Ocean forcing drives glacier retreat in Greenland

Many Greenland glaciers have been attacked by the ocean from below and, in turn, contributed to sea-level rise from the ice sheet. The retreat and acceleration of Greenland glaciers since the mid-1990s have been attributed to the enhanced intrusion of warm Atlantic Waters (AW) into fjords, but this...

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Veröffentlicht in:	Science advances Jg. 7; H. 1
Hauptverfasser:	Wood, Michael, Rignot, Eric, Fenty, Ian, An, Lu, Bjørk, Anders, van den Broeke, Michiel, Cai, Cilan, Kane, Emily, Menemenlis, Dimitris, Millan, Romain, Morlighem, Mathieu, Mouginot, Jeremie, Noël, Brice, Scheuchl, Bernd, Velicogna, Isabella, Willis, Josh K., Zhang, Hong
Format:	Journal Article
Sprache:	Englisch
Veröffentlicht:	United States American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) 01.01.2021 American Association for the Advancement of Science
Schlagworte:	Atlantic water Continental interfaces, environment Earth sciences & physical geography Environmental Sciences Geophysics Glacier retreat Ice sheet Ice shelves In-situ observations Mass loss Multidisciplinary Ocean model Oceanography Physical, chemical, mathematical & earth Sciences Physique, chimie, mathématiques & sciences de la terre SciAdv r-articles Sciences de la terre & géographie physique Sciences of the Universe Shallow waters
ISSN:	2375-2548, 2375-2548
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Abstract	Many Greenland glaciers have been attacked by the ocean from below and, in turn, contributed to sea-level rise from the ice sheet. The retreat and acceleration of Greenland glaciers since the mid-1990s have been attributed to the enhanced intrusion of warm Atlantic Waters (AW) into fjords, but this assertion has not been quantitatively tested on a Greenland-wide basis or included in models. Here, we investigate how AW influenced retreat at 226 marine-terminating glaciers using ocean modeling, remote sensing, and in situ observations. We identify 74 glaciers in deep fjords with AW controlling 49% of the mass loss that retreated when warming increased undercutting by 48%. Conversely, 27 glaciers calving on shallow ridges and 24 in cold, shallow waters retreated little, contributing 15% of the loss, while 10 glaciers retreated substantially following the collapse of several ice shelves. The retreat mechanisms remain undiagnosed at 87 glaciers without ocean and bathymetry data, which controlled 19% of the loss. Ice sheet projections that exclude ocean-induced undercutting may underestimate mass loss by at least a factor of 2.
AbstractList	The retreat and acceleration of Greenland glaciers since the mid-1990s have been attributed to the enhanced intrusion of warm Atlantic Waters (AW) into fjords, but this assertion has not been quantitatively tested on a Greenland-wide basis or included in models. Here, we investigate how AW influenced retreat at 226 marine-terminating glaciers using ocean modeling, remote sensing, and in situ observations. We identify 74 glaciers in deep fjords with AW controlling 49% of the mass loss that retreated when warming increased undercutting by 48%. Conversely, 27 glaciers calving on shallow ridges and 24 in cold, shallow waters retreated little, contributing 15% of the loss, while 10 glaciers retreated substantially following the collapse of several ice shelves. The retreat mechanisms remain undiagnosed at 87 glaciers without ocean and bathymetry data, which controlled 19% of the loss. Ice sheet projections that exclude ocean-induced undercutting may underestimate mass loss by at least a factor of 2. The retreat and acceleration of Greenland glaciers since the mid-1990s have been attributed to the enhanced intrusion of warm Atlantic Waters (AW) into fjords, but this assertion has not been quantitatively tested on a Greenland-wide basis or included in models. Here, we investigate how AW influenced retreat at 226 marine-terminating glaciers using ocean modeling, remote sensing, and in situ observations. We identify 74 glaciers in deep fjords with AW controlling 49% of the mass loss that retreated when warming increased undercutting by 48%. Conversely, 27 glaciers calving on shallow ridges and 24 in cold, shallow waters retreated little, contributing 15% of the loss, while 10 glaciers retreated substantially following the collapse of several ice shelves. The retreat mechanisms remain undiagnosed at 87 glaciers without ocean and bathymetry data, which controlled 19% of the loss. Ice sheet projections that exclude ocean-induced undercutting may underestimate mass loss by at least a factor of 2.The retreat and acceleration of Greenland glaciers since the mid-1990s have been attributed to the enhanced intrusion of warm Atlantic Waters (AW) into fjords, but