Review: Adult Outcome as Seen Through Controlled Prospective Follow-up Studies of Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Followed Into Adulthood

To describe adult outcome of people with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnosed in childhood and its several key predictors via a review of 7 North American controlled prospective follow-up studies: Montreal, New York, Milwaukee, Pittsburgh, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), B...

Full description

Saved in:

Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Vol. 61; no. 3; p. 378
Main Authors:	Cherkasova, Mariya V, Roy, Arunima, Molina, Brooke S G, Scott, Gabrielle, Weiss, Gabrielle, Barkley, Russell A, Biederman, Joseph, Uchida, Mai, Hinshaw, Stephen P, Owens, Elizabeth B, Hechtman, Lily
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	United States 01.03.2022
Subjects:	Adolescent Adult Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity Child Comorbidity Follow-Up Studies Humans Prospective Studies Young Adult predictors ADHD adult outcome
ISSN:	1527-5418, 1527-5418
Online Access:	Get more information
Tags:	Add Tag No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!

Abstract	To describe adult outcome of people with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnosed in childhood and its several key predictors via a review of 7 North American controlled prospective follow-up studies: Montreal, New York, Milwaukee, Pittsburgh, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Berkeley, and 7-site Multimodal Treatment Study of Children With ADHD (MTA). All studies were prospective and followed children with a diagnosis of ADHD and an age- and gender-matched control group at regular intervals from childhood (6-12 years of age) through adolescence into adulthood (20-40 years of age), evaluating symptom and syndrome persistence, functional outcomes, and predictors of these outcomes. The rates of ADHD syndrome persistence ranged from 5.7% to 77%, likely owing to varying diagnostic criteria and the source of information (self-report vs informant report) across the studies. However, all studies observed high rates of symptomatic persistence ranging from 60% to 86%. The 7 studies were largely consistent in finding that relative to control groups, research participants with childhood-diagnosed ADHD had significant impairments in the areas of educational functioning, occupational functioning, mental health, and physical health as well as higher rates of substance misuse, antisocial behavior, and unsafe driving. The most consistently observed predictors of functional outcomes included ADHD persistence and comorbidity, especially with disruptive behavior disorders. Childhood ADHD has high rates of symptomatic persistence, which is associated with negative functional outcomes. Characteristics that predict these negative outcomes, such as comorbid disruptive behavior disorders, may be important targets for intervention.
AbstractList	To describe adult outcome of people with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnosed in childhood and its several key predictors via a review of 7 North American controlled prospective follow-up studies: Montreal, New York, Milwaukee, Pittsburgh, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Berkeley, and 7-site Multimodal Treatment Study of Children With ADHD (MTA).OBJECTIVETo describe adult outcome of people with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnosed in childhood and its several key predictors via a review of 7 North American controlled prospective follow-up studies: Montreal, New York, Milwaukee, Pittsburgh, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Berkeley, and 7-site Multimodal Treatment Study of Children With ADHD (MTA).All studies were prospective and followed children with a diagnosis of ADHD and an age- and gender-matched control group at regular intervals from childhood (6-12 years of age) through adolescence into adulthood (20-40 years of age), evaluating symptom and syndrome persistence, functional outcomes, and predictors of these outcomes.METHODAll studies were prospective and followed children with a diagnosis of ADHD and an age- and gender-matched control group at regular intervals from childhood (6-12 years of age) through adolescence into adulthood (20-40 years of age), evaluating symptom and syndrome persistence, functional outcomes, and predictors of these outcomes.The rates of ADHD syndrome persistence ranged from 5.7% to 77%, likely owing to varying diagnostic criteria and the source of information (self-report vs informant report) across the studies. However, all studies observed high rates of symptomatic persistence ranging from 60% to 86%. The 7 