Beyond CTLA-4 and PD-1, the Generation Z of Negative Checkpoint Regulators

In the last two years, clinical trials with blocking antibodies to the negative checkpoint regulators CTLA-4 and PD-1 have rekindled the hope for cancer immunotherapy. Multiple negative checkpoint regulators protect the host against autoimmune reactions but also restrict the ability of T cells to ef...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Frontiers in immunology Vol. 6; p. 418
Main Authors: Le Mercier, Isabelle, Lines, J. Louise, Noelle, Randolph J.
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: Switzerland Frontiers Media S.A 21.08.2015
Subjects:
Autoimmunity
BTLA
cancer immunotherapy
Immunology
LAG-3
TIGIT
TIM-3
VISTA
autoimmunity
LAG-3
cancer immunotherapy
BTLA
negative checkpoint regulators
TIGIT
TIM-3
ISSN:1664-3224, 1664-3224
Online Access:Get full text
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Summary:In the last two years, clinical trials with blocking antibodies to the negative checkpoint regulators CTLA-4 and PD-1 have rekindled the hope for cancer immunotherapy. Multiple negative checkpoint regulators protect the host against autoimmune reactions but also restrict the ability of T cells to effectively attack tumors. Releasing these brakes has emerged as an exciting strategy for cancer treatment. Conversely, these pathways can be manipulated to achieve durable tolerance for treatment of autoimmune diseases and transplantation. In the future, treatment may involve combination therapy to target multiple cell types and stages of the adaptive immune responses. In this review, we describe the current knowledge on the recently discovered negative checkpoint regulators, future targets for immunotherapy.
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ObjectType-Review-1
Specialty section: This article was submitted to Immunological Tolerance, a section of the journal Frontiers in Immunology
Reviewed by: Ye Zheng, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, USA; William L. Redmond, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, USA; Vasileios Bekiaris, Danish Technical University, Denmark
Edited by: Karina Pino-Lagos, Universidad de los Andes, Chile
ISSN:1664-3224
1664-3224
DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2015.00418