The temporal effects of relative and firm-level absorptive capacity on interorganizational learning

We examine how determinants of absorptive capacity influence learning in alliances over time. Using longitudinal patent cross-citation data, we find an inverted U-shaped pattern over time that is influenced by firm-level and relational factors. Technological similarity only modestly increases learni...

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Veröffentlicht in:	Strategic management journal Jg. 33; H. 10; S. 1154 - 1173
Hauptverfasser:	Schildt, Henri, Keil, Thomas, Maula, Markku
Format:	Journal Article
Sprache:	Englisch
Veröffentlicht:	Chichester, UK John Wiley & Sons, Ltd 01.10.2012 John Wiley & Sons Wiley Wiley Periodicals Inc
Schlagworte:	Absorption Absorptive capacity alliance Alliances Business structures Citations Corporate strategies Exploitation High technology International alliances interorganizational learning Joint ventures Knowledge Knowledge management Learning Learning rate Lernende Organisation Management science Organizational learning R&D Research & development Research and development Strategische Allianz Studies Technology Time USA
ISSN:	0143-2095, 1097-0266
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Abstract	We examine how determinants of absorptive capacity influence learning in alliances over time. Using longitudinal patent cross-citation data, we find an inverted U-shaped pattern over time that is influenced by firm-level and relational factors. Technological similarity only modestly increases learning in the initial stages of a relationship, but moderate levels substantially increase knowledge flows later in the alliance. High technological diversity is related to higher initial learning rates, but the effects diminish over time. Somewhat surprisingly, research and development intensity is negatively related to initial learning rates but has a considerable positive effect later in the relationship. We suggest that initial learning rates in alliances may be constrained by the capacity to absorb knowledge, while later-stage outcomes are constrained by exploitation capacity.
AbstractList	We examine how determinants of absorptive capacity influence learning in alliances over time. Using longitudinal patent cross-citation data, we find an inverted U-shaped pattern over time that is influenced by firm-level and relational factors. Technological similarity only modestly increases learning in the initial stages of a relationship, but moderate levels substantially increase knowledge flows later in the alliance. High technological diversity is related to higher initial learning rates, but the effects diminish over time. Somewhat surprisingly, research and development intensity is negatively related to initial learning rates but has a considerable positive effect later in the relationship. We suggest that initial learning rates in alliances may be constrained by the capacity to absorb knowledge, while later-stage outcomes are constrained by exploitation capacity. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] We examine how determinants of absorptive capacity influence learning in alliances over time. Using longitudinal patent cross‐citation data, we find an inverted U‐shaped pattern over time that is influenced by firm‐level and relational factors. Technological similarity only modestly increases learning in the initial stages of a relationship, but moderate levels substantially increase knowledge flows later in the alliance. High technological diversity is related to higher initial learning rates, but the effects diminish over time. Somewhat surprisingly, research and development intensity is negatively related to initial learning rates but has a considerable positive effect later in the relationship. We suggest that initial learning rates in alliances may be constrained by the capacity to absorb knowledge, while later‐stage outcomes are constrained by exploitation capacity. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. We examine how determinants of absorptive capacity influence learning in alliances over time. Using longitudinal patent cross-citation data, we find an inverted U-shaped pattern over time that is influenced by firm-level and relational factors. Technological similarity only modestly increases learning in the initial stages of a relationship, but moderate levels substantially increase knowledge flows later in the alliance. High technological diversity is related to higher initial learning rates, but the effects diminish over time. Somewhat surprisingly, research and development intensity is negatively related to initial learning rates but has a considerable positive effect later in the relationship. We suggest that initial learning rates in alliances may be constrained by the capacity to absorb knowledge, while later-stage outcomes are constrained by exploitation capacity. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright John Wiley & Sons. Reproduced with permission. An electronic version of this article is available online at http://www.interscience.wiley.com We examine how determinants of absorptive capacity influence learning in alliances over time. Using longitudinal patent cross-citation data, we find an inverted U-shaped pattern over time that is influenced by firm-level and relational factors. Technological similarity only modestly increases learning in the initial stages of a relationship, but moderate levels substantially increase knowledge flows later in the alliance. High technological diversity is related to higher initial learning rates, but the effects diminish over time. Somewhat surprisingly, research and development intensity is negatively related to initial learning rates but has a considerable positive effect later in the relationship. We suggest that initial learning rates in alliances may be constrained by the capacity to absorb knowledge, while later-stage outcomes are constrained by exploitation capacity.
