The Effect of COVID-19 on Mental Health and Wellbeing in a Representative Sample of Australian Adults

There is minimal knowledge about the impact of large-scale epidemics on community mental health, particularly during the acute phase. This gap in knowledge means we are critically ill-equipped to support communities as they face the unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to provide data u...

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Vydané v:	Frontiers in psychiatry Ročník 11; s. 579985
Hlavní autori:	Dawel, Amy, Shou, Yiyun, Smithson, Michael, Cherbuin, Nicolas, Banfield, Michelle, Calear, Alison L., Farrer, Louise M., Gray, Darren, Gulliver, Amelia, Housen, Tambri, McCallum, Sonia M., Morse, Alyssa R., Murray, Kristen, Newman, Eryn, Rodney Harris, Rachael M., Batterham, Philip J.
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	English
Vydavateľské údaje:	Switzerland Frontiers Media S.A 06.10.2020
Predmet:	anxiety bushfire coronavirus COVID-19 depression mental health Psychiatry COVID-19 anxiety financial strain mental health coronavirus depression bushfire
ISSN:	1664-0640, 1664-0640
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Abstract	There is minimal knowledge about the impact of large-scale epidemics on community mental health, particularly during the acute phase. This gap in knowledge means we are critically ill-equipped to support communities as they face the unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to provide data urgently needed to inform government policy and resource allocation now and in other future crises. The study was the first to survey a representative sample from the Australian population at the early acute phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. Depression, anxiety, and psychological wellbeing were measured with well-validated scales (PHQ-9, GAD-7, WHO-5). Using linear regression, we tested for associations between mental health and exposure to COVID-19, impacts of COVID-19 on work and social functioning, and socio-demographic factors. Depression and anxiety symptoms were substantively elevated relative to usual population data, including for individuals with no existing mental health diagnosis. Exposure to COVID-19 had minimal association with mental health outcomes. Recent exposure to the Australian bushfires was also unrelated to depression and anxiety, although bushfire smoke exposure correlated with reduced psychological wellbeing. In contrast, pandemic-induced impairments in work and social functioning were strongly associated with elevated depression and anxiety symptoms, as well as decreased psychological wellbeing. Financial distress due to the pandemic, rather than job loss per se , was also a key correlate of poorer mental health. These findings suggest that minimizing disruption to work and social functioning, and increasing access to mental health services in the community, are important policy goals to minimize pandemic-related impacts on mental health and wellbeing. Innovative and creative strategies are needed to meet these community needs while continuing to enact vital public health strategies to control the spread of COVID-19.
AbstractList	There is minimal knowledge about the impact of large-scale epidemics on community mental health, particularly during the acute phase. This gap in knowledge means we are critically ill-equipped to support communities as they face the unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to provide data urgently needed to inform government policy and resource allocation now and in other future crises. The study was the first to survey a representative sample from the Australian population at the early acute phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. Depression, anxiety, and psychological wellbeing were measured with well-validated scales (PHQ-9, GAD-7, WHO-5). Using linear regression, we tested for associations between mental health and exposure to COVID-19, impacts of COVID-19 on work and social functioning, and socio-demographic factors. Depression and anxiety symptoms were substantively elevated relative to usual population data, including for individuals with no existing mental health diagnosis. Exposure to COVID-19 had minimal association with mental health outcomes. Recent exposure to the Australian bushfires was also unrelated to depression and anxiety, although bushfire smoke exposure correlated with reduced psychological wellbeing. In contrast, pandemic-induced impairments in work and social functioning were strongly associated with elevated depression and anxiety symptoms, as well as decreased psychological wellbeing. Financial distress due to the pandemic, rather than job loss , was also a key correlate of poorer mental health. These findings suggest that minimizing disruption to work and social functioning, and increasing access to mental health services in the community, are important policy goals to minimize pandemic-related impacts on mental health and wellbeing. Innovative and creative strategies are needed to meet these community needs while continuing to enact vital public health strategies to control the spread of COVID-19. There is minimal knowledge about the impact of large-scale epidemics on community mental health, particularly during the acute