studies were largely consistent in finding that relative to control groups, research participants with childhood-diagnosed ADHD had significant impairments in the areas of educational functioning, occupational functioning, mental health, and physical health as well as higher rates of substance misuse, antisocial behavior, and unsafe driving. The most consistently observed predictors of functional outcomes included ADHD persistence and comorbidity, especially with disruptive behavior disorders.RESULTSThe rates of ADHD syndrome persistence ranged from 5.7% to 77%, likely owing to varying diagnostic criteria and the source of information (self-report vs informant report) across the studies. However, all studies observed high rates of symptomatic persistence ranging from 60% to 86%. The 7 studies were largely consistent in finding that relative to control groups, research participants with childhood-diagnosed ADHD had significant impairments in the areas of educational functioning, occupational functioning, mental health, and physical health as well as higher rates of substance misuse, antisocial behavior, and unsafe driving. The most consistently observed predictors of functional outcomes included ADHD persistence and comorbidity, especially with disruptive behavior disorders.Childhood ADHD has high rates of symptomatic persistence, which is associated with negative functional outcomes. Characteristics that predict these negative outcomes, such as comorbid disruptive behavior disorders, may be important targets for intervention.CONCLUSIONChildhood ADHD has high rates of symptomatic persistence, which is associated with negative functional outcomes. Characteristics that predict these negative outcomes, such as comorbid disruptive behavior disorders, may be important targets for intervention. To describe adult outcome of people with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnosed in childhood and its several key predictors via a review of 7 North American controlled prospective follow-up studies: Montreal, New York, Milwaukee, Pittsburgh, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Berkeley, and 7-site Multimodal Treatment Study of Children With ADHD (MTA). All studies were prospective and followed children with a diagnosis of ADHD and an age- and gender-matched control group at regular intervals from childhood (6-12 years of age) through adolescence into adulthood (20-40 years of age), evaluating symptom and syndrome persistence, functional outcomes, and predictors of these outcomes. The rates of ADHD syndrome persistence ranged from 5.7% to 77%, likely owing to varying diagnostic criteria and the source of information (self-report vs informant report) across the studies. However, all studies observed high rates of symptomatic persistence ranging from 60% to 86%. The 7 studies were largely consistent in finding that relative to control groups, research participants with childhood-diagnosed ADHD had significant impairments in the areas of educational functioning, occupational functioning, mental health, and physical health as well as higher rates of substance misuse, antisocial behavior, and unsafe driving. The most consistently observed predictors of functional outcomes included ADHD persistence and comorbidity, especially with disruptive behavior disorders. Childhood ADHD has high rates of symptomatic persistence, which is associated with negative functional outcomes. Characteristics that predict these negative outcomes, such as comorbid disruptive behavior disorders, may be important targets for intervention.
Author	Weiss, Gabrielle Roy, Arunima Hechtman, Lily Owens, Elizabeth B Cherkasova, Mariya V Scott, Gabrielle Biederman, Joseph Uchida, Mai Barkley, Russell A Hinshaw, Stephen P Molina, Brooke S G
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Mariya V surname: Cherkasova fullname: Cherkasova, Mariya V organization: West Virginia University, Morgantown – sequence: 2 givenname: Arunima surname: Roy fullname: Roy, Arunima organization: University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada – sequence: 3 givenname: Brooke S G surname: Molina fullname: Molina, Brooke S G organization: University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania – sequence: 4 givenname: Gabrielle surname: Scott fullname: Scott, Gabrielle organization: McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada – sequence: 5 givenname: Gabrielle surname: Weiss fullname: Weiss, Gabrielle organization: McGill University, Montreal, and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada – sequence: 6 givenname: Russell A surname: Barkley fullname: Barkley, Russell A organization: Virginia Commonwealth University Medical School, Richmond – sequence: 7 givenname: Joseph surname: Biederman fullname: Biederman, Joseph organization: Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston – sequence: 8 givenname: Mai surname: Uchida fullname: Uchida, Mai organization: Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston – sequence: 9 givenname: Stephen P surname: Hinshaw fullname: Hinshaw, Stephen P organization: University of California Berkeley and the University of California San Francisco, California – sequence: 10 givenname: Elizabeth B surname: Owens fullname: Owens, Elizabeth B organization: University of San Francisco, California – sequence: 11 givenname: Lily surname: Hechtman fullname: Hechtman, Lily email: lily.hechtman@mcgill.ca organization: McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Division of Child Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Electronic address: lily.hechtman@mcgill.ca
BackLink	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34116167$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
BookMark	eNpNUMtOwkAUnRiMPPQHXJhZummZmXZo644UERITjGBckrZza4e0nTozhfA3fqolYOLmPs859zFEvVrVgNA9JS4ldDLeubskyVxGGHUJdwmNrtCAchY43Kdh71_cR0NjdoQQGoThDep7PqUTOgkG6Ocd9hIOT3gq2tLiVWszVQFODF4D1HhTaNV-FThWtdWqLEHgN61MA5mVe8DzrqQOTtvgtW2FBINVjuNClkJ35E9pCzy1FmorVe3MIJeZtOPFsQGdnASkPeKZNEoL0BetbsCytuq8TqGUuEXXeVIauLv4EfqYP2_ihfO6elnG01cn455vnUhAlng07U7mIWURRJQxDjz1ORM5yydZnnbWS09NL-oSzkXokzyAkFLhsRF6POs2Wn23YOy2kiaDskxqUK3ZMu4TzljA_A76cIG2aQVi22hZJfq4_fsq-wWw9X77
CitedBy_id	crossref_primary_10_1017_S1047951122000063 crossref_primary_10_3928_19382359_20241007_01 crossref_primary_10_1016_S2215_0366_24_00186_X crossref_primary_10_1177_01650254241308468 crossref_primary_10_1186_s13034_022_00486_7 crossref_primary_10_3928_19382359_20241007_02 crossref_primary_10_3390_jpm14030300 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10578_025_01815_5 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyg_2023_1194249 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neubiorev_2025_106081 crossref_primary_10_3390_healthcare12020279 crossref_primary_10_3390_brainsci12081014 crossref_primary_10_1177_10870547231177469 crossref_primary_10_1097_JXX_0000000000000803 crossref_primary_10_1007_s41252_024_00421_1 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyg_2024_1291198 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_amepre_2023_11_018 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_josat_2024_209523 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12913_024_11188_5 crossref_primary_10_2147_PPA_S467724 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12916_023_03160_7 crossref_primary_10_1097_DBP_0000000000001257 crossref_primary_10_1177_10870547231211596 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12888_024_06009_2 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyt_2024_1343314 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyt_2024_1441191 crossref_primary_10_3390_brainsci12101336 crossref_primary_10_1590_1415_4714_e230524 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00787_023_02235_3 crossref_primary_10_1080_14656566_2023_2218544 crossref_primary_10_1093_sleep_zsad086 crossref_primary_10_1186_s13034_022_00463_0 crossref_primary_10_1002_cbm_2288 crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyt_2023_1185088 crossref_primary_10_57264_cer_2024_0089 crossref_primary_10_1016_S1245_1789_25_50344_X crossref_primary_10_1192_bjp_2023_149 crossref_primary_10_1177_10870547251326676 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10862_022_09979_3 crossref_primary_10_1177_10870547241261826 crossref_primary_10_4081_ripppo_2023_709 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jad_2024_08_156 crossref_primary_10_1089_cap_2024_0018 crossref_primary_10_1177_00048674231166329 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10508_023_02660_0 crossref_primary_10_1186_s40814_025_01600_0 crossref_primary_10_1186_s12888_023_04713_z crossref_primary_10_1136_bmjopen_2024_091676 crossref_primary_10_1007_s10802_023_01074_9 crossref_primary_10_3390_biomedicines9101313 crossref_primary_10_1177_10870547231187147 crossref_primary_10_3390_sci7020060 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jpeds_2025_114471 crossref_primary_10_1136_bmjopen_2024_090823 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_ccm_2022_06_014 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jaac_2023_08_003 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_psychres_2025_116662 crossref_primary_10_1177_10870547231161531 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_childyouth_2024_107490 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jaac_2024_03_005 crossref_primary_10_1002_jgc4_1841 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jaac_2021_12_007 crossref_primary_10_1002_jcv2_12281 crossref_primary_10_1080_23794925_2024_2400911 crossref_primary_10_4274_tjcamh_galenos_2023_25238 crossref_primary_10_1007_s00702_025_03010_1 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jaac_2023_05_025 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41390_025_04112_y crossref_primary_10_3389_fpsyt_2025_1466107 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_neubiorev_2023_105209 crossref_primary_10_1177_10870547241288353 crossref_primary_10_1007_s40865_023_00223_4 crossref_primary_10_1177_10870547231153962