Author	Keil, Thomas Maula, Markku Schildt, Henri
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Henri surname: Schildt fullname: Schildt, Henri organization: Hanken School of Economics, Helsinki, Finland – sequence: 2 givenname: Thomas surname: Keil fullname: Keil, Thomas email: thomas.keil@aalto.fi organization: Aalto University, Espoo, Finland – sequence: 3 givenname: Markku surname: Maula fullname: Maula, Markku organization: Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
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Sakakibara M. 1997. Heterogeneity of firm capabilities and cooperative research and development: an empirical examination of motives. Strategic Management Journal, Summer Special Issue 18: 143-164. Dosi G. 1982. Technological paradigms and technological trajectories. Research Policy 11: 147-162. Ahuja G, Katila R. 2001. Technological acquisitions and the innovation performance of acquiring firms: a longitudinal study. Strategic Management Journal 22(3): 197-220. Lane PJ, Lubatkin MH. 1998. Relative absorptive capacity and interorganizational learning. Strategic Management Journal 19(5): 461-477. Cohen WM, Levinthal DA. 1994. Fortune favors the prepared firm. Management Science 40(2): 227-251. Jaffe AB, Trajtenberg M, Henderson R. 1993. Geographic localization of knowledge spillovers as evidenced by patent citations. Quarterly Journal of Economics 108(3): 577-598. Finkelstein S, Haleblian J. 2002. Understanding acquisition performance: the role of transfer effects. Organization Science 13(1): 36-47. Cohen WM, Levinthal DA. 1990. Absorptive capacity: a new perspective on learning and innovation. Administrative Science Quartely 35(1): 128-152. Shenkar O, Li J. 1999. Knowledge search in international cooperative ventures. Organization Science 10(2): 134-143. Yoshino M, Rangan US. 1995. Strategic Alliances: An Entrepreneurial Approach to Globalization. Harvard Business School Press: Boston, MA. Almeida P, Dokko G, Rosenkopf L. 2003. Startup size and the mechanisms of external learning: increasing opportunity and decreasing ability? Research Policy 32(2): 301-315. Lichtenthaler U. 2009b. The role of corporate technology strategy and patent portfolios in low-, medium- and high-technology firms. Research Policy 38(3): 559-569. Inkpen AC, Tsang EWK. 2008. Learning and strategic alliances. Academy of Management Annals 1: 479-512. Sampson RC. 2005. Experience effects and collaborative returns in R&D alliances. 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The structure of licensing contracts. Journal of Industrial Economics 48(1): 103-135. Baum JAC, Calabrese T, Silverman BS. 2000. Don't go it alone: alliance network composition and startups' performance in Canadian biotechnology. Strategic Management Journal, March Special Issue 21: 267-294. Nooteboom B, Vanhaverbeke W, Duysters G, Gilsing V, van den Oord A. 2007. Optimal cognitive distance and absorptive capacity. Research Policy 36(7): 1016-1034. Alcacer J, Gittelman M. 2006. Patent citations as a measure of knowledge flows: the influence of examiner citations. Review of Economics and Statistics 88(4): 774-779. Jaffe AB, Trajtenberg M, Fogarty MS. 2000. Knowledge spillovers and patent citations: evidence from a survey of inventors. American Economic Review 90(2): 215-218. Mowery DC, Oxley JE, Silverman BS. 1996. Strategic alliances and interfirm knowledge transfer. Strategic Management Journal, Winter Special Issue 17: 77-91. Stuart TE, Podolny JM. 1996. 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Absorptive capacity: valuing a reconceptualization. Academy of Management Review 32(3): 774-786. Dyer JH, Nobeoka K. 2000. Creating and managing a high-performance knowledge-sharing network: the Toyota case. Strategic Management Journal, March Special Issue 21: 345-367. Lui SS. 2009. The roles of competence trust, formal contract, and time horizon in interorganizational learning. Organization Studies 30(4): 333-353. Villalonga B, McGahan AM. 2005. The choice among acquisitions, alliances and divestitures. Strategic Management Journal 26(13): 1183-1208. Zander U, Kogut B. 1995. Knowledge and the speed of the transfer and imitation of organizational capabilities: an empirical test. Organization Science 6(1): 76-92. Zahra SA, George G. 2002. Absorptive capacity: a review, reconceptualization, and extension. Academy of Management Review 27(2): 185-203. Podolny JM, Stuart TE, Hannan MT. 1996. Networks, knowledge, and niches: competition in the worldwide semiconductor industry, 1984-1991. American Journal of Sociology 102(3): 659-689. Schilling MA, Vidal P, Ployhart RE, Marangoni A. 2003. Learning by doing something else: variation, relatedness, and the learning curve. Management Science 49(1): 39-56. Lubatkin M, Florin J, Lane P. 2001. Learning together and apart: a model of reciprocal interfirm learning. Human Relations 54(10): 1353-1382. Rosenkopf L, Almeida P. 2003. Overcoming local search through alliances and mobility. Management Science 49(6): 751-766. Schildt HA, Maula MVJ, Keil T. 2005. Explorative and exploitative learning from external corporate ventures. