Migration, class and environmental inequality: Exposure to pollution in China's Jiangsu Province

Systematic research into social inequalities in the distribution of environmental hazards, though well-established in American sociology, has largely not been conducted using quantitative data from developing countries. In this study we consider whether theory and methods developed to test for and e...

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Vydáno v:	Ecological economics Ročník 75; s. 140 - 151
Hlavní autoři:	Schoolman, Ethan D., Ma, Chunbo
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	angličtina
Vydáno:	Elsevier B.V 01.03.2012 Elsevier
Témata:	air pollution China China (People's Republic) Class Developing countries Ecological analysis Ecology Economics emissions Environmental degradation environmental exposure environmental hazards Environmental inequality Environmental justice Equality Hukou system Income Industrial pollution Industry Location Migrants Migration Pollution Racial differences Racial inequality Rural migrants Rural-urban migration Social differentiation Social inequality sociology United States Water pollution United States China China, People's Rep., Jiangsu Prov USA Environmental inequality Hukou system Industrial pollution Rural migrants China Environmental justice
ISSN:	0921-8009
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Abstract	Systematic research into social inequalities in the distribution of environmental hazards, though well-established in American sociology, has largely not been conducted using quantitative data from developing countries. In this study we consider whether theory and methods developed to test for and explain environmental inequality in the U.S. can be extended to a major developing country such as China. We argue that, due in part to the state's hukou registry system, urban workers in China with an official rural residence may be subject to disproportionate exposure to environmental pollution. We also argue that environmental inequalities in China may be shaped in part by social processes analogous to those which have been held to explain racial differences in pollution exposure in the U.S. In an analysis of the locations and emissions of pollution-producing facilities in China's Jiangsu province, we find that townships with a higher percentage of rural migrants are more likely to be exposed to high levels of air and water pollution. This finding holds even after we control for income and for the presence of “dirty and hard” industries in which rural migrants are most likely to find work. ► We argue that rural migrants in China occupy a place analogous to that of racial minorities in the U.S. ► We examine a major Chinese province for evidence of environmental inequality. ► We consider both facility locations and emissions weighted by proximity to township centers. ► Rural migrants are exposed to disproportionately high levels of pollution. ► This relationship holds after controlling for employment in heavy industries.
AbstractList	Systematic research into social inequalities in the distribution of environmental hazards, though well-established in American sociology, has largely not been conducted using quantitative data from developing countries. In this study we consider whether theory and methods developed to test for and explain environmental inequality in the U.S. can be extended to a major developing country such as China. We argue that, due in part to the state's hukou registry system, urban workers in China with an official rural residence may be subject to disproportionate exposure to environmental pollution. We also argue that environmental inequalities in China may be shaped in part by social processes analogous to those which have been held to explain racial differences in pollution exposure in the U.S. In an analysis of the locations and emissions of pollution-producing facilities in China's Jiangsu province, we find that townships with a higher percentage of rural migrants are more likely to be exposed to high levels of air and water pollution. This finding holds even after we control for income and for the presence of “dirty and hard” industries in which rural migrants are most likely to find work. Systematic research into social inequalities in the distribution of environmental hazards, though well-established in American sociology, has largely not been conducted using quantitative data from developing countries. In this study we consider whether theory and methods developed to test for and explain environmental inequality in the U.S. can be extended to a major developing country such as China. We argue that, due in part to the state's hukou registry system, urban workers in China with an official rural residence may be subject to disproportionate exposure to environmental pollution. We also argue that environmental inequalities in China may be shaped in part by social processes analogous to those which have been held to explain racial differences in pollution exposure in the U.S. In an analysis of the locations and emissions of pollution-producing facilities in China's Jiangsu province, we find that townships with a higher percentage of rural migrants are more likely to be exposed to high levels of air and water pollution. This finding holds even after we control for income and for the presence of ''dirty and hard'' industries in which rural migrants are most likely to find work. All rights reserved, Elsevier Systematic research into social inequalities in the distribution of environmental hazards, though well-established in American sociology, has largely not been conducted using quantitative data from developing countries. In this study we consider whether theory and methods developed to test for and explain environmental inequality in the U.S. can be extended to a major developing country such as China. We argue that, due in part to the state's hukou registry system, urban workers in China with an official rural residence may be subject to disproportionate exposure to environmental pollution. We also argue that environmental inequalities in China may be shaped in part by social processes analogous to those which have been held to explain racial differences in pollution exposure in the U.S. In an analysis of the locations and emissions of pollution-producing facilities in China's Jiangsu province, we find that townships with a higher percentage of rural migrants are more likely to be exposed to high levels of air and water pollution. This finding holds even after we control for income and for the presence of “dirty and hard” industries in which rural migrants are most likely to find work. ► We argue that rural migrants in China occupy a place analogous to that of racial minorities in the U.S. ► We examine a major Chinese province for evidence of environmental inequality. ► We consider both facility locations and emissions weighted by proximity to township centers. ► Rural migrants are exposed to disproportionately high levels of pollution. ► This relationship holds after controlling for employment in heavy industries. Systematic research into social inequalities in the distribution of environmental hazards, though well-established in American sociology, has largely not been conducted using quantitative data from developing countries. In this study we consider whether theory and methods developed to test for and explain environmental inequality in the U.S. can be extended to a major developing country such as China. We argue that, due in part to the state's hukou registry system, urban workers in China with an official rural residence may be subject to disproportionate exposure to environmental pollution. We also argue that environmental inequalities in China may be shaped in part by social processes analogous to those which have been held to explain racial differences in pollution exposure in the U.S. In an analysis of the locations and emissions of pollution-producing facilities in China's Jiangsu province, we find that townships with a higher percentage of rural migrants are more likely to be exposed to high levels of air and water pollution. This finding holds even after we control for income and for the presence of "dirty and hard" industries in which rural migrants are most likely to find work. [Copyright Elsevier B.V.]
Author	Schoolman, Ethan D. Ma, Chunbo
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Ethan D. surname: Schoolman fullname: Schoolman, Ethan D. email: edavsch@umich.edu organization: Department of Sociology, University of Michigan, 500 S. State St., Rm. 3001, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA – sequence: 2 givenname: Chunbo surname: Ma fullname: Ma, Chunbo email: chunbo.ma@uwa.edu.au organization: School of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
BackLink	http://www.econis.eu/PPNSET?PPN=719071437$$DView this record in ZBW - Deutsche Zentralbibliothek für Wirtschaftswissenschaften
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SubjectTerms	air pollution China China (People's Republic) Class Developing countries Ecological analysis Ecology Economics emissions Environmental degradation environmental exposure environmental hazards Environmental inequality Environmental justice Equality Hukou system Income Industrial pollution Industry Location Migrants Migration Pollution Racial differences Racial inequality Rural migrants Rural-urban migration Social differentiation Social inequality sociology United States Water pollution
Title	Migration, class and environmental inequality: Exposure to pollution in China's Jiangsu Province
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