phase. This gap in knowledge means we are critically ill-equipped to support communities as they face the unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to provide data urgently needed to inform government policy and resource allocation now and in other future crises. The study was the first to survey a representative sample from the Australian population at the early acute phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. Depression, anxiety, and psychological wellbeing were measured with well-validated scales (PHQ-9, GAD-7, WHO-5). Using linear regression, we tested for associations between mental health and exposure to COVID-19, impacts of COVID-19 on work and social functioning, and socio-demographic factors. Depression and anxiety symptoms were substantively elevated relative to usual population data, including for individuals with no existing mental health diagnosis. Exposure to COVID-19 had minimal association with mental health outcomes. Recent exposure to the Australian bushfires was also unrelated to depression and anxiety, although bushfire smoke exposure correlated with reduced psychological wellbeing. In contrast, pandemic-induced impairments in work and social functioning were strongly associated with elevated depression and anxiety symptoms, as well as decreased psychological wellbeing. Financial distress due to the pandemic, rather than job loss per se , was also a key correlate of poorer mental health. These findings suggest that minimizing disruption to work and social functioning, and increasing access to mental health services in the community, are important policy goals to minimize pandemic-related impacts on mental health and wellbeing. Innovative and creative strategies are needed to meet these community needs while continuing to enact vital public health strategies to control the spread of COVID-19. There is minimal knowledge about the impact of large-scale epidemics on community mental health, particularly during the acute phase. This gap in knowledge means we are critically ill-equipped to support communities as they face the unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to provide data urgently needed to inform government policy and resource allocation now and in other future crises. The study was the first to survey a representative sample from the Australian population at the early acute phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. Depression, anxiety, and psychological wellbeing were measured with well-validated scales (PHQ-9, GAD-7, WHO-5). Using linear regression, we tested for associations between mental health and exposure to COVID-19, impacts of COVID-19 on work and social functioning, and socio-demographic factors. Depression and anxiety symptoms were substantively elevated relative to usual population data, including for individuals with no existing mental health diagnosis. Exposure to COVID-19 had minimal association with mental health outcomes. Recent exposure to the Australian bushfires was also unrelated to depression and anxiety, although bushfire smoke exposure correlated with reduced psychological wellbeing. In contrast, pandemic-induced impairments in work and social functioning were strongly associated with elevated depression and anxiety symptoms, as well as decreased psychological wellbeing. Financial distress due to the pandemic, rather than job loss per se, was also a key correlate of poorer mental health. These findings suggest that minimizing disruption to work and social functioning, and increasing access to mental health services in the community, are important policy goals to minimize pandemic-related impacts on mental health and wellbeing. Innovative and creative strategies are needed to meet these community needs while continuing to enact vital public health strategies to control the spread of COVID-19.There is minimal knowledge about the impact of large-scale epidemics on community mental health, particularly during the acute phase. This gap in knowledge means we are critically ill-equipped to support communities as they face the unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to provide data urgently needed to inform government policy and resource allocation now and in other future crises. The study was the first to survey a representative sample from the Australian population at the early acute phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. Depression, anxiety, and psychological wellbeing were measured with well-validated scales (PHQ-9, GAD-7, WHO-5). Using linear regression, we tested for associations between mental health and exposure to COVID-19, impacts of COVID-19 on work and social functioning, and socio-demographic factors. Depression and anxiety symptoms were substantively elevated relative to usual population data, including for individuals with no existing mental health diagnosis. Exposure to COVID-19 had minimal association with mental health outcomes. Recent exposure to the Australian bushfires was also unrelated to depression and anxiety, although bushfire smoke exposure correlated with reduced psychological wellbeing. In contrast, pandemic-induced impairments in work and social functioning were strongly associated with elevated depression and anxiety symptoms, as well as decreased psychological wellbeing. Financial