ContentType	Journal Article
Copyright	Copyright © 2021 American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Copyright_xml	– notice: Copyright © 2021 American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
DBID	CGR CUY CVF ECM EIF NPM 7X8
DOI	10.1016/j.jaac.2021.05.019
DatabaseName	Medline MEDLINE MEDLINE (Ovid) MEDLINE MEDLINE PubMed MEDLINE - Academic
DatabaseTitle	MEDLINE Medline Complete MEDLINE with Full Text PubMed MEDLINE (Ovid) MEDLINE - Academic
DatabaseTitleList	MEDLINE - Academic MEDLINE
Database_xml	– sequence: 1 dbid: NPM name: PubMed url: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed sourceTypes: Index Database – sequence: 2 dbid: 7X8 name: MEDLINE - Academic url: https://search.proquest.com/medline sourceTypes: Aggregation Database
DeliveryMethod	no_fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline	Medicine Social Welfare & Social Work
EISSN	1527-5418
ExternalDocumentID	34116167
Genre	Review Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Journal Article Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
GrantInformation_xml	– fundername: NIMH NIH HHS grantid: K23 MH122667
GroupedDBID	--- --K --Z -ET -RU -~X .1- .FO .GJ 08G 0R~ 1B1 1P~ 29L 2FS 354 4.4 457 4G. 4Q1 4Q2 4Q3 53G 5GY 5RE 5VS 6P2 6PF 7-5 85S 9M8 AADFP AAEDT AAEDW AAKAS AALRI AAQFI AAQQT AAQXK AAWTL AAXUO AAYJJ ABFRF ABIVO ABJNI ABLJU ABMAC ABPPZ ABWVN ACGFO ACGFS ACHQT ACNCT ACPRK ACRPL ADBBV ADBIZ ADMUD ADNMO ADXHL ADZCM AE3 AE6 AEFWE AENEX AEVXI AFCTW AFFNX AFHKK AFJKZ AFRHN AFTJW AFTRI AFUWQ AGCQF AGHSJ AGQPQ AHMBA AHRYX AI. AITUG AIZYK AJUYK ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS AMRAJ APXCP ASPBG ASUFR AVWKF AZFZN BELOY BYPQX CGR CS3 CUY CVF DU5 EBS ECM EFJIC EFKBS EIF EJD EX3 F5P FDB FEDTE FGOYB GBLVA H0~ HF~ HVGLF HZ~ JF9 JG8 KMI KOM M41 MVM N4W NEJ NHB NPM NTWIH N~M O9- OAG OAH ODA OH0 OHT OL1 OLG OLH OLU OLV OLY OLZ OMH OPX OU- OVD OWU OWV OWW OWX OWY OWZ P-K P2P PQQKQ R2- RIG ROL S4R SEL SES SKT SSZ T8P TAE TEORI TWZ UPT UV1 VH1 VVN WF8 WH7 WOQ WOW XH2 XJT XOL XXN XYM YOC YQT YQY YR2 YR5 Z5R ZCA ZFV ZGI ZHY ZXP ZY4 7X8
ID	FETCH-LOGICAL-c534t-9deca31b15258129e91225e5b452df2f6cfb2f63b812939fb255d840f7e811d32
IEDL.DBID	7X8
ISICitedReferencesCount	77
ISICitedReferencesURI	http://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=Summon&SrcAuth=ProQuest&DestLinkType=CitingArticles&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=000760602800009&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D
ISSN	1527-5418
IngestDate	Sat Sep 27 21:56:31 EDT 2025 Mon Jul 21 06:04:17 EDT 2025
IsDoiOpenAccess	false
IsOpenAccess	true
IsPeerReviewed	true
IsScholarly	true
Issue	3
Keywords	predictors ADHD adult outcome
Language	English
License	Copyright © 2021 American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
LinkModel	DirectLink
MergedId	FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c534t-9deca31b15258129e91225e5b452df2f6cfb2f63b812939fb255d840f7e811d32
Notes	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 ObjectType-Review-3 content type line 23
OpenAccessLink	http://www.jaacap.org/article/S089085672100366X/pdf
PMID	34116167
PQID	2540522724
PQPubID	23479
ParticipantIDs	proquest_miscellaneous_2540522724 pubmed_primary_34116167
PublicationCentury	2000
PublicationDate	2022-03-01
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD	2022-03-01
PublicationDate_xml	– month: 03 year: 2022 text: 2022-03-01 day: 01
PublicationDecade	2020
PublicationPlace	United States
PublicationPlace_xml	– name: United States
PublicationTitle	Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
PublicationTitleAlternate	J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry
PublicationYear	2022
References	34971731 - J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2022 Mar;61(3):357-359
References_xml	– reference: 34971731 - J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2022 Mar;61(3):357-359
SSID	ssj0001788
Score	2.6244922
SecondaryResourceType	review_article
Snippet	To describe adult outcome of people with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnosed in childhood and its several key predictors via a review of...
