Anti-smoking legislation and its effects on urinary cotinine and cadmium levels

Anti-smoking legislation has been associated with an improvement in health indicators. Since the cadmium (Cd) body burden in the general population is markedly increased by smoke exposure, we analyzed the impact of the more restrictive legislation that came into force in Spain in 2011 by measuring C...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Environmental research Vol. 136; pp. 227 - 233
Main Authors: Sánchez-Rodríguez, Jinny E., Bartolomé, Mónica, Cañas, Ana I, Huetos, Olga, Navarro, Carmen, Rodríguez, A. Carolina, Arribas, Misericordia, Esteban, Marta, López, Ana, Castaño, Argelia
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: Netherlands Elsevier Inc 01.01.2015
Subjects:
adults
BODY BURDEN
CADMIUM
Cadmium - urine
Cotinine
Cotinine - urine
CREATININE
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
EXCRETION
Exposure
Female
Human biomonitoring
Humans
inhalation exposure
Law
laws and regulations
LEGISLATION
Male
Reduction
Second-hand smoke (SHS)
Smoke
Smoke-free policy
SMOKES
Smoking - legislation & jurisprudence
SPAIN
URINE
WORKING DAYS
Spain
Spain, Castilla, Madrid
SHSe
Cadmium
Smoke-free policy
ICC
Human biomonitoring
U-cotcr
Cotinine
U-Cdcr
Second-hand smoke (SHS)
SHS
BMI
ISSN:0013-9351, 1096-0953, 1096-0953
Online Access:Get full text
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Summary:Anti-smoking legislation has been associated with an improvement in health indicators. Since the cadmium (Cd) body burden in the general population is markedly increased by smoke exposure, we analyzed the impact of the more restrictive legislation that came into force in Spain in 2011 by measuring Cd and cotinine in first morning urine samples from 83 adults in Madrid (Spain) before (2010) and after (2011) introduction of this law. Individual pair-wise comparisons showed a reduction of creatinine corrected Cotinine and Cd levels for non-active smokers, i. e. those which urinary cotinine levels are below 50μg/L. After the application of the stricter law, cotinine levels in urine only decreased in non-active smokers who self-reported not to be exposed to second-hand smoke. The reduction in second hand smoke exposure was significantly higher in weekends (Friday to Sunday) than in working days (Monday to Thursday). The decrease in U-Cd was highly significant in non-active smokers and, in general, correlated with lower creatinine excretion. Therefore correction by creatinine could bias urinary Cd results, at least for cotinine levels higher than 500μg/L. The biochemical/toxicological benefits detected herein support the stricter application of anti-smoking legislation and emphasize the need to raise the awareness of the population as regards exposure at home.
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ISSN:0013-9351
1096-0953
1096-0953
DOI:10.1016/j.envres.2014.09.033