distress due to the pandemic, rather than job loss per se, was also a key correlate of poorer mental health. These findings suggest that minimizing disruption to work and social functioning, and increasing access to mental health services in the community, are important policy goals to minimize pandemic-related impacts on mental health and wellbeing. Innovative and creative strategies are needed to meet these community needs while continuing to enact vital public health strategies to control the spread of COVID-19. There is minimal knowledge about the impact of large-scale epidemics on community mental health, particularly during the acute phase. This gap in knowledge means we are critically ill-equipped to support communities as they face the unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to provide data urgently needed to inform government policy and resource allocation now and in other future crises. The study was the first to survey a representative sample from the Australian population at the early acute phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. Depression, anxiety, and psychological wellbeing were measured with well-validated scales (PHQ-9, GAD-7, WHO-5). Using linear regression, we tested for associations between mental health and exposure to COVID-19, impacts of COVID-19 on work and social functioning, and socio-demographic factors. Depression and anxiety symptoms were substantively elevated relative to usual population data, including for individuals with no existing mental health diagnosis. Exposure to COVID-19 had minimal association with mental health outcomes. Recent exposure to the Australian bushfires was also unrelated to depression and anxiety, although bushfire smoke exposure correlated with reduced psychological wellbeing. In contrast, pandemic-induced impairments in work and social functioning were strongly associated with elevated depression and anxiety symptoms, as well as decreased psychological wellbeing. Financial distress due to the pandemic, rather than job loss per se, was also a key correlate of poorer mental health. These findings suggest that minimizing disruption to work and social functioning, and increasing access to mental health services in the community, are important policy goals to minimize pandemic-related impacts on mental health and wellbeing. Innovative and creative strategies are needed to meet these community needs while continuing to enact vital public health strategies to control the spread of COVID-19.
Author	Dawel, Amy Smithson, Michael Housen, Tambri McCallum, Sonia M. Gray, Darren Gulliver, Amelia Shou, Yiyun Batterham, Philip J. Murray, Kristen Newman, Eryn Farrer, Louise M. Calear, Alison L. Banfield, Michelle Morse, Alyssa R. Cherbuin, Nicolas Rodney Harris, Rachael M.
AuthorAffiliation	3 Centre for Mental Health Research, Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University , Canberra, ACT , Australia 5 National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University , Canberra, ACT , Australia 4 Department of Global Health, Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University , Canberra, ACT , Australia 1 Research School of Psychology, The Australian National University , Canberra, ACT , Australia 2 Centre for Research on Ageing, Health and Wellbeing, Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University , Canberra, ACT , Australia
AuthorAffiliation_xml	– name: 1 Research School of Psychology, The Australian National University , Canberra, ACT , Australia – name: 2 Centre for Research on Ageing, Health and Wellbeing, Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University , Canberra, ACT , Australia – name: 4 Department of Global Health, Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University , Canberra, ACT , Australia – name: 5 National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University , Canberra, ACT , Australia – name: 3 Centre for Mental Health Research, Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University , Canberra, ACT , Australia
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Amy surname: Dawel fullname: Dawel, Amy – sequence: 2 givenname: Yiyun surname: Shou fullname: Shou, Yiyun – sequence: 3 givenname: Michael surname: Smithson fullname: Smithson, Michael – sequence: 4 givenname: Nicolas surname: Cherbuin fullname: Cherbuin, Nicolas – sequence: 5 givenname: Michelle surname: Banfield fullname: Banfield, Michelle – sequence: 6 givenname: Alison L. surname: Calear fullname: Calear, Alison L. – sequence: 7 givenname: Louise M. surname: Farrer fullname: Farrer, Louise M. – sequence: 8 givenname: Darren surname: Gray fullname: Gray, Darren – sequence: 9 givenname: Amelia surname: Gulliver fullname: Gulliver, Amelia – sequence: 10 givenname: Tambri surname: Housen fullname: Housen, Tambri – sequence: 11 givenname: Sonia M. surname: McCallum fullname: McCallum, Sonia M. – sequence: 12 givenname: Alyssa R. surname: Morse fullname: Morse, Alyssa R. – sequence: 13 givenname: Kristen surname: Murray fullname: Murray, Kristen – sequence: 14 givenname: Eryn surname: Newman fullname: Newman, Eryn – sequence: 15 givenname: Rachael M. surname: Rodney Harris fullname: Rodney Harris, Rachael M. – sequence: 16 givenname: Philip J. surname: Batterham fullname: Batterham, Philip J.