SourceID	proquest pubmed
SourceType	Aggregation Database Index Database
StartPage	378
SubjectTerms	Adolescent Adult Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity Child Comorbidity Follow-Up Studies Humans Prospective Studies Young Adult
Title	Review: Adult Outcome as Seen Through Controlled Prospective Follow-up Studies of Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Followed Into Adulthood
URI	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34116167 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2540522724
Volume	61
WOSCitedRecordID	wos000760602800009&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D
hasFullText
inHoldings	1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
link	http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwpV1Na9wwEBVpUkouSbptPjdlCqU3EVu27HUuYdl2SQ67XWjK7m2RrTH5wt7Y3uTv5Kd2ZMnkVgK9GCxjSyB59EYz8x5j36TOMyW05gkGgofaQ65iNCdifkQoySPEkbZiE_F0Olgskpk7cKtdWmVnE1tDrcvMnJGfCQMthIhFeLF65EY1ykRXnYTGO7YVEJQxqzpevLKF-3GrO2mUW7kM_YErmrH5XXdKGQpD4Vvmzn9AzHarGe_-7yD32I4DmTC0q-Ij28Cixz5MXBi9x_q2KBfm-JCrCuE7dA1ldf-JvdiAwTkMDTkH_Fo31DuCquE3eb1wbaV9YGSz3B9Qw6wqu5JNGFNT-czXK3A5ilDmMHI14zC_bW5g2DQ2y5L_QMNg0Zxdkjvc1msZKQvoKEHdt6iDq6Ip7XAMDfNn9mf883p0yZ2SA89kEDY80ZipwE-N2BIhigQTn-wIyjSUQucij7I8pWuQmodBQjdSanI98xgHvq8Dsc82i7LAQwaRl6lIikhHUev-pXHqoUyQ_EoPMfGO2Nduapb0p5jwhyqwXNfL18k5Ygd2fpcrS-mxpL2coG8UH7_h7RO2LUwNRJuI1mdbOdkJPGXvs6fmtq6-tEuQrtPZ5C9mfOd6
linkProvider	ProQuest
openUrl	ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Review%3A+Adult+Outcome+as+Seen+Through+Controlled+Prospective+Follow-up+Studies+of+Children+With+Attention-Deficit%2FHyperactivity+Disorder+Followed+Into+Adulthood&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Academy+of+Child+and+Adolescent+Psychiatry&rft.au=Cherkasova%2C+Mariya+V&rft.au=Roy%2C+Arunima&rft.au=Molina%2C+Brooke+S+G&rft.au=Scott%2C+Gabrielle&rft.date=2022-03-01&rft.issn=1527-5418&rft.eissn=1527-5418&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=3&rft.spage=378&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.jaac.2021.05.019&rft.externalDBID=NO_FULL_TEXT
thumbnail_l	http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=1527-5418&client=summon
thumbnail_m	http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=1527-5418&client=summon
thumbnail_s	http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=1527-5418&client=summon