Review: Adult Outcome as Seen Through Controlled Prospective Follow-up Studies of Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Followed Into Adulthood

To describe adult outcome of people with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnosed in childhood and its several key predictors via a review of 7 North American controlled prospective follow-up studies: Montreal, New York, Milwaukee, Pittsburgh, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), B...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Vol. 61; no. 3; p. 378
Main Authors: Cherkasova, Mariya V, Roy, Arunima, Molina, Brooke S G, Scott, Gabrielle, Weiss, Gabrielle, Barkley, Russell A, Biederman, Joseph, Uchida, Mai, Hinshaw, Stephen P, Owens, Elizabeth B, Hechtman, Lily
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: United States 01.03.2022
Subjects:
Adolescent
Adult
Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity
Child
Comorbidity
Follow-Up Studies
Humans
Prospective Studies
Young Adult
predictors
ADHD
adult outcome
ISSN:1527-5418, 1527-5418
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Summary:To describe adult outcome of people with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnosed in childhood and its several key predictors via a review of 7 North American controlled prospective follow-up studies: Montreal, New York, Milwaukee, Pittsburgh, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Berkeley, and 7-site Multimodal Treatment Study of Children With ADHD (MTA). All studies were prospective and followed children with a diagnosis of ADHD and an age- and gender-matched control group at regular intervals from childhood (6-12 years of age) through adolescence into adulthood (20-40 years of age), evaluating symptom and syndrome persistence, functional outcomes, and predictors of these outcomes. The rates of ADHD syndrome persistence ranged from 5.7% to 77%, likely owing to varying diagnostic criteria and the source of information (self-report vs informant report) across the studies. However, all studies observed high rates of symptomatic persistence ranging from 60% to 86%. The 7 studies were largely consistent in finding that relative to control groups, research participants with childhood-diagnosed ADHD had significant impairments in the areas of educational functioning, occupational functioning, mental health, and physical health as well as higher rates of substance misuse, antisocial behavior, and unsafe driving. The most consistently observed predictors of functional outcomes included ADHD persistence and comorbidity, especially with disruptive behavior disorders. Childhood ADHD has high rates of symptomatic persistence, which is associated with negative functional outcomes. Characteristics that predict these negative outcomes, such as comorbid disruptive behavior disorders, may be important targets for intervention.
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ISSN:1527-5418
1527-5418
DOI:10.1016/j.jaac.2021.05.019