BackLink	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33132940$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Copyright	Copyright © 2020 Dawel, Shou, Smithson, Cherbuin, Banfield, Calear, Farrer, Gray, Gulliver, Housen, McCallum, Morse, Murray, Newman, Rodney Harris and Batterham. Copyright © 2020 Dawel, Shou, Smithson, Cherbuin, Banfield, Calear, Farrer, Gray, Gulliver, Housen, McCallum, Morse, Murray, Newman, Rodney Harris and Batterham 2020 Dawel, Shou, Smithson, Cherbuin, Banfield, Calear, Farrer, Gray, Gulliver, Housen, McCallum, Morse, Murray, Newman, Rodney Harris and Batterham
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Keywords	COVID-19 anxiety financial strain mental health coronavirus depression bushfire
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License	Copyright © 2020 Dawel, Shou, Smithson, Cherbuin, Banfield, Calear, Farrer, Gray, Gulliver, Housen, McCallum, Morse, Murray, Newman, Rodney Harris and Batterham. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
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Notes	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 Reviewed by: Rainer Leonhart, University of Freiburg, Germany; Amit Shrira, Bar-Ilan University, Israel This article was submitted to Mood and Anxiety Disorders, a section of the journal Frontiers in Psychiatry Edited by: Paul Stokes, King’s College London, United Kingdom
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References	Kim (B6) 2016; 89 Ma (B8) 2016; 46 Topp (B15) 2015; 84 Spitzer (B13) 2006; 166 (B17) 2013 Li (B23) 2020; 291 Palgi (B24) 2020; 275 Fitch (B9) 2011; 16 Lourenco (B30) 2020; 24 Löwe (B21) 2008; 46 Mundt (B16) 2002; 180 James (B2) 2019; 24 Jenkins (B29) 2008; 38 Kroenke (B19) 2001; 16 (B11) 2020 Kroenke (B14) 2010; 32 Spek (B26) 2007; 37 Repper (B28) 2011; 20 Van Bortel (B3) 2016; 94 Leigh-Hunt (B10) 2017; 152 Smithson (B18) 2019 Kocalevent (B20) 2013; 35 González-Sanguino (B22) 2020; 87 Townshend (B27) 2014; 76 Wu (B5) 2009; 54 (B12) 2016 Batterham (B25) 2015; 228 Holmes (B7) 2020; 7 Gardner (B1) 2015; 56 Ricci-Cabello (B4) 2020 33551879 - Front Psychiatry. 2021 Jan 21;11:619331
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communities that have experienced a disaster publication-title: Natural Hazards doi: 10.1007/s11069-014-1526-4 – volume: 54 year: 2009 ident: B5 article-title: The Psychological Impact of the SARS Epidemic on Hospital Employees in China: Exposure, Risk Perception, and Altruistic Acceptance of Risk publication-title: Can J Psychiatry doi: 10.1177/070674370905400504 – volume: 38 year: 2008 ident: B29 article-title: Debt, income and mental disorder in the general population publication-title: Psychol Med doi: 10.1017/S0033291707002516 – volume: 94 year: 2016 ident: B3 article-title: Psychosocial effects of an Ebola outbreak at individual, community and international levels publication-title: Bull World Health Organ doi: 10.2471/BLT.15.158543 – volume: 87 year: 2020 ident: B22 article-title: Mental health consequences during the initial stage of the 2020 Coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) in Spain publication-title: Brain Behav Immun doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.040 – volume: 37 year: 2007 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10.1159/000376585 – reference: 33551879 - Front Psychiatry. 2021 Jan 21;11:619331
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Snippet	There is minimal knowledge about the impact of large-scale epidemics on community mental health, particularly during the acute phase. This gap in knowledge...
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SubjectTerms	anxiety bushfire coronavirus COVID-19 depression mental health Psychiatry
Title	The Effect of COVID-19 on Mental Health and Wellbeing in a Representative Sample of Australian Adults
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