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 29(4): 493-515. Inkpen AC. 2000. Learning through joint ventures: a framework of knowledge acquisition. Journal of Management Studies 37(7): 1019-1043. Lichtenthaler U. 2009a. Absorptive capacity, environmental turbulence, and the complementarity of organizational learning processes. Academy of Management Journal 52(4): 822-846. Oliver C. 1990. Determinants of interorganizational relationships: integration and future directions. Academy of Management Review 15(2): 241-265. Perez-Nordtvedt L, Kedia BL, Datta DK, Rasheed AA. 2008. Effectiveness and efficiency of cross-border knowledge transfer: an empirical examination. Journal of Management Studies 45(4): 714-744. Granstrand O. 1998. Towards a theory of the technology-based firm. Research Policy 27(5): 465-489. Haleblian J, Finkelstein S. 1999. The influence of organizational acquisition experience on acquisition performance: a behavioral learning perspective. Administrative Science Quarterly 44(1): 29-56. Kogut B, Zander U. 1992. Knowledge of the firm, combinative capabilities, and the replication of technology. Organization Science 3(3): 383-397. Blundell R, Griffith R, Vanreenen J. 1995. Dynamic count data models of technological innovation. Economic Journal 105(429): 333-344. Oxley J, Wada T. 2009. Alliance structure and the scope of knowledge transfer: evidence from U.S.-Japan agreements. Management Science 55(4): 635-649. Nerkar A, Paruchuri S. 2005. Evolution of R&D capabilities: the role of knowledge networks within a firm. Management Science 51(5): 771-785. Hamel G. 1991. Competition for competence and inter-partner learning within international strategic alliances. Strategi 2006; 31 2010; 107 1991; 12 1990; 15 2002; 13 1982; 11 1999; 44 2000; 90 2001; 44 2008; 1 2005; 26 2007; 32 1996; 102 2001; 47 2005; 29 2007; 36 1996; 33 2009; 55 2004; 33 1998; 19 2006; 27 2002; 45 2004; 35 1997; 18 2003; 49 1999; 10 2000a; 21 1992; 3 2001; 54 1998; 27 2002; 39 1996; 17 2006; 53 2003; 80 1990; 35 2000b; 48 1993; 108 1997; 22 2000; 21 1995 1999; 20 2007; 50 1992; 37 2002 2001; 22 1998; 23 1995; 6 2003; 32 1994; 40 2009b; 38 2002; 27 2006; 80 1989; 99 2004; 50 2009; 30 2000; 37 1994; 19 2006; 88 2009a; 52 2003; 24 2005; 51 1997; 39 2008; 45 1995; 105 1994; 15 2009; 38 1998; 9 e_1_2_8_28_1 e_1_2_8_24_1 e_1_2_8_47_1 e_1_2_8_26_1 e_1_2_8_49_1 e_1_2_8_68_1 e_1_2_8_3_1 e_1_2_8_5_1 e_1_2_8_7_1 e_1_2_8_9_1 e_1_2_8_20_1 e_1_2_8_43_1 e_1_2_8_66_1 e_1_2_8_22_1 e_1_2_8_45_1 e_1_2_8_64_1 e_1_2_8_62_1 e_1_2_8_41_1 e_1_2_8_60_1 e_1_2_8_17_1 e_1_2_8_19_1 e_1_2_8_13_1 e_1_2_8_36_1 e_1_2_8_59_1 e_1_2_8_15_1 e_1_2_8_38_1 e_1_2_8_57_1 e_1_2_8_70_1 e_1_2_8_32_1 e_1_2_8_55_1 e_1_2_8_78_1 e_1_2_8_11_1 e_1_2_8_34_1 e_1_2_8_53_1 e_1_2_8_51_1 e_1_2_8_74_1 e_1_2_8_30_1 e_1_2_8_72_1 e_1_2_8_29_1 e_1_2_8_25_1 e_1_2_8_46_1 e_1_2_8_27_1 e_1_2_8_48_1 e_1_2_8_69_1 Mowery DC (e_1_2_8_54_1) 2002 e_1_2_8_2_1 e_1_2_8_4_1 e_1_2_8_6_1 e_1_2_8_8_1 e_1_2_8_21_1 e_1_2_8_42_1 e_1_2_8_67_1 e_1_2_8_23_1 e_1_2_8_44_1 e_1_2_8_65_1 e_1_2_8_63_1 e_1_2_8_40_1 e_1_2_8_61_1 e_1_2_8_18_1 e_1_2_8_39_1 e_1_2_8_14_1 e_1_2_8_35_1 e_1_2_8_16_1 e_1_2_8_37_1 e_1_2_8_58_1 Yoshino M (e_1_2_8_76_1) 1995 e_1_2_8_10_1 e_1_2_8_31_1 e_1_2_8_56_1 e_1_2_8_77_1 e_1_2_8_12_1 e_1_2_8_33_1 e_1_2_8_75_1 e_1_2_8_52_1 e_1_2_8_73_1 e_1_2_8_50_1 e_1_2_8_71_1
