome independently of treatment, is possible through small retrospective studies, but it has proved more difficult to achieve robust multi-site validation. Predictive biomarkers, which predict the likely response of patients to specific treatments, require more extensive data for validation, specifically large randomized clinical trials and meta-analysis. Surrogate end points are even more challenging to validate, and require data demonstrating both that the surrogate is prognostic for the true end point independently of treatment, and that the effect of treatment on the surrogate reliably predicts its effect on the true end point. In this Review, we discuss the nature of prognostic and predictive biomarkers and surrogate end points, and examine the statistical techniques and designs required for their validation. In cases where the statistical requirements for validation cannot be rigorously achieved, the biological plausibility of an end point or surrogate might support its adoption. No consensus yet exists on processes or standards for pragmatic evaluation and adoption of biomarkers and surrogate end points in the absence of robust statistical validation.
Biomarkers and surrogate end points have great potential for use in clinical oncology, but their statistical validation presents major challenges, and few biomarkers have been robustly confirmed. Provisional supportive data for prognostic biomarkers, which predict the likely outcome independently of treatment, is possible through small retrospective studies, but it has proved more difficult to achieve robust multi-site validation. Predictive biomarkers, which predict the likely response of patients to specific treatments, require more extensive data for validation, specifically large randomized clinical trials and meta-analysis. Surrogate end points are even more challenging to validate, and require data demonstrating both that the surrogate is prognostic for the true end point independently of treatment, and that the effect of treatment on the surrogate reliably predicts its effect on the true end point. In this Review, we discuss the nature of prognostic and predictive biomarkers and surrogate end points, and examine the statistical techniques and designs required for their validation. In cases where the statistical requirements for validation cannot be rigorously achieved, the biological plausibility of an end point or surrogate might support its adoption. No consensus yet exists on processes or standards for pragmatic evaluation and adoption of biomarkers and surrogate end points in the absence of robust statistical validation.
Biomarkers and surrogate end points have great potential for use in clinical oncology, but their statistical validation presents major challenges, and few biomarkers have been robustly confirmed. Provisional supportive data for prognostic biomarkers, which predict the likely outcome independently of treatment, is possible through small retrospective studies, but it has proved more difficult to achieve robust multi-site validation. Predictive biomarkers, which predict the likely response of patients to specific treatments, require more extensive data for validation, specifically large randomized clinical trials and meta-analysis. Surrogate end points are even more challenging to validate, and require data demonstrating both that the surrogate is prognostic for the true end point independently of treatment, and that the effect of treatment on the surrogate reliably predicts its effect on the true end point. In this Review, we discuss the nature of prognostic and predictive biomarkers and surrogate end points, and examine the statistical techniques and designs required for their validation. In cases where the statistical requirements for validation cannot be rigorously achieved, the biological plausibility of an end point or surrogate might support its adoption. No consensus yet exists on processes or standards for pragmatic evaluation and adoption of biomarkers and surrogate end points in the absence of robust statistical validation. Buyse, M. et al. Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol. 7, 309-317 (2010); published online 6 April 2010; doi: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2010.43
The validation of predictive and prognostic biomarkers and surrogate end points requires robust statistical analysis of data gathered from multiple, large, independent studies. In this Review, Marc Buyse and coauthors discuss this validation process and the nature of biomarkers and surrogate end points. Furthermore, they consider strategies for the pragmatic evaluation of biomarkers and surrogate end points in the absence of statistical validation. Biomarkers and surrogate end points have great potential for use in clinical oncology, but their statistical validation presents major challenges, and few biomarkers have been robustly confirmed. Provisional supportive data for prognostic biomarkers, which predict the likely outcome independently of treatment, is possible through small retrospective studies, but it has proved more difficult to achieve robust multi-site validation. Predictive biomarkers, which predict the likely response of patients to specific treatments, require more extensive data for validation, specifically large randomized clinical trials and meta-analysis. Surrogate end points are even more challenging to validate, and require data demonstrating both that the surrogate is prognostic for the true end point independently of treatment, and that the effect of treatment on the surrogate reliably predicts its effect on the true end point. In this Review, we discuss the nature of prognostic and predictive biomarkers and surrogate end points, and examine the statistical techniques and designs required for their validation. In cases where the statistical requirements for validation cannot be rigorously achieved, the biological plausibility of an end point or surrogate might support its adoption. No consensus yet exists on processes or standards for pragmatic evaluation and adoption of biomarkers and surrogate end points in the absence of robust statistical validation. Key Points Candidate prognostic biomarkers are relatively easy to identify, but multi-site validation has rarely been done Predictive biomarkers require extensive data for validation, based on large randomized clinical trials and meta-analyses Surrogate end points require data demonstrating both that the surrogate is prognostic of the true end point, and that the effect of treatment on the surrogate correlates with that of the true end point The biological plausibility of a biomarker or surrogate might support its adoption even in cases where full statistical validation is lacking No consensus exists on the best approach for pragmatic evaluation and adoption of biomarkers and surrogate end points when robust statistical validation is lacking
Audience Academic
Author Sargent, Daniel J.
Matheson, Alastair
Buyse, Marc
de Gramont, Aimery
Grothey, Axel
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Marc
  surname: Buyse
  fullname: Buyse, Marc
  email: marc.buyse@iddi.com
  organization: International Drug Development Institute
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Daniel J.
  surname: Sargent
  fullname: Sargent, Daniel J.
  organization: Cancer Center Statistics, Mayo Clinic Cancer Center
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Axel
  surname: Grothey
  fullname: Grothey, Axel
  organization: Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Alastair
  surname: Matheson
  fullname: Matheson, Alastair
  organization: Fondation ARCAD
– sequence: 5
  givenname: Aimery
  surname: de Gramont
  fullname: de Gramont, Aimery
  organization: Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Pavillon Moïana
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20368727$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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ContentType Journal Article
Copyright Springer Nature Limited 2010
COPYRIGHT 2010 Nature Publishing Group
Copyright Nature Publishing Group Jun 2010
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Snippet The validation of predictive and prognostic biomarkers and surrogate end points requires robust statistical analysis of data gathered from multiple, large,...
Biomarkers and surrogate end points have great potential for use in clinical oncology, but their statistical validation presents major challenges, and few...
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SubjectTerms 631/67/1857
692/308/2779/109/2154
Biological markers
Biomarkers
Cancer
Care and treatment
Diagnosis
Humans
Medicine
Medicine & Public Health
Meta-Analysis as Topic
Oncology
Prognosis
Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
review-article
Statistical methods
Title Biomarkers and surrogate end points—the challenge of statistical validation
URI https://link.springer.com/article/10.1038/nrclinonc.2010.43
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20368727
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