this assertion has not been quantitatively tested on a Greenland-wide basis or included in models. Here, we investigate how AW influenced retreat at 226 marine-terminating glaciers using ocean modeling, remote sensing, and in situ observations. We identify 74 glaciers in deep fjords with AW controlling 49% of the mass loss that retreated when warming increased undercutting by 48%. Conversely, 27 glaciers calving on shallow ridges and 24 in cold, shallow waters retreated little, contributing 15% of the loss, while 10 glaciers retreated substantially following the collapse of several ice shelves. The retreat mechanisms remain undiagnosed at 87 glaciers without ocean and bathymetry data, which controlled 19% of the loss. Ice sheet projections that exclude ocean-induced undercutting may underestimate mass loss by at least a factor of 2. Many Greenland glaciers have been attacked by the ocean from below and, in turn, contributed to sea-level rise from the ice sheet. The retreat and acceleration of Greenland glaciers since the mid-1990s have been attributed to the enhanced intrusion of warm Atlantic Waters (AW) into fjords, but this assertion has not been quantitatively tested on a Greenland-wide basis or included in models. Here, we investigate how AW influenced retreat at 226 marine-terminating glaciers using ocean modeling, remote sensing, and in situ observations. We identify 74 glaciers in deep fjords with AW controlling 49% of the mass loss that retreated when warming increased undercutting by 48%. Conversely, 27 glaciers calving on shallow ridges and 24 in cold, shallow waters retreated little, contributing 15% of the loss, while 10 glaciers retreated substantially following the collapse of several ice shelves. The retreat mechanisms remain undiagnosed at 87 glaciers without ocean and bathymetry data, which controlled 19% of the loss. Ice sheet projections that exclude ocean-induced undercutting may underestimate mass loss by at least a factor of 2. Many Greenland glaciers have been attacked by the ocean from below and, in turn, contributed to sea-level rise from the ice sheet. The retreat and acceleration of Greenland glaciers since the mid-1990s have been attributed to the enhanced intrusion of warm Atlantic Waters (AW) into fjords, but this assertion has not been quantitatively tested on a Greenland-wide basis or included in models. Here, we investigate how AW influenced retreat at 226 marine-terminating glaciers using ocean modeling, remote sensing, and in situ observations. We identify 74 glaciers in deep fjords with AW controlling 49% of the mass loss that retreated when warming increased undercutting by 48%. Conversely, 27 glaciers calving on shallow ridges and 24 in cold, shallow waters retreated little, contributing 15% of the loss, while 10 glaciers retreated substantially following the collapse of several ice shelves. The retreat mechanisms remain undiagnosed at 87 glaciers without ocean and bathymetry data, which controlled 19% of the loss. Ice sheet projections that exclude ocean-induced undercutting may underestimate mass loss by at least a factor of 2.
Author	Millan, Romain Scheuchl, Bernd Cai, Cilan Wood, Michael An, Lu Zhang, Hong Rignot, Eric Willis, Josh K. Mouginot, Jeremie Morlighem, Mathieu Fenty, Ian Menemenlis, Dimitris Kane, Emily Velicogna, Isabella Bjørk, Anders Noël, Brice van den Broeke, Michiel
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Snippet	Many Greenland glaciers have been attacked by the ocean from below and, in turn, contributed to sea-level rise from the ice sheet. The retreat and acceleration... The retreat and acceleration of Greenland glaciers since the mid-1990s have been attributed to the enhanced intrusion of warm Atlantic Waters (AW) into fjords,... Many Greenland glaciers have been attacked by the ocean from below and, in turn, contributed to sea-level rise from the ice sheet. The retreat and acceleration...
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SubjectTerms	Atlantic water Continental interfaces, environment Earth sciences & physical geography Environmental Sciences Geophysics Glacier retreat Ice sheet Ice shelves In-situ observations Mass loss Multidisciplinary Ocean model Oceanography Physical, chemical, mathematical & earth Sciences Physique, chimie, mathématiques & sciences de la terre SciAdv r-articles Sciences de la terre & géographie physique Sciences of the Universe Shallow waters
Title	Ocean forcing drives glacier retreat in Greenland
URI	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33523831 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2485513334 https://hal.science/hal-03403520 https://orbi.uliege.be/handle/2268/301942 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC7775757
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