References_xml	– reference: Lane PJ, Salk JE, Lyles MA. 2001. Absorptive capacity, learning, and performance in international joint ventures. Strategic Management Journal 22(12): 1139-1161. – reference: Zander U, Kogut B. 1995. Knowledge and the speed of the transfer and imitation of organizational capabilities: an empirical test. Organization Science 6(1): 76-92. – reference: Lane PJ, Koka BR, Pathak S. 2006. The reification of absorptive capacity: a critical review and rejuvenation of the construct. Academy of Management Review 31(4): 833-863. – reference: Kale P, Singh H, Perlmutter H. 2000. Learning and protection of proprietary assets in strategic alliances: building relational capital. Strategic Management Journal, March Special Issue 21: 217-237. – reference: Lichtenthaler U. 2009b. The role of corporate technology strategy and patent portfolios in low-, medium- and high-technology firms. Research Policy 38(3): 559-569. – reference: Yoshino M, Rangan US. 1995. Strategic Alliances: An Entrepreneurial Approach to Globalization. Harvard Business School Press: Boston, MA. – reference: Gomes-Casseres B, Hagedoorn J, Jaffe AB. 2006. Do alliances promote knowledge flows? Journal of Financial Economics 80(1): 5-33. – reference: Cohen WM, Levinthal DA. 1989. Innovation and learning: the two faces of R&D. Economic Journal 99: 569-596. – reference: Lichtenthaler U. 2009a. Absorptive capacity, environmental turbulence, and the complementarity of organizational learning processes. Academy of Management Journal 52(4): 822-846. – reference: Greene W. 2010. Testing hypotheses about interaction terms in nonlinear models. Economics Letters 107(2): 291-296. – reference: Helfat CE, Peteraf MA. 2003. The dynamic resource-based view: capability lifecycles. Strategic Management Journal, October Special Issue 24: 997-1010. – reference: Granstrand O. 1998. Towards a theory of the technology-based firm. Research Policy 27(5): 465-489. – reference: Lui SS. 2009. The roles of competence trust, formal contract, and time horizon in interorganizational learning. Organization Studies 30(4): 333-353. – reference: Ahuja G, Katila R. 2001. Technological acquisitions and the innovation performance of acquiring firms: a longitudinal study. Strategic Management Journal 22(3): 197-220. – reference: Sampson RC. 2005. Experience effects and collaborative returns in R&D alliances. Strategic Management Journal 26(11): 1009-1031. – reference: Todorova G, Durisin B. 2007. Absorptive capacity: valuing a reconceptualization. Academy of Management Review 32(3): 774-786. – reference: Alcacer J, Gittelman M, Sampat B. 2009. Applicant and examiner citations in U.S. patents: an overview and analysis. Research Policy 38(2): 415-427. – reference: Suzuki J, Kodama F. 2004. Technological diversity of persistent innovators in Japan: two case studies of large Japanese firms. Research Policy 33(3): 531-549. – reference: Ring PS, Van de Ven AH. 1994. 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Management Science 55(4): 635-649. – reference: Ariño A, de la Torre J, Ring PS. 2001. Relational quality: managing trust in corporate alliances. California Management Review 44(1): 109-134. – reference: Cohen WM, Levinthal DA. 1994. Fortune favors the prepared firm. Management Science 40(2): 227-251. – reference: Schilling MA, Vidal P, Ployhart RE, Marangoni A. 2003. Learning by doing something else: variation, relatedness, and the learning curve. Management Science 49(1): 39-56. – reference: Simonin BL. 1999. Ambiguity and the process of knowledge transfer in strategic alliances. Strategic Management Journal 20(7): 595-623. – reference: Simonin BL. 2004. An empirical investigation of the process of knowledge transfer in international strategic alliances. Journal of International Business Studies 35(5): 407-427. – reference: Sampson RC. 2007. R&D alliances and firm performance: the impact of technological diversity and alliance organization on innovation. 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Snippet	We examine how determinants of absorptive capacity influence learning in alliances over time. Using longitudinal patent cross-citation data, we find an... We examine how determinants of absorptive capacity influence learning in alliances over time. Using longitudinal patent cross‐citation data, we find an...
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SubjectTerms	Absorption Absorptive capacity alliance Alliances Business structures Citations Corporate strategies Exploitation High technology International alliances interorganizational learning Joint ventures Knowledge Knowledge management Learning Learning rate Lernende Organisation Management science Organizational learning R&D Research & development Research and development Strategische Allianz Studies Technology Time USA
Title	The temporal effects of relative and firm-level absorptive capacity on interorganizational learning
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